线源地震影响场计算模型

传统的烈度衰减关系一般是由历史地震等震线资料拟合得到,但基于历史震例进行统计回归所得到的椭圆衰减模型往往不能够反映大地震时的地震衰减特点。尝试提出一种基于点源模型改进的线源地震影响场计算模型,引入地表破裂尺度对原有烈度衰减模型进行长轴上的修正,以期达到生成结果与强震实际烈度相拟合的目的,并可实现极震区震害的快速评估和计算。     

改进的断层破裂烈度衰减模型

本文讨论了断层破裂烈度衰减模型,指出由它给出的烈度等震线的长轴向不很符合实际的等震线;在地震危险性分析中,该模型会高估高烈度的危险性。本文建议一个用等效破裂长度代替破裂长度的改进的断层破裂烈度衰减模型。统计数据和唐山地震的资料证实它能较好地拟合实际的等震线,从而改善地震危险性分析的结果。等效破裂长度的经验公式可表示为LnSe=a+bM-cl~3。它可以直接由历史地震等震线的资料统计得到。最后以河南小浪底水库坝址的地震危险性分析作为应用此烈度衰减模型的一个实例。     

基于地震等震线面积和长轴半径的烈度衰减关系

我国目前使用最多的烈度衰减模型为椭圆衰减模型,这种烈度衰减模型在对中强地震烈度等震线形状的描述比较接近,而对于断层长度较大的强震高烈度区的描述存在较大的偏差.而大震真实的烈度等震线形状在近场接近于“跑道”形状,而在中远场又趋近于“椭圆”.如何建立一种能够同时近似这两种模型的烈度衰减模型是一个亟待解决的问题.因此,本文提出了一种基于等震线面积和长轴半径的烈度衰减关系的建立方法.并搜集了我国38次震级(Ms)大于6级的地震,对本文提出的衰减关系建立方法进行了验证.结果表明,基于等震线面积和长轴半径的衰减关系能够很好地拟合实际地震等震线的形状.     

中国西南地区强震烈度衰减模型的研究

本文将研究范围限定在西南地区,因其具有相似地形地貌特征和发震构造的区域,并选取1913年以来6.5级以上的典型震例作为研究对象,通过对数据的分析统计,得到了传统的烈度衰减椭圆模型不适用于7.0级以上强震的结论;根据烈度区域面积与震级、破裂长度与震级以及缓冲区分析的方法得到了更加符合强震烈度衰减规律的断层距模型;在面积统计关系对比和实际烈度分布的综合对比中,得到了适用于强震的较为合理的烈度衰减模型,并根据本文得到的烈度衰减规律,结合ArcGIS二次开发,编写了用于快速绘制等震线的控件.本文的研究结果对于震后快速评估和地震应急有着现实意义.     

基于Levenberg-Marquardt方法的内蒙古及邻区地震烈度影响场改进技术

在收集和整理内蒙古及邻近地区1940年以来M_S4.0以上历史震害资料的基础上,对研究区域进行合理分区,选取65次中强地震事件的152条等震线数据,利用椭圆烈度衰减模型,采用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性反演方法,建立内蒙古及邻区的分区地震烈度衰减关系,通过与地震灾害评估系统使用的华北地区地震影响场模型进行对比分析,综合分析研究认为,建立分区烈度衰减关系更符合研究区域地震灾害的地域性特点,对于地震灾害快速评估具有重要的参考意义。     

基于震源机制解的分区地震烈度衰减关系研究

根据中国大陆构造应力场分区,本文拟合不同震源机制解的烈度衰减关系,收集了我国西部198次5.0级以上震例,共419条的等震线记录;东部47次5.0级以上震例,共84条等震线记录,采用椭圆模型进行衰减关系拟合,得到了地震烈度随震级和长短轴长度的衰减关系。文章初步分析了几种震源机制地震烈度衰减规律的差异,以西部地区为例,对比了西部走滑型、逆断型烈度衰减关系和汪素云西部衰减关系与实际值之间的差距。本文研究结果表明,区分发震方式的烈度衰减关系长短轴可以作为应急地震影响场的修正因子,在震后几小时得到震源机制解时,对烈度圈长短轴进行初步修正。     

