福建海岛潮i带底栖生物群落生态的研究

对福建海岛潮间带大型底栖生物共鉴定862种,其中动物为734种,藻类为128种.对11个主要海岛的潮间带生物群落测定Jaccard群落系数,应用加权均值联结法聚类分析及极坐标排序分析,海岛潮间带生物群落可分为3个类型(1)开敞海域群落,宏观上分布于地处远岸水域的海岛或近岸凸出部、开阔部水域的海岛;(2)近岸港湾群落,分布于近岸或港湾的海岛;(3)河口群落,分布于河口区的海岛.群落种类组成和海岛所在地理位置及其生境密切相关.盐度和水扰动程度是影响群落分布的主要因子.     

福建海岛潮间带软体动物群落分布特征

福建海岛潮间带软体动物共鉴定248种，隶属于5纲78科161属，应用群落系数，等级聚类分析和极坐标排序研究软体动物落分布，结果表明，软体动物群落可分为3种类型，即河口型群落，近岸港湾群落和开阔海域群落，群落分布与海岛所处地理位置及其生境类型密切相关，盐度和水动力是重要的影响因子。     

宁波海岛期间带生态学研究──Ⅱ．数量组成与分布

本文研究了宁波海岛潮间带的生物数量组成与分布规律。岩礁潮间带平均生物量（２５１２．９４ｇ／ｍ２）高于沙质潮间带（４７．６４ｇ／ｍ２）高于泥沙质潮间带（２２．３６ｇ／ｍ２），而密度为岩礁潮间带（９８７．２个／ｍ２）高于泥沙质潮间带（２８１．２个／ｍ２）高于沙质潮间带（２０．０个／ｍ２）。主要生物类群有甲壳动物、藻类及软体动物。岩礁潮间带生物量从近岸向外海增加。泥沙质潮间带的生物量和密度从北至南增加。     

宁波海岛潮阎带生态学研究──Ⅰ．种类组成与分布

本文研究了宁波海岛潮间带的生物种类组成与分布规律。生物种类以软体动物（１１３种）、甲壳动物（６５种）、多毛类（３６种）及藻类（３０种）为主。生物区系性质以广温广布种和亚热带种为主。不同底质潮间带中生物种类数不同，泥沙滩多于岩礁多于沙滩。岩礁潮间带生物种类数的水平分布为由近岸向外海增加。泥沙质潮间带生物种类数的水平分布为由北部向南部增加。沙质潮间带的生物种类数极其稀少。垂直分布与潮汐和底质有关。     

杭州湾期间带生态学研究──Ⅲ．群落结构

根据盐度、底质、潮流等环境生态因子及群落结构的差异，结合相似性比较及聚类分析，杭州湾潮间带生物群落可划分为三个类型：湾底群落、湾中群落和湾口群落。从湾底向湾口。群落多样性指数Ｈ＇（Ｓ），丰度ｄ值皆呈增大趋势，而优势度Ｄ值逐步减小，表明群落结构从湾底到湾。由简单趋向复杂。焦河篮蛤为杭州湾湾口潮间带底栖生物群落的特征种。     

宁波海岛潮间带生态学研究：Ⅱ.数量组成与分布

本文研究了宁波海岛潮间带的生物数量组成与分布规律。岩礁潮间带平均生物量高于沙质潮间带高于泥沙质潮间带，而密度为岩礁潮间带高于泥沙质潮间带高于沙质潮间带。主要生物类群有甲壳动物，藻类及软体动物。岩礁潮间带生物量从近岸向外海增加。泥沙质潮间带的生物量和密度从北至南增加。     

