东营凹陷沙四下亚段沉积环境特征及沉积充填模式

沉积盆地中沉积环境特征控制了砂体沉积成因类型及盆地沉积充填模式。通过对东营凹陷丰深2井、官112井及梁120井沙四下亚段泥质沉积物系统取样,进行全岩X衍射分析和常量及微量地球化学元素分析,在此基础上对东营凹陷沙四下亚段古气候和古盐度指标进行分析。结果表明,古气候指标Rb/Sr比值与石英+长石含量、Cr元素含量及P元素含量呈正比,含量增加反映了气候相对潮湿,与古盐度指标碳酸盐+硫酸盐含量呈反比,其含量增加反映了气候相对干旱。东营凹陷沙四下亚段沉积时期气候干湿交替频繁,气候潮湿时期相对湖平面上升,湖水盐度降低;气候干旱时期相对湖平面下降,湖水盐度升高,使得此时期湖泊呈现为高频振荡性盐湖特征。气候潮湿时期以沉积碎屑沉积物为主,包括冲积扇、浅水型三角洲、滨湖滩坝及近岸水下扇沉积,由于湖水盐度较低,洼陷带主要沉积泥岩、灰质泥岩、含膏泥岩和少量泥质膏岩;气候干旱时期相对湖平面下降,湖泊水体盐度升高,洼陷带以沉积膏盐岩为特征,垂向上具有含膏泥岩、泥质膏岩、膏岩和盐岩的演化序列,平面上表现为由湖泊边缘向湖泊中心发育灰质泥岩、含膏泥岩、泥质膏岩、膏岩和盐岩的环带状结构特征。     

湖相碳酸盐岩在建立苏北盆地下第三系层序地层格架中的作用

在建立苏北盆地层序地层格架的同时,研究了碳酸盐岩在其中的作用,提出了碳酸盐岩结核和团块的分布是识别层序地层界面和体系域标志;粒屑碳酸盐岩的沉积迁移也可作为识别不同体系域的重要标志;碳酸盐岩的序列变化是识别准层序,准层序组的标志;稳定分布的暗色细粒碳酸盐岩与泥岩的互层是识别凝缩层和最大湖泛面的标志,认为今后在层序地层分析中应充分发挥湖相碳酸盐岩特有的作用。     

羌塘盆地东部中侏罗统混合沉积体系研究

西藏羌塘盆地东部中侏罗统广泛发育陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的混合沉积。综合前人研究成果,结合区域地质资料和室内样品分析,对混积岩、混积层系、陆源碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、混合沉积环境进行了详细的研究。结果表明,研究区中侏罗统混合沉积在微观上表现为陆源碎屑与碳酸盐沉积物组分的混积岩,宏观上则表现为陆源碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、混积岩相互叠加的混积层系,发育滨岸、碳酸盐岩缓坡、潮坪-潟湖3类沉积体系,在此基础上以沉积学原理为指导建立了中侏罗统雀莫错组、布曲组和夏里组的混合沉积模式。     

Stratigraphy and noncultural site formation at the Shurmai Rockshelter (GnJm1) in the Mukogodo Hills of North-Central Kenya

The Shurmai rockshelter (GnJm1) is located in the semiarid Mukogodo Hills region of north central Kenya. The rockshelter cavity is formed in Precambrian granite gneiss. The site contains a stratified sequence of sediments and archaeological materials that date from the end of the African Middle Stone Age (at or before ca. 45,000 yr B.P.) to modern times. The stratigraphic sequence at the Shurmai rockshelter is described and the principal noncultural formation processes responsible for its creation are reconstructed. Extant rockshelter sediments consist predominately of coarse angular rubble produced by rock fall, and additional sands and gravels produced by granular disintegration, slopewash, debris flow activity, and, to a lesser extent, human activity. The more identifiable aspects of the geologic history of the shelter include a number of episodes of rock fall deposition, in situ rock fall weathering, and erosional truncation. The reconstruction of the formation processes active at the Shurmai Rockshelter is used to illustrate how such geoarchaeological analysis clarifies understanding of prehistoric human occupation in rockshelter contexts in general, and in granitic terrane in particular. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

