地震韵律研究方法初探--以郯庐断裂带龙泉山西麓剖面研究为例

通过对郯庐断裂带龙泉山西麓剖面的精细观测,样品微观和超微观测试,断层物质活动时代测定和综合分析研究,发现断裂带在第四纪曾有过多次活动（其中晚更新世以来也曾有过活动）,并呈现粘蠕滑交替的变形特征,其最新活动方式以蠕滑活动为主,这些结论修正了前人对郯庐断裂带南段的基本认识,丰富和深化了该断裂新活动的研究内容。     

莱州湾海域郯庐断裂带活断层探测

利用浅地层剖面仪对郯庐断裂带莱州湾段进行了活断层探测,发现郯庐断裂带主干断裂在第四纪晚期以来具有明显的活动,继承了晚第三纪以来的主要构造活动特点,仍是这一区域的主导性构造. 西支KL3断裂由多条高角度正断裂组成,最新活动时代为晚更新世晚期至全新世早期,受到一系列错断晚更新世晚期沉积的北东或近东西向断裂的切割;东支龙口断裂由两段右阶斜列的次级断层组成,沿断裂带不但有明显的晚第四纪断错活动,而且还发育北北东向晚第四纪生长褶皱,表现出明显的晚更新世晚期至全新世活动特征. 在山东陆地区也发现了与龙口断裂相对应的安丘——莒县断裂,安丘段由一系列右阶斜列的次级断层组成. 从安丘向北至莱州湾凹陷,郯庐断裂带东支活断层构成了一条右旋单剪变形带,每一个次级活断层段相当于带内理论上次级压剪面,在第四纪晚期以来仍以右旋走滑活动为主要特征.      

郯庐断裂带南段新活动性的初步研究

由于郯庐断裂带南段的第四纪地层不发育,尽管断裂构造岩松散而未固结成岩,也难以应用地层变位法来确定它的最新活动时代和活动方式。笔者在发育断层泥的断裂露头剖面上,采集断层泥样品9个,通过扫描电镜——石英碎砾刻蚀形貌法来确定它的新动活性。根据石英碎砾的刻蚀形貌类型判定断层的最新活动时代和活动方式;蠕滑?粘滑?从而确定郯庐断裂带南段的最新活动时代在N_2—Q_1或Q_2,活动方式以粘滑为主。     

郯庐断裂带五河-明光段晚更新世活动的地质证据及活动特征

作为中国东部影响最大的走滑断裂,郯庐断裂因其强烈的地震活动性及沿断裂带一系列的大地震而备受学者关注。然而,大部分的调查研究都是针对郯庐断裂山东省境内及渤海湾内部分段落。并且,一般认为淮河以南的段落晚更新世以来不活动,也不具备孕育大震或强震的条件。然而,近期我们针对郯庐断裂的工作对这些认识提出了质疑,这些工作基于高分辨率卫星遥感影像解译和在安徽北部明光市、五河县附近的详细的野外调查。我们的研究认为郯庐断裂在淮河以南的五河-明光段包括四支断裂,并且至少一支在晚更新世以来活动。此段在晚第四纪以来主要以右旋走滑为主。不同于常常在基岩及第四纪沉积物中观察到的断层,在未固结的第四纪粘土中的断层形迹不清,但是能够被微观构造分析所确认。鉴于我们最近的工作和前人研究,我们认为年轻沉积物中的隐形断层更加值得注意,同时我们认为郯庐断裂淮河以南的“平静”段需要更深入的研究。     

郯庐断裂带淮河南到女山湖段晚第四纪以来的新活动

以郯庐断裂带淮河南到女山湖段晚第四纪以来是否具有新活动为主要研究目标,通过遥感影像资料解译及地表反复调查,选择构造地貌显著地段开挖探槽,识别和记录其变形形态,分析其活动习性,定向采集新活动变形物质,在保持原态基础上磨制定向薄片,并进行微观构造分析论证。研究表明,断裂沿线线状构造地貌清晰,横跨断裂带的3个探槽均揭示出晚第四纪以来活动痕迹,断裂最新错断了晚更新世-全新世地层;滑移方式多表现为粘滑,典型表现为断层陡坎、楔状堆积、断层和充填裂缝等,总体显示为脆性高速变形特征,属于史前地震遗迹。上述认识部分得到微观分析证实。文中还初步探讨了淮河南北郯庐断裂最新活动特征的异同点及其可能的原因。     

