《核动力工程厂址地震调查与评价》一书简介

《核动力工程厂址地震调查与评价》一书简介由核工业第二研究设计院田胜清教授撰写的《核动力工程厂址地震调查与评价》一书，已由地震出版社于１９９５年１０月出版。作者从５０年代后期开始从事核工业工程的厂址选择、地质勘察、地震调查和有关设计等的技术管理和研究工...     

核电厂厂址选择中的地震调查与评价

结合十多年来我国核电厂厂址选择中地震调查与评价工作的基本经验,阐述了核电厂厂址选择中的地震调查与评价的阶段划分及其有关内容     

辽南核电站厂址区断层的评价问题

作者通过对核安全法规的学习和前人对辽南核电站厂址区断层的调查，并结合对断层实际踏勘，认为厂址区附近的东岗断层属于现行法规（ＨＡＦ０１０１）中规定的能动断层。但是，仅此一点并不能构成对推荐厂址的威胁，因为断层距厂址直线距离约４ｋｍ，断层的地表或近地表错动不会直接影响到核反应堆的安全。     

工程场地影响烈度调查

本文以1918年南澳7．3级地震对粤东核电乌屿厂址影响烈度调查为例,探讨了重大工程场地影响烈度调查方法。其调查结果不仅为该厂址评定历史地震最大影响烈度提供了依据,也为修定1918年南澳7．3级地震的等震线准备了条件。本文所采用的方法,将有助于类似的工程场地开展影响烈度调查。     

论与核电厂址安全有关的自然灾害调查——以福建长乐漳港仙岐显应宫遗址埋没原因调查为例

本文以福建长乐显应宫遗址埋没原因调查为例,论述了对于可能影响核电站厂址安全的自然灾害,开展调查评价的技术思路和内容。希望对类似灾害的调查评价有所帮助。     

沈阳2×200兆瓦低温核供热站厂址基准地面运动参数的确定

本文在综合厂址、近区域及区域地震地质资料的基础上,根据有关规范的要求,采用地震构造法、最大历史地震法和概率法分别计算了沈阳2×200兆瓦低温核供热站厂址的极限安全地震动SL-2,计算结果分别为200Gal、125Gal和170Gal。取三者最大值,厂址SL-2应当是200gal。厂址基岩地面运动SL-2水平向加速度反应谱取确定性法和概率法计算曲线的外包线作为用于厂址的基岩加速度反应谱。     

国际热核反应堆合作计划(ITER)中的地震问题

简要回顾了国际ITER项目厂址选择中地震问题的源起，介绍了ITER项目欧盟Cadarache和日本Rokkash。厂址涉及地震安全的主要问题，各方对厂址地震危险性的评价结果，以及中国对这两个厂址地震问题的认识与评价。     

能动断层和地表断层的概念及其调查

提出并研究了能动断层与地表断层这两个概念的形成与基本含意,强调了在实际核工程厂址选择时所必须进行的调查内容与要求,并进一步研究了能动断层的鉴别标准问题     

大型变电站厂址的地震地质条件研究——四川省石棉地区变电站遴选实例

地震灾害对工程场地的影响主要体现在3个方面，一是地震断层直接造成地面的断错：二是强烈的地面地震动；三是地震引起的地质灾害如滑坡、泥石流或砂土液化等。本文结合在四川省石棉地区大型变电站厂址的遴选实例，说明详细研究厂址附近断层的活动习性及其空间分布位置是研究大型变电站厂址地震地质条件的关键性因素。     

吉林核电站厂址的基岩地震动SL—2高值估算

按照核电站地震安全导则的有关规定,在充分研究厂址周围地区的历史地震资料、地质构造背景等工作的基础上,分别采用历史地震法、潜在地震法、地震构造法和综合概率法等几种方法,对吉林核电站厂址进行了ＳＬ－２高值计算。     