南秦岭古生代热水沉积盆地与热水沉积成矿

扬子地块北部被动边缘的南秦岭古生代沉积盆地中,发育一套自早古生代—中生代以来的碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩沉积建造,形成规模巨大独具特色的以铅锌金为主的多金属成矿带。伸展构造体制下形成的裂陷或断陷型盆地中,正常水成沉积与热水沉积同盆共存。正常水成沉积中叠加的热水沉积是一个"突发事件或灾变事件",具有特殊的物质组成和产态。通过对区内沉积成矿盆地的识别、分级,二级沉积盆地中边缘部位常发育多个三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地,它受控于沉积盆地中的同生断裂,具有沉积岩相、热水沉积岩组合、显著成矿作用及物化探异常广布的特点。三级构造热水沉积成矿盆地是矿床定位的构造空间,四级热水沉积洼地为矿体(矿层)的容纳空间。区内热水沉积岩主要为重晶石(毒重石)岩、硅质岩、钠长石岩和铁碳酸盐岩类,铅锌重晶石等矿产多产于热水沉积岩中或上盘。热水沉积形成一般由早期的热水喷发交代→主期热水喷流→晚期热水喷气演变。早期的热水喷发交代往往沿矿液喷发通道,形成网脉状、角砾状矿化;主期热水喷流主要形成多金属及热水喷流相,形成块状、条带状、层纹状矿石或热水沉积岩;晚期热水喷气主要形成浸染状矿石和热水喷气岩石。     

潜江盐湖盆地盐间沉积的石油地质特征

盐间沉积是潜江凹陷中的一种特殊盐湖盆地沉积物,它并非某种单一的岩性,而是随发育地区的不同而变化的特殊混合岩石。根据其岩石学特征难以命名。本文讨论了这种盐间沉积的岩石组分、沉积特征和油气地质意义。这类盐间沉积在化学成分和碎屑组成方面的韵律性变化具有明显的湖面升降变化含义,因而可将其韵律特性与层序地层单元进行对比分析。更重要的是,这类盐间沉积还是一种独特的集生油岩和储集岩于一体的含油气岩层,各种次生孔隙的发育使它成为一种潜在的有利储集层,近期的油气勘探已在其中获高产油气流。     

山东惠民凹陷中央隆起带古近系沙河街组层序地层特征及控制因素研究

结合山东惠民凹陷中央隆起带古近系层序地层学研究,依据层序中湖平面变化特点和相应的沉积物特征,提出了构造运动和气候是本区层序地层发育的主要控制因素。中央隆起带古近系沙河街组二、三、四亚段可划分为 3种层序类型,即断陷初期型、强断陷期型和断陷后期型层序。由于构造运动导致湖岸线向盆地方向退缩,产生下降体系域,本次研究采用了体系域的四分法,即一个完整层序由低位、湖侵、高位和下降四个体系域组成,并且层序界面位于湖平面最大下降的位置,介于下降域和低位域之间。断陷初期红色地层层序,受气候因素控制明显,既不同于冲积地层层序,也不同于正常湖相地层层序,在层序演化上有其独特的特点。受构造作用和沉积物补给条件的影响,研究区发育三种沉积密集段,不同类型的沉积密集段在层序中所处位置不同,控制着不同的烃源岩厚度和油气资源储量。     

鄂尔多斯地区早古生代岩相古地理*

鄂尔多斯地区早古生代沉积了一套以海相碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩为主的沉积建造,沉积厚度巨大,沉积类型多样,可以划分为海岸沉积、碳酸盐岩台地沉积、台地边缘沉积和深水斜坡—海槽沉积4大沉积类型以及数个亚相和微相,并对各个沉积相带的沉积特征和时空展布进行了归纳和总结。在此基础上,编制了早古生代岩相古地理图1套。岩相古地理研究表明,早寒武世仅在鄂尔多斯西南缘环陆发育了一套泥砂坪、泥云坪沉积;中寒武世海侵扩大,广大的鄂尔多斯中东部逐渐由砂泥坪发展为局限—开阔台地沉积,在其西缘发展为台地边缘—深水海槽沉积;晚寒武世开始海退,中东部主体演变为局限台地云坪沉积,而西侧的深水斜坡—海槽则继续发育。早奥陶世鄂尔多斯主体为一古陆,仅在东南缘形成环陆泥云坪和云灰坪相沉积;中奥陶世的大规模海侵使鄂尔多斯大部地区形成了广阔的浅水陆表海沉积,在陕北凹陷发育膏盐湖沉积,向外依次发育局限台地和开阔台地沉积,中奥陶世晚期西南侧开始发育台地前缘斜坡—深水海槽沉积;晚奥陶世的加里东运动使鄂尔多斯整体抬升为陆,仅在西南缘的狭窄海域接受沉积,由碳酸盐岩台地很快过渡为深水斜坡—海槽沉积,并在南缘发育生物礁建造,形成陆缘海型镶边台地沉积。     