郯庐断裂带江苏段东地堑边界断层第四纪活动性

郯庐断裂带东地堑边界断层在断裂带演化过程和现今构造格局中都是重要断层,对该边界断层的第四纪活动性研究有助于了解郯庐断裂带的演化历史和地震活动性,而有关该边界断层第四纪活动性研究较少且至今尚无定论。本文通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面相结合的方法,针对郯庐断裂带江苏段东地堑两边界断层开展系统的断层第四纪活动性研究,结果显示,昌邑-大店断裂(F_1)第四纪以来未见构造运动证据,白芬子-浮来山断裂(F_2)在第四纪早期曾发生有关活动,晚更新世以来未见活动迹象。     

郯庐断裂带池河段的新活动

对郯庐断裂带池河段进行了遥感影像判读，地震地质实地调查，钻孔探测资料分析，样品采集测试，以及结合地震活动特征分析和微观构造解析. 结果表明，郯庐断裂带池河段晚第四纪期间仍具有粘蠕滑交替的变形活动，最新活动方式以蠕滑活动为主.      

地震折射和反射方法研究郯庐断裂带宿迁段的浅部构造特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最大的一个活动构造带,其内部结构非常复杂,不同区段表现出不同特征的构造样式.本文采用浅层地震反射波成像技术对郯庐断裂带宿迁段的近地表结构进行了高分辨率成像,利用该区已有的深地震反射剖面数据,采用初至波层析成像方法获得了郯庐断裂带的浅层P波速度结构.结果表明,郯庐断裂带宿迁段是一个由多条断裂以及凹陷和隆起构成的复杂构造带,且新生代地层厚度和地震波速分布明显受到断裂的影响与控制.郯庐断裂带的东、西两侧为基底隆起区,近地表速度结构呈现为明显的高速特征,新生代地层厚度小于200m.郯庐断裂带总体显示为低速凹陷结构,新生代地层厚度在300～600m之间变化,最厚处位于宿迁市的陵城镇附近.郯庐断裂带宿迁段主要由5条断裂构成,从这些断裂的上断点埋深和第四纪活动特征来看,郯庐断裂带的东边界断裂F_1和西边界断裂F_4的活动性相对较弱,为第四纪早期活动断裂.断裂F_2和F_3控制了郯庐断裂带内部的新生代凹陷,两者的活动时代分别为中更新世和晚更新世.安丘—莒县断裂F_5位于断裂F_1和F_2之间,由2条相向而倾的分支断层F_5和F_(5-1)构成,其活动时代分别为全新世和晚更新世.研究结果为进一步认识郯庐断裂带宿迁段的近地表特征及其活动性提供了新证据.     

郯庐断裂带安徽明光段紫阳山探槽及其意义

郯庐断裂带安徽省内段落属于该断裂带的南段,断裂构造复杂,总体上断层活动性要弱于断裂带的山东、江苏段。近年来笔者多次在苏皖交界地区开展野外地质地貌调查,发现淮河南北两侧的地形地貌存在较大差异。本研究以淮河以南的郯庐断裂带东支断裂明光段为探查重点,在明光紫阳山北侧跨断层开挖地质探槽。探槽(Tc1)显示断层表现为逆冲、张裂等活动形式,且断层向上延伸错动晚第四纪地层;结合年代样品测试结果,表明该段断层晚第四纪以来有较强的活动,最新活动时代可达晚更新世-全新世早期;探槽揭露的断层表现出多种活动形式,显示了明光段断层活动的多期次性和区域构造应力场的复杂性。     

郯庐断裂带江苏段第四纪活动性研究

从前人地表地质、地球化学探测与构造年代学,形变资料等方面入手,结合遥感影像信息,对郯庐断裂带江苏段第四纪活动性进行了系统分析;在总结前人研究成果基础上,对其活动性差异的成因进行了探讨。结果表明:郯庐断裂带江苏段在第四纪新构造运动时期总体活动性不强,表现为右旋走滑性质。断裂以宿迁为界具有明显的分段活动差异性——北段较强,南段较弱;在北华北块体内部,郯庐断裂带通过其活动性的分段差异调节次一级块体的不同方向位移;枣庄—宿迁断裂对郯庐断裂带的切割及其左旋走滑调节作用是郯庐断裂带江苏段活动差异性的主要成因。     