Identification of appropriate lags and temporal resolutions for low flow indicators in the River Rhine to forecast low flows with different lead times

The aim of this paper is to assess the relative importance of low flow indicators for the River Rhine and to identify their appropriate temporal lag and resolution. This is done in the context of low flow forecasting with lead times of 14 and 90 days. First, the Rhine basin is subdivided into seven sub‐basins. By considering the dominant processes in the sub‐basins, five low flow indicators were selected: precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, groundwater storage, snow storage and lake storage. Correlation analysis was then carried out to determine the relationship between observed low flows and preselected indicators with varying lags (days) and temporal resolutions (from 1 day to 7 months). The results show that the most important low flow indicators in the Alpine sub‐basins for forecasts with a lead time of 14 days are potential evapotranspiration with a large lag and temporal resolution, and lake levels with a small lag and temporal resolution. In the other sub‐basins groundwater levels with a small lag and temporal resolution are important in addition to potential evapotranspiration with a large lag and temporal resolution. The picture is slightly different for forecasts with a lead time of 90 days. The snow storage in the Alpine sub‐basins and the precipitation in the other sub‐basins also become relevant for low flows. Consequently, the most important low flow indicators in the Alpine sub‐basins for forecasts with a lead time of 90 days are potential evapotranspiration with a large lag and temporal resolution, lake levels with a small lag and temporal resolution and snow storage with a small lag and large temporal resolution. The resultant correlation maps provide appropriate lags and temporal resolutions for indicators to forecast low flows in the River Rhine with different lead times. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

慢性重型肝炎并发侵袭性肺部真菌感染的CT影像学特征探析

目的:探究慢性重型肝炎并发侵袭性肺部真菌感染的CT影像学特征,为患者的诊断和治疗提供依据。方法:选择2014年10月至2016年10月收治的慢性重型肝炎并发侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者92例,随机分为两组,各46例。对照组实施常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上加以氟康唑治疗。比较两组治疗前后CT影像学特征。结果:所有92例慢性重型肝炎并发侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者,共培养出176株病原菌。两组菌种均以假丝酵母菌属所占比例最高,对照组为44.44%,观察组为41.05%,其次为曲霉菌属,两组患者中所有病原菌的分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组结节、磨玻璃影、网格或线样及胸腔积液比例相比于对照组,显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者中42例为曲霉菌属感染,35例为假丝酵母菌感染。假丝酵母菌与曲霉菌属感染患者在结节类型及个数之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对慢性重型肝炎并发侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者行CT诊断具有重要临床价值,假丝酵母菌属及曲霉菌属为主要病原菌,且各病原菌感染患者的CT影像学特征各不相同。      

Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordinance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters

Toxicological and chemical studies were performed with a silty and a sandy marine sediment spiked with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid). Whole sediment toxicity was analyzed by the 10-day survival test with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita, and porewater toxicity tests assessed macro-algae (Ulva fasciata) zoospore germination and germling growth, sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryological development, and polychaete (Dinophilus gyrociliatus) survival and reproduction. Whole sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT were not toxic to amphipods. The fine-grained sediment spiked with tetryl was also not acutely toxic. The tetryl and picric acid LC50 values in the sandy sediment were 3.24 and 144 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The fine-grained sediment spiked with picric acid generated a U-shaped concentration-response curve in the amphipod test, with increased survival both in the lowest and highest concentration. Grain-size distribution and organic carbon content strongly influenced the behavior of ordnance compounds in spiked sediments. Very low concentrations were measured in some of the treatments and irreversible binding and biodegradation are suggested as the processes responsible for the low measurements. Porewater toxicity varied with its sedimentary origin and with ordnance compound. The sea urchin embryological development test tended to be the least sensitive. Tetryl was the most toxic chemical in all porewater tests, and picric acid the least toxic. Samples spiked with 2,6-DNT contained a degradation product identified as 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline (also known as 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene), and unidentified peaks, possibly degradation products, were also seen in some of the picric acid- and tetryl-spiked samples. Degradation products may have played a role in observed toxicity.     