新疆阿克陶县库山河地区晚泥盆世奇自拉夫组沉积相与沉积环境分析

新疆阿克陶南库山河一带晚泥盆世奇自拉夫组地处塔西缘昆仑构造带西北部。根据宏观颜色、岩石组合、岩石结构、沉积序列、沉积构造、古生物特征等由底到顶依次划分为灰红色含砾岩屑粗碎屑岩段、灰红色岩屑砂岩与灰绿色石英砂岩互层岩段和灰绿色钙质石英粉砂质细碎屑岩段等3个岩性段;冲积扇、扇三角洲、滨海等3个亚相和8个微相。为明显的无障壁岛滨海相陆缘沉积物向海退积的海进序列。     

Stratigraphy at Ground Zero: A Contemporary Evaluation of Well Data in the Chicxulub Impact Basin

Evidence of “Upper Cretaceous” sediments above the melt rock/breccia assemblage at Chicxulub has been used to dispute the link between this large impact crater and the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) extinction horizon. We have evaluated core samples and well logs from the Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) Yucatan No. 6 exploratory well located ～50 km from ground zero. Despite previous reports to the contrary, the sequence of crystalline rocks and breccias located at depths exceeding 1000 m below sea level are characteristic of the upper lithological sequence observed at other large impact basins such as the 220 km Sudbury structure. Furthermore, the “Upper Cretaceous” sediments overlying the melt rocks and impact brecias at Chicxulub contain abundant glass shards and shocked minerals, demonstrating conclusively that these are reworked debris involved in the impact event, and not normal marine sediments. Core samples straddling the KT boundary indicate that the impact event created a basin several hundred meters deep.     

Geochemical prospecting for stratabound mineralization in late Precambrian sediments of East Greenland (72–74°N)

A geochemical investigation was carried out mainly in a 14-km thick sedimentary sequence of late Precambrian age. The project included analysis of rock samples and drainage samples for Cu, Co, and Zn. The drainage samples were heavy-mineral concentrates and stream sediment samples.The results for the drainage sediments distinguish three well defined cupriferous horizons in the sedimentary column. Lithogeochemical studies of quartzites, pelites, and carbonates confirm that the anomalous values obtained in the drainage sediments arise from several Cu-mineralized horizons.The study has shown that geochemical prospecting appears to be well suited to Cu prospecting in Central East Greenland under arctic climate conditions even with a low sampling density of one sample per 5–10 km² for the drainage samples, and one sample per 10–100 m of the sedimentary stratigraphic column for the rock samples.     

藏北那曲盆地中—上侏罗统拉贡塘组浊流沉积特征及微量元素地球化学

藏北那曲地区中上侏罗统拉贡塘组发育典型的深水浊流沉积,根据浊积岩鲍马序列和粒度特征,可以进一步将其区分为近源砂质浊积岩和远源细屑浊积岩。微量及稀土元素地球化学研究表明,拉贡塘组浊积岩富集Cr、Co、Sc、Th等元素,无Ce负异常或负异常不明显,沉积物物源主要来自于变质岩区或再循环的沉积岩分布区。那曲盆地是冈底斯中生代多岛弧盆系统的组成部分之一,中上侏罗世深水浊流沉积形成于活动大陆边缘中的弧后盆地环境,该弧后盆地的形成与班公湖怒江中特提斯洋盆的洋壳向南的俯冲作用有关。     

Stratigraphy and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sequence in the southern part of the Malatya Basin, East Anatolia, Turkey