Recent activity of Chihe segment of Tanlu fault zone

Introduction The southern part of the Tanlu fault zone, especially the sections to the south of the Huaiheriver, has been taken as the sections that have been inactive or inert since Late Pleistocene (Insti-tute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, 1987; CHAO, et al, 1999; SHI, et al, 2003). Thepresent authors have found the structural features that are inconsistent with the previous viewpointduring their researches. The new knowledge about active features along the Tanlu fault …     

安徽霍山地区断层活动习性研究的新进展

通过霍山地区地震地质调查和研究,发现晚第四纪以来该地区丰富的构造变形现象：盆地边缘断裂构成断层三角面;隆起区发育一系列的北东向断裂,含断层泥;盆地内中更新统中发现多期变形遗迹,共同显示晚第四纪以来构造变形的继承性和统一性.文中结合各观测点变形物质的微观、超微观变形分析和断错物质系统测龄结果分析,对研究区构造新活动期次、断层滑移特性、古地震事件等进行了有意义的探讨.结果表明,该区断裂在晚第四纪曾有过多期粘滑活动.最后结合地震层析成像等深部探测成果对研究区地震的深部介质条件进行了讨论.     

NEW EVIDENCES FOR LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE YISHU-TANGTOU FAULT,THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE,AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

The Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ), a well-known lithosphere fault zone in eastern China, is a boundary tectonic belt of the secondary block within the North China plate, and its seismic risk has always been a focus problem. Previous studies were primarily conducted on the eastern graben faults of the Yishu segment where there are historical earthquake records, but the faults in western graben have seldom been involved. So, there has been no agreement about the activity of the western graben fault from the previous studies. This paper focuses on the activity of the two buried faults in the western graben along the southern segment of Yishu through combination of shallow seismic reflection profile and composite drilling section exploration. Shallow seismic reflection profile reveals that the Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄)only affects the top surface of Suqian Formation, therefore, the fault may be an early Quaternary fault. The Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)has displaced the upper Pleistocene series in the shallow seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the fault may be a late Pleistocene active fault. Drilling was implemented in Caiji Town and Lingcheng Town along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)respectively, and the result shows that the latest activity time of Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)is between(91.2±4.4)ka and(97.0±4.8)ka, therefore, the fault belongs to late Pleistocene active fault. Combined with the latest research on the activity of other faults along TLFZ, both faults in eastern and western graben were active during the late Pleistocene in the southern segment of the Yishu fault zone, however, only the fault in eastern graben was active in the Holocene. This phenomenon is the tectonic response to the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plate and collision between India and Asian Plate. The two late Quaternary active faults in the Yishu segment of TLFZ are deep faults and present different forms on the surface and in near surface according to studies of deep seismic reflection profile, seismic wave function and seismic relocation. Considering the tectonic structure of the southern segment of Yishu fault zone, the relationship between deep and shallow structures, and the impact of 1668 Tancheng earthquake(M=8(1/2)), the seismogenic ability of moderate-strong earthquake along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)can't be ignored.     

郯庐断裂带新沂－五河段晚第四纪活动的新证据

The Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone has great influence in eastern China. Studies have shown obvious signs of neotectonic activities on the Xinyi-Wuhe segment of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone. In this study, on the basis of the previous work, many seismological surveys are made along the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone and trenches are excavated in key sites. Combined with the analysis of the seismic activities along the fault, the fault movement features and future seismic risk are discussed. Much first-hand information obtained in the paper can provide an important reference value for the study of large earthquake recurrence rules and the mid and long-term earthquake prediction on the Xinyi-Wuhe segment of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone.     