三沙湾西北部滨海湿地潮间带生物生态研究

本文报道三沙湾西北部滨海湿地潮间带生物109种,其中多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物占总种数的89.90%,三者构成潮间带生物主要类群.断面间比较,Sch1断面的种数最少（42种）,Sch3断面的种数最多（73种）.种类季节变化,以春季种数（83种）大于秋季（59种）.三沙湾西北部滨海湿地潮间带生物平均生物量12.45g/m^2,平均栖息密度为368个/m^2.生物量以软体动物居第一位（7.34g/m^2）,甲壳动物居第二位（2.55g/m^2）;栖息密度以软体动物居第一位（196个/m^2）,多毛类居第二位（154个/m^2）.数量垂直分布,生物量以中潮区（15.20g/m^2）大于高潮区（12.37g/m^2）大于低潮区（9.78g/m^2）;栖息密度以低潮区（563个/m^2）大于中潮区（483个/m^2）大于高潮区（56个/m^2）.数量季节变化,生物量以春季（16.69g/m^2）大于秋季（8.21g/m^2）;栖息密度以春季（677个/m2）大于秋季（58个/m^2）.三沙湾西北部滨海湿地潮间带生物按断面和所处的位置可分为3个群落：Sch1泥沙滩群落,高潮区：黑口滨螺-粗糙滨螺带;中潮区：中蚓虫-鸭嘴蛤-秀丽长方蟹带;低潮区：似蛰虫-焦河篮蛤-鸭嘴蛤带.Sch2泥沙滩群落,高潮区：黑口滨螺-粗糙滨螺带;中潮区：才女虫-鸭嘴蛤-淡水泥蟹带;低潮区：似蛰虫-侧底理蛤-鸭嘴蛤带.Sch3泥沙滩群落,高潮区：黑口滨螺-粗糙滨螺带;中潮区：才女虫-鸭嘴蛤-短拟沼螺-弧边招潮带;低潮区：不倒翁虫-侧底理蛤-齿腕拟盲蟹带.结果分析表明：春季Sch1和Sch2群落不稳定,秋季Sch1、Sch2群落和Sch3群落相对稳定,总体显示,三沙湾西北部滨海湿地潮间带生物群落发生扰动,初步分析认为与优势种鸭嘴蛤和优势种才女虫季节演替有关.     

夏季莱州湾东部近岸水域浮游动物的生态特征

根据2009年6—7月在莱州湾东部近岸水域的海洋调查资料,研究了该水域浮游动物群落的种类组成、丰度分布以及环境因子与浮游动物丰度之间的相关性。研究显示,夏季莱州湾东部近岸水域共记录浮游动物36种(含夜光虫)、浮游幼虫20类。叼龙嘴东西两侧海域浮游动物的群落结构差异明显,东侧的三山岛近岸水域浮游动物种类数(53种,含浮游幼虫)和丰度(900.6ind/m~3)都高于西侧的土山镇北部近海(28种,含浮游幼虫,581.6ind/m~3)和太平湾南部水域(33种,含浮游幼虫,612.5ind/m~3)。聚类分析(CLUSTER)将研究海域的浮游动物划分为2个组群,土山镇北部近海和太平湾南部水域划为同一组群,三山岛北部近海为另一组群。相关性分析结果表明,影响莱州湾东部近岸水域浮游动物群落结构的主要环境因子为温度。     

象山港2013年夏季浮游细菌群落的时空分布特征

港湾水域生态系统易受到人类活动的影响，而浮游细菌是维持海洋生态系统平衡和稳定的重要组成部分，其分布模式和动态变化可以反映人为活动对港湾生态系统的影响程度。本研究以宁波象山港这一受人类活动影响较大的代表性港湾为对象，研究了其夏季表层浮游细菌群落的空间分布特征及影响因子。结果表明，象山港各海区的浮游细菌α-多样性及均匀度总体上无显著差异。浮游细菌群落结构基本按海区聚类，海区间浮游细菌群落结构差异显著；分析相隔15天的两个航次的样品后发现，每个海区的浮游细菌群落结构均呈明显的时间演替。盐度、温度及营养盐是影响浮游细菌群落结构的主要环境因子。四个分别来自聚球藻属（Synechococcus）、OCS155、SAR11及α-变形菌纲的可操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units，OTUs）是造成海区间细菌群落差异的主要贡献类群。部分海区中，两个航次的样品存在相似功能潜力的标志性类群，可能是浮游细菌对海区水质长期响应的结果。本研究初步揭示了象山港夏季表层浮游细菌群落分布及其对港湾环境变化的响应模式，为评估港湾环境扰动的微生态效应提供了基础数据。     