The Malatya Basin is situated on the southern Taurus-Anatolian Platform. The southern part of the basin contains a sedimentary sequence which can be divided into four main units, each separated by an unconformity. From base to top, these are: (1) Permo-Carboniferous; (2) Upper Cretaceous–Lower Paleocene, (3) Middle-Upper Eocene and (4) Upper Miocene. The Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sedimentary sequence resting on basement rocks is up to 700 m thick.The Permo-Carboniferous basement consist of dolomites and recrystallized limestones. The Upper Cretaceous–Lower Paleocene transgressive–regressive sequence shows a transition from terrestrial environments, via lagoonal to shallow-marine limestones to deep marine turbiditic sediments, followed upwards by shallow marine cherty limestones. The marine sediments contain planktic and benthic foraminifers indicating an upper Campanian, Maastrichtian and Danian age. The Middle-Upper Eocene is a transgressive–regressive sequence represented by terrestrial and lagoonal clastics, shallow-marine limestones and deep marine turbidites. The planktic and benthic foraminifers in the marine sediments indicate a Middle-Upper Eocene age. The upper Miocene sequence consists of a reddish-brown conglomerate–sandstone–mudstone alternation of alluvial and fluvial facies.During Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene times, the Gündüzbey Group was deposited in the southern part of a fore-arc basin, simultaneously with volcanics belonging to the Yüksekova Group. During Middle-Late Eocene times, the Yeşilyurt Group was deposited in the northern part of the Maden Basin and the Helete volcanic arc. The Middle-Upper Eocene Malatya Basin was formed due to block faulting at the beginning of the Middle Eocene time. During the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene, and at the end of the Eocene, the study areas became continental due to the southward advance of nappe structures.The rock sequences in the southern part of the Malatya Basin may be divided into four tectonic units, from base to top: the lower allochthon, the upper allochthon, the parautochthon and autochthonous rock units.     

潮水盆地侏罗系沉积特征及找煤潜力

潮水盆地侏罗系为完整的断陷湖泊充填沉积序列,沉积环境属多种沉积体系,具有低位体系域—湖侵体系域—高位体系域的多层序旋回的特点。下侏罗统为断陷初始形成期的湖泊沉积,具有断陷盆地形成初期“填平补齐”的沉积特点。地层厚度变化大,沉积相变快。在层序中可识别出低位体系域与湖侵早期体系域。低位体系域主要发育了冲积扇、辫状河道、滨浅湖砂砾、洪积物等;中侏罗统为裂陷发展期湖泊沉积,为盆地内主要含煤岩组。层序中粒度旋回较发育,通常在每一旋回的上部含煤层或炭质泥岩,层序底部常发育砾岩。在该层序中可识别出局部低位体系域与高位体系域。低位体系域发育河流砂砾沉积和滨浅湖砂砾,常表现出垂向加积或退积序列。而湖侵体系域则以较深水的湖相沉积为特征,常表现出向上泥岩厚度加大的退积式准层序组;同时,亦发育诸多三角洲相沉积;上侏罗统为断陷消亡期沉积,形成低位体系域浅湖、扇三角洲和冲积扇沉积体系。潮水盆地下侏罗统芨芨沟群上岩组和中侏罗统青土井群下岩组均具有成煤的构造、成煤的环境和成煤的物质来源,而找煤的关键是寻找目前技术、经济水平可以达到的赋煤构造。     

A study of differentiation pattern and rare earth elements migration in geochemical and hydrogeochemical environments of Airekan and Cheshmeh Shotori areas (Central Iran)

The Airekan and Cheshmeh Shotori areas are located about 60 km northeast of Khour, in Isfahan province from Central Iran. Research on characteristics and rare earth elements (REE) pattern in hydrogeochemical environments of these areas suggests the same origin for the elements dissolved in groundwater in these areas. Investigation of migration pattern of REE in hydrogeochemical environments shows that the migration and transportation of REE has occurred through chloride complexes. REEs, leached by water/rock interaction from the Airekan granite, are transported by groundwater and then precipitated in the Cheshmeh Shotori area. Study of the Cheshmeh Shotori sediments shows the presence of a sequence of red oxidized and dark layers. Geochemical characteristics of these sediments reveal that their REE characteristics are mainly inherited from the Airekan granite. Changes in the REE pattern of these sediments with depth show that changes in oxidation and reduction process have not played a significant role in controlling their behavior. It is crucial to note that adsorption of REEs dissolved in water by hydrosilicate increases these elements in depth. The REE behavior shows water/rock interaction between the granitic rocks and groundwater as the main factor of solution, migration and precipitation of REEs in the Cheshmeh Shotori area.     