THRUST OF THE SOUTHERN LONGMENSHAN FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY REVEALED BY RIVER LANDFORMS

The Longmenshan fault zone is divided into three sections from south to north in the geometric structure. The middle and northern segments are mainly composed of three thrust faults, where the deformation of foreland is weak. The geometric structure of the southern segment is more complex, which is composed of six fault branches, where the foreland tectonic deformation is very strong. The Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake occurred in the middle of the Longmenshan in 2008, activating the bifurcation of two branches, the Yingxiu-Beichuan and the Guixian-Jiangyou faults. In 2013, the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake occurred in the southern Longmenshan, whose seismogenic structure was considered to be a blind fault. After the Lushan earthquake, the seismic hazard in the southern Longmenshan has been widely concerned. At present, the studies on active tectonics in the southern Longmenshan are limited to the Dachuan-Shuangshi and the Yanjing-Wulong faults. The Qingyi River, which flows across the southern Longmenshan, facilitates to study fault slip by the deformation of river terraces. Based on satellite imagery and high-resolution DEM analysis, we measured the fluvial terraces along the Qingyi river in detail. During the measurement, the Sichuan network GPS system (SCGNSS)was employed to achieve a precision of centimeter grade. Besides, the optical luminescence dating (OSL)method was employed to date the terraces' ages. And the late Quaternary activities of the six branch faults in the southern Longmen Shan were further analyzed. The Gengda-Longdong, Yanjing-Wulong and the Xiao Guanzi faults (west branch of the Dachuan-Shuangshi fault)all show thrust slip and displaced the terrace T₂. Their average vertical slip rates in the late Quaternary are 0.21-0.30mm/a, 0.12-0.21mm/a and 0.10-0.12mm/a, respectively. Since the Late Quaternary, vertical slip of the east branch of the Dachuan-Shuangshi fault was not obvious, and the arc-like Jintang tectonic belt was not active. Crustal shortening rate of the southern Longmenshan thrust fault zone in the late Quaternary is 0.48-0.77mm/a, which equals about half of the middle segment of the Longmenshan. Based on the previous study on the tectonic deformation of the foreland, we consider that the foreland fold belt in the southern Longmenshan area has absorbed more than half of the crustal shortening. The three major branch faults in the southern Longmenshan are active in the late Quaternary, which have risk of major earthquakes.     

镇江地区主要NW向断裂的第四纪活动性

五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂是镇江地区2条主要的NW向断裂,可能与镇江多次破坏性地震相关。文中通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测方法,对五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了系统研究。五峰山-西来桥断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向NE,倾角约为60°,断距约为5~9m,以正断活动为主;大路镇场地上,该断裂断错的最新地层为中更新统底部,位错量为2m,判断五峰山-西来桥断裂的最新活动时代为中更新世早期。丹徒-建山断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向SW,倾角约为50°~55°,断距约为2~7m,以正断活动为主;访仙镇场地上,中更新统之上的地层没有被断错的迹象,中更新统底部可能被断层影响,判断丹徒-建山断裂的最新活动时代为早更新世—中更新世早期。     

山西罗云山山前断裂带中段龙祠-峪口全新世活动证据

通过断错地貌调查和探槽开挖,获得了临汾盆地西界罗云山山前断裂带龙祠-峪口段的最新活动信息:该段山前洪积扇后缘断断续续存在高2.5m、5.2m、8m左右的地表地貌陡坎;附近冲沟的Ⅰ级阶地热释光测年为距今7500a左右;在NW向的席坊沟内存在拔沟3.5m、8m、18m左右的3级阶地,与地貌陡坎有对应关系;席坊沟探槽揭示罗云...     

A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault

We investigate the late Quaternary active deformation along the Jordan Valley segment of the left-lateral Dead Sea Fault and provide new insights on the behaviour of major continental faults. The 110-km-long fault segment shows systematic offsets of drainage systems surveyed at three sites along its southern section. The isotopic dating of six paleoclimatic events yields a precise chronology for the onset of six generations of gully incisions at 47.5 ka BP, 37.5 ka BP, 13 ka BP, 9 ka BP, 7 ka BP, and 5 ka BP. Additionally, detailed mapping and reconstructions provide cumulative displacements for 20 dated incisions along the fault trace. The individual amounts of cumulative slip consistently fall into six distinct classes. This yields: i) an average constant slip rate of 4.7 to 5.1 mm/yr for the last 47.5 kyr and ii) a variable slip rate ranging from 3.5 mm/yr to 11 mm/yr over 2-kyr- to 24-kyr-long intervals. Taking into account that the last large earthquake occurred in AD 1033, we infer 3.5 to 5 m of present-day slip deficit which corresponds to a Mw  7.4 earthquake along the Jordan Valley fault segment. The timing of cumulative offsets reveals slip rate variations critical to our understanding of the slip deficit and seismic cycle along major continental faults.