台湾海峡西部近海底栖生物生态初步研究

1961-1964年于台湾海峡西部近海进行了七航次调查,其范围为23°20'-25°54'N,117°11'-119°58'E,水深一般不超过50米,布设了定量采泥189站和定性拖网33站. 本次调查获得的底栖动物已鉴定到种的共392种.种类组成特点:以近岸浅水种占主导地位,而且热带亚热带种占绝对优势,显示了台湾海峡具有热带海区的特征.本海区底栖生物生物量总平均为38.0克/米2,平均密度为116个/米2,生物量组成以棘皮动物占优势,其次是软体动物. 群落的分布特点:(1)阳遂足-海地瓜群落属于近岸低盐性质,主要分布在平潭岛以北受闽江径流影响较大的水域,底质为软泥.(2)歪刺锚参-薄倍棘蛇尾-浅缝合骨螺群落则广泛分布于调查海区,群落种类繁多,结构较复杂.底质为软泥.(3)麦氏偏顶蛤-刘五店沙鸡子-阿曼吉娅虫群落以细砂底为主,局限于北部海区.(4)厦门文昌鱼-瑰斑竹蛏-中华岩鳃-多鳃欧努菲虫群落则以粗、中砂为主,仅分布于南部海区.(5)日本俏羽枝-布纹蚶群落分布在港湾的出口处或岛屿之间,流速较大,底质为砾石或石块.     

Studies on island intertidal benthic ecology in Fujian

lNreomicrlowIntertidal zone is an important type of wetIand easystem on the earth as it is in the tranai-tion zone between 1and and the and subject to frequent human interferences. Since the inter-tidal sone is subject to a1ternative physical and chemical actions of land and as, the intertidalzone has a compticated and changeable environment. The studies on intertidal zon ecobeyhave always attracted much attention for the past decades (Stephensons, l972; MOrtons,l983: Huang and Zhu, l998; Y…     

崇明岛内河大型底栖动物群落组成及分布特征

大型底栖动物是河流生态系统中重要的生态类群,研究其群落组成及分布特征能为河流生态系统管理提供理论支撑。2018年6月(夏季)和11月(秋季),在崇明岛内河设置16个固定站点,开展了拖网和地笼相结合的大型底栖动物调查,分析研究了崇明岛内河大型底栖动物群落的组成与分布特征及影响因子。调查期间共采集到大型底栖动物14种,分属5目8科,主要为节肢动物。其中,淡水型10种,河口半咸水型3种,降海洄游型1种。从空间分布来看,北横引河记录12种,南横引河记录6种,竖河记录11种;不同河道大型底栖动物群落组成均以淡水型种类为主,主要优势物种为日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)和秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus);北横引河大型底栖动物群落的物种数、多度及生物量均高于南横引河;而竖河介于两者之间。夏季大型底栖动物群落的物种数、多度和生物量均高于秋季,季节变化是崇明岛内河大型底栖动物群落组成变化的重要特征之一。综合来看,崇明岛内河大型底栖动物群落组成特征兼具内陆河流和河口区特点,它与崇明岛区位特征、河流水文及生境条件、水质特征及区域人类活动等多种因素有关。     

Benthic habitat quality change as measured by macroinfauna community in a tidal flat on the west coast of Korea

Yellow Sea tidal flats are internationally recognised for their contribution to biological diversity and yet are under enormous pressure from reclamation, pollution and overexploitation. The benthic macroinfauna community is the dominant community on these tidal flats and a reliable indicator of benthic environmental changes. We surveyed the current benthic macroinfauna community of the Ganghwa Southern Tidal Flat, the largest remaining Korean mud flat in the Yellow Sea, in order to examine changes in the environmental situation of this benthic ecosystem. The results show a significant decline in species diversity from the last survey made in 2003, and a shift in species composition with appearances of polychaetes indicative of pollution and physical disturbances and other opportunistic species becoming dominant in both density and biomass. The benthic community shift observed during the two study periods may be associated with increased nutrient pollution as well as increased physical disturbances in this area. However, we recognise the limitations of the data both in frequency and scope but believe the significant changes to the composition of the benthic fauna are sufficient to warrant concern. Observations are required to examine the extent to which these human activities induce benthic community shift in this tidal flat.     