电磁辐射与孕震过程的初探

通过1994年青海共和的几次强余震和1999年河南县Ms5.1，玛沁Ms5.0，以及2000年甘肃景泰Ms5.9，兴海Ms6.6级地震前后平安电磁波资料的分析，总结了电磁辐射在进入短临阶段后的一些特征，得出了在孕震过程中电磁辐射异常与地震的关系，并初步探讨了地震电磁辐射源的形成与影响电磁辐射的可能因素。     

SWI检测急性脑梗死伴有微出血病变的临床价值

目的:探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在急性期脑梗死伴有微出血病变中的诊断价值,以及在急性脑梗死患者溶栓治疗复查的监测意义。方法:对64例急性脑梗死的患者,行SWI、MR常规序列、DWI(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、CT扫描。分析上述序列对所有急性脑梗死病例脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)的检出率及在SWI上的分布特点,并根据SWI序列上CMBs的检出数量,对其进行分级。对所搜集病例中行溶栓治疗的患者48h后复查。结果:在64例急性脑梗死病例中,SWI序列、常规MR序列、DWI序列、CT扫描对CMBs的检出率分别为:39.0%、0.03%、7.8%及0.0%,差异具有统计学意义。根据急性脑梗死患者CMBs数量进行分级,轻、中、重度比例分别为20%、64%、16%。CMBs中度患者最常见。行溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者48h后复查,SWI检测出新出血灶,并且微出血灶体积增大、数量增多,SWI比常规MRI更敏感地检测出脑出血灶。结论:SWI与常规MR、DWI序列及CT相比,在CMBs的检出中具有明显的优势,这对于急性脑梗死患者抗凝溶栓治疗筛查及评估具有重大价值。在急性脑梗死患者溶栓治疗后的复查中能敏感地检测继发性出血灶,具有重要的预后监测作用。SWI有望替代CT扫描,成为急性脑梗死伴有微出血病变患者的首选检查手段。      

Hydrocarbon contamination in Cartagena Bay, Colombia

This study deals with the levels of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon quantification in sediments and organisms in Cartagena Bay (Colombia), 1996-1997. Sediments (14 stations) and bivalves (2 stations) were monitored at different times of the year. Areas with high values were in the north with concentrations above 100 microg/g with a maximum of 1415 microg/g. Areas with low values were located toward the south, near the outlet of the Canal del Dique and Barú Island, with values below 10 microg/g. In other areas concentrations were between 50 and 100 microg/g. A decrease in sediment concentrations of hydrocarbons has occurred since 1983, but levels in some sectors are still similar to those in polluted areas. Organisms have relatively low values (8-30 microg/g for bivalves, and 10-40 microg/g for fish).     

Experimental verification of effective anisotropic crack theories in variable crack aspect ratio medium

Physical modelling of cracked/fractured media using downscaled laboratory experiments has been used with great success as a useful alternative for understanding the effect of anisotropy in the hydrocarbon reservoir characterization and in the crustal and mantle seismology. The main goal of this work was to experimentally verify the predictions of effective elastic parameters in anisotropic cracked media by Hudson and Eshelby–Cheng's effective medium models. For this purpose, we carried out ultrasonic measurements on synthetic anisotropic samples with low crack densities and different aspect ratios. Twelve samples were prepared with two different crack densities, 5% and 8%. Three samples for each crack density presented cracks with only one crack aspect ratio, whereas other three samples for each crack density presented cracks with three different aspect ratios in their composition. It results in samples with aspect ratio values varying from 0.13 to 0.26. All the cracked samples were simulated by penny‐shaped rubber inclusions in a homogeneous isotropic matrix made with epoxy resin. Moreover, an isotropic sample for reference was constructed with epoxy resin only. Regarding velocity predictions performed by the theoretical models, Eshelby–Cheng shows a better fit when compared with the experimental results for samples with single and mix crack aspect ratio (for both crack densities). From velocity values, our comparisons were also performed in terms of the ε, γ, and δ parameters (Thomsen parameters). The results show that Eshelby–Cheng effective medium model fits better with the measurements of ε and γ parameters for crack samples with only one type of crack aspect ratio.     