塔西南坳陷侏罗系的扇三角洲沉积

塔西南坳陷侏罗系广泛发育扇三角洲沉积。在论述沉积特征的基础上,确认本区的扇三角洲是一个典型的退积型层序。该层序三层结构明显,下部为扇三角洲平原,中部为扇三角洲前缘,上部为前扇三角洲。反映了该区在早中侏罗世时处于活动盆地边缘,湖水由浅变深,沉降速率大于沉积速率的特点。通常扇三角洲的形成受湖盆边界类型和源区距湖盆距离及古气候３个主要背景条件的约束,因此,本区的扇三角洲一般发育在源区距湖盆距离短,靠近山前植被不发育的地带。塔西南坳陷侏罗系生储盖组合发育齐全,湖相暗色泥岩为主要烃源岩,扇三角洲前缘砂体是较好的储集层,上白垩统和第三系膏泥岩则起着主要的封盖作用。本区侏罗系有着良好的油气勘探前景。     

华北地台南缘(陕西部分)蓟县纪碳酸盐潮坪沉积

华北地台南缘(陕西部分)蓟县纪地层发育良好,区内小秦岭一带出露相当齐全,自长城系高山河群向上,依次有石庄组、龙家园组、巡检司组、杜关组及冯家湾组,沉积总厚度1746.7m,基本上是一套碳酸盐岩地层。由小     

Characterisation and potential economic interest of authigenic zeolites in continental sediments from NW Mexico

In NW Mexico, zeolite deposits of potential economic interest occur in continental sediments related to mid-Tertiary basin and range tectonism. In central Sonora, where the stratigraphic column is thicker (e.g. in the Moctezuma Basin), two superposed sequences of sediments are distinguished on the basis of their lithology and stratigraphy. They are known as the Baucarit Formation. The lower sequence, Miocene in age and 300 to 400 m thick, is indurated and consists mainly of sandstones and conglomerates. The upper one, of variable thickness, consists of clays. Zeolites occur in both sequences as alteration products of volcanic glass in beds of white intercalated rhyolitic tuff. Previously known outcrops of zeolitites from Rio Batepito (erionite), Tetuachi and San Pedro Ures (heulandite group), Divisaderos (chabazite) and several other newly discovered occurrences are described in this work in terms of mineral association, physical properties (porosity, thermal behaviour) and chemical characteristics (major and trace elements for individual crystals and bulk rock). Heulandite-group minerals are also present as cement (30% by volume) of the sandstones from the lower sequence. Amygdales and veins from basaltic flows intercalated within the lowest sediments contain a large variety of zeolite species: chabazite, stilbite, phillipsite, mesolite, erionite, thomsonite, heulandite and analcime. Zeolites in the pyroclastic beds intercalated in the upper sequence represent the highest economic potential because they are essentially monomineralic and constitute up to 80% in volume of the whole rock. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution of amygdales, zeolites in the basaltic flows have a low economic interest.     

Constraints from strontium and neodymium isotopic ratios and trace elements on the sources of the sediments in Lake Huguang Maar

The sediments in Lake Huguang Maar in coastal South China were previously thought to originate mainly from wind-blown dust transported from North China, such that the lake sediments recorded the varying strength of the Asian winter monsoon. An alternative explanation was that the local pyroclastic rocks supplied the lake sediments, but the actual contributions from the different sources remained unclear. Geochemical analyses including ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and trace elements support the local pyroclastic rock as the dominant source: < 22% of the total Sr in the lake sediments and  17% of the Nd arises from the distant source. Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf for the lake sediments are identical to those for the local rock but differ from the ratios for the wind-blown dust, and chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns for the lake sediments are similar to those for the local rock and soil, but differ from those for the distant source. The sediments in Lake Huguang Maar are probably input into the lake through runoff and thus controlled by the hydrology of the lake. Wind-blown dust transported by the Asian winter monsoon from arid North China is only a minor contribution to the sediments.     

西沙海槽盆地古近系烃源岩预测与早期评价

西沙海槽盆地是南海北部陆坡深水区的有利油气勘探区域.该盆地古近系发育有始新统、渐新统两套地层.始新统主要发育一套河湖相烃源岩,其干酪根类型可能主要为I-Ⅱ型,具备较高的TOC含量,该套地层在中部坳陷厚度较大,具备较大的生烃潜力,是一套潜在的优质烃源岩;渐新统主要发育一套滨、浅海烃源岩,其干酪根类型可能以Ⅲ型为主,也是该...