Trophic relationships in the demersal fish community off Namibia

The benthic fish community off Namibia (between the Cunene River and Walvis Bay) in 50–650 m of water was studied during three bottom trawl surveys. The community was investigated on the basis of distribution, abundance and diet of 51 species, constituting 95 per cent of the demersal fish biomass. Dietary studies revealed the existence of three major trophic groups, one containing species that prey on pelagic and nektonic organisms, a second dominated by predators that feed on benthic polychaetes and copepods and a third group containing predators of benthic crabs, demersal shrimps and fish. Well differentiated from these groups are a few species that prey mainly on jellyfish and ophiuroids. Because for most of the species, their trophic level changes with growth, they were divided into size classes which are analysed independently. To describe interactions between the size classes, a similarity index combining diet affinity with spatial coincidence was applied. Cluster analysis showed that, for Merluccius capensis, Raja straeleni, R. clavata and Trachurus trachurus, there is a large difference in both geographic distribution and dietary preference between the size classes. For species such as Hoplostethus atlanticus, Austroglossus microlepis and Coelorinchus flabellispinis, the different size classes seem to share the same ecological niche. Variation in the number of species and the parameters mean abundance and niche width are described to enhance knowledge of the general structure of the community.     

广西钦州湾大型底栖动物生态特征及其与沉积物环境的相关性研究

为研究钦州湾大型底栖动物的生态特征,探讨影响大型底栖动物分布的主要因素,于2011年5月在钦州湾进行大型底栖动物调查,并同步采集沉积物样品,进行理化性质分析。使用Surfer软件绘制各群落特征指数的平面分布图,用SPSS软件分析群落特征指数与沉积物环境因子之间的关联性。共采集到大型底栖动物种类55种。平均生物量为105.48 g/m2,平均密度为50ind/m2。香农-维纳指数(H')、种类均匀度指数(J')和丰富度指数(D)的平均值分别为1.44,0.63和0.64。群落特征指数与沉积物环境因子之间的相关性分析结果显示,密度与Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,Hg以及有机碳呈显著负相关;种类数与所分析的10项沉积物环境因子之间均呈显著负相关;均匀度指数与Hg和有机碳呈显著负相关;丰富度指数与硫化物呈显著负相关;生物量和香农-威纳指数与沉积物各环境因子之间均没有显著的相关性。     

南麂列岛环境质量调查与潮间带生态研究

１９９２年５月～１９９３年３月对南麂列岛潮间带１７条断面和本岛陆域环境进行了全面的生态调查和环境质量评价。共获大型底栖动物２７８种，大型藻类１２１种，微小型藻类１５５种。研究结果表明，本区种类组成以软体动物最为丰富，生物数量以甲壳动物占绝对优势。区系特点与福建、广东沿岸较为相似。生物量以春季为高，栖息密度在秋季有一明显高峰。生物量的大小顺序为开敞岩礁大于隐蔽岩礁大于巨砾大于泥滩大于沙滩。种类组成、数量分布和群落结构与底质类型、波浪作用关系密切。文中还对生物的地域断裂分布现象作了探讨，对环境质量保护问题提出了建议。     

Can Rock Composition Affect Sublittoral Epibenthic Communities?

Abstract. Biomineralogy, as the complex of interactions at different levels (cell, organism, species, and community) between organisms and minerals, may play a significant role in the spatial distribution and structure of marine communities. For instance, a negative influence of quartz has been underlined on the Mediterranean benthic communities, which show a species-poorer structure in quartz-rich environments. Excluding the role of quartz, the aim of this work is to verify whether the composition of various mineralogical substrata can affect a hard-bottom benthic community. In the Ligurian Sea, the Levanto area shows an astonishing complex of substrata with different petrographic characters: in a few kilometres, sandstones, serpentinites, gabbros, and basalts occur in geometric association. Consequently, this area represents a suitable frame for this type of study. Herein, algal photophilic assemblages growing on the four mineralogical substrata show significant differences in number of species and percentage cover or abundance. This suggests a significant influence of rock mineral composition on the hard bottom community. Therefore, rock composition must be taken into account for a better understanding of the processes at the basis of hard-bottom community development and diversity.     

