地貌特征对约旦南部阿尔阿加河(WadiAl-Arja)流域产沙影响分析(英文)

This study addresses the morphometric variables that determine the sediment yield in Wadi Al-Arja through the analysis of the impact of different morphometric characteristics along the course of the valley on its sediment yield, as well as the analysis of spatial and formal dimensions and morphologies of the basin and its relationship to the sediment yield. The study also addresses the size of variation in the volume of sediment yield of the river tributaries that make up the water network of the valley under the differences of its morphometric and hydrological characteristics. The study found several results, most notably: The classification of Wadi Al-Arja basin according to the hypsometric integral value(72.1%) within an uneven topography, which increases the force of the erosive activity and the size of the sediment yield if the basin was exposed to moist climatic periods. The study also showed the presence of convergence in the intra-spaces between the river tributaries in the water network. This increases the volume of water flows when these tributaries meet with each other and thus increasing their erosive ability and sediment yield. The study also showed the presence of marked variation in the sediment yield of the river tributaries depending on the differences in its morphometric characteristics. The results of the step-wise regression analysis confirmed the importance of the morphometric and hydrological variables, and plant coverage in interpreting the variation in the size of the sediment yield of the river tributaries of different stream order in Wadi Al-Arja basin, where these variables interpreted 43% of the total variation, with statistical significance less than 0.05.     

Advance agriculture in the desert: the Israeli case story

The Israeli Desert constitutes 60% of the country's total area. Regional annual precipitation is 100–200 mm and evaporation reaches 2,500 mm. Traditional desert agriculture of rain fed wheat and sheep, goat and camels grazing is common. Despite the harsh climate conditions, advance agriculture is concentrated in foci where water resources exist. Desert agriculture takes advantage of the winter(October–April) due to a mild climate season for growing vegetables, flowers, herbs and fruit which are mostly exported to European countries. The key factor is the sustainable management of the local natural resources. The regional research and development(RD) system is generating adequate local knowledge and technologies. The most important key factor is developing water resources, and using irrigation saving water systems such as drip irrigation. Technologies of protected agriculture such as greenhouses and plastic tunnels are used. The unfit desert soil is substitute by sand and artificial growing media. For gaining market purposes, introduction of botanical species was implemented for various flowers and vegetable varieties, avocado, pitaya, and jojoba. Controlled drip irrigation and drainage helps to solve salinity problems. Integrated Pest Management(IPM) is used to overcome plant protection issues. Advance raising of milking cows was developed by using reduction heat stress methods. Tilapia are raised in open ponds and greenhouse ponds, and ostriches adapted to desert conditions were introduced. On the southern Judean hills where precipitation is 250 mm, through soil conservation and rain harvesting, significant afforestation is changing the desert scenery. The human factor on this process such as farmers, agricultural extension agents and research scientists is the leading factor.     

Characteristics of climate and melt runoff in the Koxkar Glacier River Basin,south slope of the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Hydrology of the high glacierized region in the Tianshan Mountains is an important water resource for arid and semiarid areas of China, even Central Asia. The hydrological process is complex to understand, due to the high variability in climate and the lack of hydrometeorological data. Based on field observations, the present study analyzes the meteorological and hydrological characteristics of the Koxkar Glacier River Basin during 2008-2011; and the factors influencing climate impact on glacier hydrology are discussed. The results show that precipitation at the terminus of the glacier was 426.2 mm, 471.8 mm, 624.9 mm, and 532 mm in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Discharge increases starting in May,reaches its highest value in July and August, and then starts to decrease. The mean annual discharge was 118.23×106 m~3 during the four years observed, with 87.0% occurring in the ablation season(May-September). During the study period,the runoff in August accounted for 29% of total streamflow, followed by July(22%) and June(14%). The runoff exhibited obviously high interannual variability from April to September, induced by drastic changes in climate factors. Discharge autocorrelations are very high for all the years. The climate factors show different influences on discharge. The highest correlation R between daily temperature and discharge was for a time lag of 2-3 days on the Koxkar Glacier(0.66-0.76).The daily depth of runoff to daily temperature and daily water vapor pressure had an R~2 value of 0.56 and 0.69, respectively, which could be described by an exponential function. A closer relationship is found between runoff and either temperature or water vapor pressure on a monthly scale; the R~2 values are 0.65 and 0.78, respectively. The study helps us to understand the mechanisms of the hydrological-meteorological system of typical regional glaciers and to provide a reference for glacier-runoff simulations and water-resource management.     

1958-2017年长江流域气候变化的时空特征与热点区域

The Yangtze River Watershed in China is a climate change hotspot featuring strong spatial and temporal variability;hence, it poses a certain threat to social development. Identifying the characteristics of and regions vulnerable to climate change is significantly important for formulating adaptive countermeasures. However, with regard to the Yangtze River Watershed, there is currently a lack of research on these aspects from the perspective of natural and anthropogenic factors. To address this issue, in this study, based on the temperature and precipitation records from 717 meteorological stations, the RClim Dex and random forest models were used to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of climate change and identify mainly the natural and anthropogenic factors influencing climate change hotspots in the Yangtze River Watershed for the period 1958-2017. The results indicated a significant increasing trend in temperature, a trend of wet and dry polarization in the annual precipitation, and that the number of temperature indices with significant variations was 2.8 times greater than that of precipitation indices. Significant differences were also noted in the responses of the climate change characteristics of the sub-basins to anthropogenic and natural factors;the delta plain of the Yangtze River estuary exhibited the most significant climate changes, where 88.89% of the extreme climate indices varied considerably. Furthermore, the characteristics that were similar among the identified hotpots, including human activities(higher Gross Domestic Product and construction land proportions) and natural factors(high altitudes and large proportions of grassland and water bodies), were positively correlated with the rapid climate warming.     