Influence of Redox Mediators and Electron Donors on the Anaerobic Removal of Color and Chemical Oxygen Demand from Textile Effluent

Color removal was evaluated in anaerobic assays using synthetic (SE) and real (RE) effluents containing the dye Direct Black 22 (DB22). The focus was on the individual influence of two electron donors (EDs), sucrose and ethanol; and their combination with two redox mediators (RMs), lawsone and riboflavin. In addition to SE assays, the EDs were combined with sulfate which was present in the RE. Distinct behavior was observed with both assays. In the case of SE, using the EDs sucrose and ethanol resulted in DB22 removal efficiency of 93 and 83%, respectively; but only 27% in the control. The respective removal rates were 27.8‐ and 4.4‐fold higher than that of the control. Using the EDs with the RM lawsone resulted in color removal higher than that with riboflavin. Interestingly, in the ethanol + sulfate assay, late release of the last was observed, possibly due to the desulfonation reaction of the aromatic structures during the DB22 molecule breakdown. In the case of RE, no improvement was observed with either EDs; and some combinations with the RMs even resulted in decreased color removal. Therefore, the used EDs and RMs showed positive effect on color removal in SEs; but unexpectedly not in REs.     

气管主支气管原发平滑肌瘤的MSCT表现

目的:分析气管主支气管原发平滑肌瘤的MSCT表现,以提高对其认识。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的7例气管主支气管原发平滑肌瘤患者临床特征、CT表现及病理表现。结果:7例患者女性6例,男性1例,年龄19~65岁,均以非特异性呼吸道症状就诊。肿瘤位于气管主干2例,隆突1例,右主支气管1例,左主支气管3例。肿瘤大小0.6~2.0 cm。MSCT表现呈类圆形、椭圆形者6例,呈分叶形者1例。腔内生长型者6例,腔内外生长型者1例。7例CT平扫描密度均匀,未见钙化,增强扫描呈中等到明显强化者6例,轻度强化者1例。7例均未见明确坏死、囊变。7例均无纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸腔积液。伴阻塞性改变者2例。结论:气管主支气管原发平滑肌瘤的CT表现有一定的特征性,多表现为腔内生长的规则病灶、多强化明显。CT及后处理技术对显示肿瘤大小、范围及与邻近结构的关系有一定的价值。      

流体对石灰岩断层摩擦滑动影响的实验研究

在气体介质三轴高温岩石力学实验仪器上,采用意大利Scaglia Bianca石灰岩,在温度50～300℃、围压150MPa,含50MPa孔隙压、无孔隙压含饱和水和完全干燥三种条件下,开展摩擦滑动实验.实验力学数据和显微结构表明,完全干燥样品在120℃时出现慢滑移,实验样品中没有出现溶解与沉淀.无孔隙压含饱和水条件下,100℃、120℃、150℃条件下出现典型的慢滑移,实验样品中含有微弱的溶解与沉淀;300℃条件下出现黏滑,实验样品中出现沉淀.在含50MPa孔隙压条件下,50℃时的实验表现为典型的稳滑,实验样品中以溶解为主;在100～150℃时,出现慢滑移,实验样品中以溶解为主,沉淀为辅;在200～300℃时,出现典型黏滑,实验样品中以沉淀为主.实验结果表明,石灰岩断层泥摩擦滑动稳定性随温度变化,受流体中碳酸钙的溶解和沉淀作用控制,因此,流体中矿物质的饱和度这一化学性质对断层带的摩擦强度和摩擦滑动稳定性具有显著影响.