A new analytical approach to the characterisation of macro-epibenthic habitats: linking species to the environment

A challenge for marine ecologists is to explain distinct and recurrent patterns in the distribution of marine faunas by developing new methods that identify and link environmental processes responsible for these patterns. Methods that describe and predict the distribution of benthic faunas using single factors such as sediment type or water depth are generally inadequate, particularly when applied on a broad scale. When a combination of factors such as near-bed tidal velocity, surface seawater temperature and salinity are evaluated in conjunction with sediment type and depth, however, they more clearly characterise benthic habitats. Using principal component analysis (PCA) patterns in the distribution and abundance of different echinoderm and crustacean species were shown to be predictable and characterised by a suite of physical factors. Characterising benthic habitats using factors from the environment provided a potential mechanism for predicting patterns in their spatial distribution. A new analytical method for characterising a species habitat was constructed using a combination of PCA and a generalised additive model. The method is able to predict the habitat preferences of individual species based on their association with physical factors characterising their habitat. These preferences were then used to describe the probability of a species occurring across a range of different habitats, which is referred to as the habitat-envelope. This method enables one species habitat range to be compared directly to another. The strong correlation between species patchiness and its habitat-envelope was used to develop an index to identify species that are potentially more sensitive to habitat change. Distinct patterns in the habitat preferences of echinoderms were generally stronger than those identified for crustaceans. Thus, crustaceans were found more likely to exploit a wider range of habitats than echinoderms, suggesting that they may be less sensitive to habitat change.     

厦门港岩石岸潮间带软体动物的生态

本文根据１９８２年２月至１９８３年２月在厦门港岩石岩潮间带采集的软体动物，论述了其种类组成，数量分布，生活型及影响软件动物分布的主要环境因子，厦门港岩石岸潮间带共发现软动物５４种。其中，多板类６种，腹足类３３种，双壳类１５种，优势种有僧帽牡蛎，黑荞麦蛤，复瓦小蛇螺，粗糙滨螺等。与６０年代初调查结果比较得出，厦门港岩石岸潮间带的软体动物群落是相对稳定的，潮汐是决定河口结果比较得出，厦门港岩石岩潮间带     

我国典型潮间带底栖硅藻群落空间分布特征

底栖硅藻是河口、泥质海滩生态系统的重要生物类群,其数量与分布变化直接或间接地影响到多种海洋生物的饵料供给、海鸟的生存与迁徙。通过对我国从南到北14个典型潮间带表层沉积物中底栖硅藻的分析,共鉴定出硅藻153种,其物种多样性（Shannon-Weaver 指数范围:1.61~4.39）与生物量（范围:0.09×103 ~ 10×103个/g,干质量）在空间上存在显著差异;聚类分析与相似性分析检验（r=0.738,P=0.1%< 0.01）表明,14个调查区域的硅藻群落在空间上可分为4个大的组合,分别对应着渤、黄、东、南海4个区域,吻合了我国近海浮游植物的地理分布特征。与环境因素的相关性分析表明,底栖硅藻群落的物种多样性与生物量受沉积物类型与盐度的影响显著,泥质区域更有利于硅藻的保存,而生物多样性在泥砂质低盐区域相对较高。此外,底栖硅藻生物量与表层沉积物中TOC含量表现出显著正相关性;δ13C数值的空间变化范围为-25‰~-20‰,指示了有机质陆海混合的特征,其中,涧河河口、黄河口、大沽河口、苏北浅滩区域,δ13C数值明显偏正,表明底栖硅藻可能是这些区域沉积物中有机碳的重要贡献者。