地震动衰减模型在玛多Mw7.3级地震影响场快速评估中的应用

2021年5月22日青海省玛多县发生M_w7.3级地震。震后,根据初步估计的断层走向和破裂长度,基于YU15地震动衰减模型和三种NGA-West2（Next Generation Attenuation-West2）地震动衰减模型快速产出地震区震动图及理论烈度图。在获得强震记录和地表破裂长度信息后,对预测结果进行修正。通过比较理论烈度与调查烈度,并结合震动图分布形态以及衰减模型在2016年新疆呼图壁M_w6.0地震中的应用情况对四种地震动衰减模型的适用性进行了分析。结果表明:在台网稀疏地区,基于地震动衰减模型可在震后快速获得地震动分布,并产出具有应用价值的地震影响场;NGA-West2模型在断层破裂较长的大震中表现优于YU15模型,而在中强地震中后者适用性更强;近实时强震动记录可用来检验模型的适用性并对预测结果进行修正;断层破裂尺度、震源机制和破裂过程等信息的准确估计可有效提高地震影响场预测精度。     

云南地区地震烈度衰减特征研究

本文利用127次地震等震线资料，对云南地区地震烈度衰减特征进行了研究，其结果表明：(1)云南地区地震烈度极震区等震线的长轴、短轴之比的均值，高于我国东部地区而略低于西部地区的平均值，烈度衰减方向性强。(2)云南地区地震烈度衰减分区特征明显。(3)与我国西北、华北地区低震级档的各烈度等震线长、短轴之比值均高于高震级档的比值现象相比，云南地区这种比值关系要复杂得多。本文还对有关的问题进行了讨论。     

内蒙古中西部地区地震烈度衰减关系

收集内蒙古中西部地区MS 4.5以上地震目录,筛选具有完整等震线的地震资料作为研究对象,由此选取该地区15次中强地震事件33条等震线数据,采用线性反演方法,对烈度衰减关系进行回归分析,获得适用于内蒙古中西部地区的地震烈度衰减模型,结合华北地区烈度衰减关系进行对比分析,结果表明,该衰减关系符合本地区历史地震灾害分布地域性特点,对于震后快速评估和地震应急具有重要意义。     

中国分区地震动衰减关系的确定

本文利用我国丰富地地震工等震线资料,研究了我国烈度衰减关系分区,并建立了分区地震烈度衰减关系。选择既有丰富的强震记录又有烈度衰减关系的美国西部地区作为参考区,并利用本文确定的分区地震烈度衰减关系轩换得到相应的地震动衰减关系式。     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Study of the Influence of the Indirect Effect of Ocean Tides and of the Direct Deformation Effect of the Atmosphere on the Results of GPS Observations

The geodynamic interpretation of the results of GPS observations among the permanently operating stations which establish the frame for defining and conserving the coordinate system and simultaneously for describing the fundamental tendencies of dynamics in the area represented by them, should be deprived of the effects of geodynamic phenomena, which can be either periodic or short-term (even non-periodic) so that secular changes may be found. Some of these influences are included in scientific processing software, others have to be modelled later. The purpose of this project is to determine the influences of the indirect effect of ocean tides and the direct deformational effect of the atmosphere on the results of GPS observations, performed at stations Pecný (Czech Republic), Wettzell (FRG) and Graz (Austria), and also for the GPS stations of the Central Europe Regional Geodynamic Project (CERGOP) in the region of Central and East Europe. On the basis of analyses and results it is possible to claim that at the present accuracy of GPS observations the influence of ocean loading and atmospheric pressure effects for geodynamic campaigns in the region of the Czech Republic is negligible. For campaigns in larger regions (i.e. Central Europe) atmospheric corrections will have to be applied to height differences. These corrections, however, due to their periodicity have negligible influence on secular changes.