山区冰雪变化及其对区域水资源的影响（英文）

Glaciers and snow are major constituents of solid water bodies in mountains; they can regulate the stability of local water sources. However, they are strongly affected by climate change. This study focused on the Tianshan Mountains, using glacier and snow datasets to analyse variations in glaciers, snow, water storage, and runoff. Three typical river basins(Aksu, Kaidou, and Urumqi Rivers) were selected to interpret the impacts of glacier and snow changes on regional water resources in the Tianshan Mountains. The results exhibited a nonlinear functional relationship between glacial retreat rate and area, demonstrating that small glacial retreat is more sensitive under climate change. Further, the glacial retreat rate at the low-middle elevation zone was seen to be faster than that at the high elevation zone. The regional average terrestrial water storage(TWS) decrease rate in the Tianshan Mountains was –0.7±1.53 cm/a during 2003–2015. The highest TWS deficit region was located in the central part of the Tianshan Mountains, which was closely related to sharp glacial retreats. The increases in glacier and snow meltwater led to an increase in runoff in the three typical river basins, especially that of the Aksu River(0.4×10~8 m~3/a). The decreasing and thinning of areas, and increasing equilibrium line altitude(ELV) of glaciers have been the major causes for the decrease in runoff in the three river basins since the mid-1990 s. Therefore, the results reveal the mechanisms causing the impacts of glaciers and snow reduction in mountains on regional water resources under climate change, and provide a reference for water resources management in the mountainous river basins.     

Estimation of Summer Rainfall over an Arid Area using AMSR-E Measurements: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China

Rainfall estimate in arid region using passive microwave remote sensing techniques has been a complex issue for some time.The main reason for this difficulty is that the high and variable emissivity of land surfaces greatly aggravates the complexity of the signatures from the rain cloud.The Xinjiang area,located in the northwest of China,holds all the typical characteristics of arid climate.A rainfall algorithm has been developed for this region by using the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System(AMSR-E) measurements.The algorithm attempts to use all 12 chan-nels on the AMSR-E instrument and a two-step method calibrated over 11 days of hourly rain-gauge data.First,Stepwise Discriminant Analysis(SDA) used to optimally estimate rain pixels based on all 12 channels,although only three channels were found to be necessary.Next,a rain predicator scattering index was used to estimate rain rates.A linear relationship between the rain rates and the scattering index above the threshold of 3.0K was constructed with a simple approximately linear function.The estimated rain rates were compared with the rain-gauge data used to calibrate the method,and a good relationship was found with a root-mean-square error of 2.1mm/h.The numerical calculations and comparisons show that the algorithm works well in the Xinjiang area.     

An optimized baseflow separation method for assessment of seasonal and spatial variability of baseflow and the driving factors

Baseflow is an important component of river or streamflow. It plays a vital role in water utilization and management. An improved Eckhardt recursive digital filter(IERDF) is proposed in this study. The key filter parameter and maximum baseflow index(BFImax) were estimated using the minimum smoothing method to improve baseflow estimation accuracy. The generally considered BFImax of 0.80, 0.50 and 0.25 according to the drainage basin's predominant geological characteristics often leads to significant errors in the regions that have complex subsurface and hydrologic conditions. The IERDF improved baseflow estimation accuracy by avoiding arbitrary parameter values. The proposed method was applied for baseflow separation in the upstream of Yitong River, a tributary of the Second Songhua River, and its performance was evaluated by comparing the results obtained using isotope-tracer data. The performance of IERDF was also compared with nine baseflow separation techniques belonging to filter, BFI and HYSEP methods. The IERDF was also applied for baseflow separation and calculation of rainfall infiltration recharge coefficient at different locations along the Second Songhua River's mainstream for the period 2000–2016. The results showed that the minimum smoothing method significantly improved BFImax estimation accuracy. The baseflow process line obtained using IEDRF method was consistent with that obtained using isotope 18 O. The IERDF estimated baseflow also showed stability and reliability when applied in the mainstream of the Second Songhua River. The BFI alone in the river showed an increase from the upstream to the downstream. The proportion of baseflow to total flow showed a decrease with time. The intra-annual variability of BFI was different at different locations of the river due to varying climatic conditions and subsurface characteristics. The highest BFI was observed at the middle reaches of the river in summer due to a water surplus from power generation. The research provided valuable information on baseflow characteristics and runoff mode determination, which can be used for water resources assessment and optimization of economic activity distribution in the region.     

1960-2007年中国地表潜在蒸散发敏感性的时空变化(英文)

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that "pan evaporation paradox" commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing trends.     

Synchronism of runoff response to climate change in Kaidu River Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China

The runoff in alpine river basins where the runoff is formed in nearby mountainous areas is mainly affected by temperature and precipitation.Based on observed annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff time-series datasets during 1958–2012 within the Kaidu River Basin,the synchronism of runoff response to climate change was analyzed and identified by applying several classic methods,including standardization methods,Kendall's W test,the sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test,wavelet power spectrum analysis,and the rescaled range(R/S) approach.The concordance of the nonlinear trend variations of the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff was tested significantly at the 0.05 level by Kendall's W method.The sequential version of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with those of annual mean temperature.The periodic characteristics of annual runoff were mainly consistent with annual precipitation,having synchronous 3-year significant periods and the same 6-year,10-year,and 38-year quasi-periodicities.While the periodic characteristics of annual runoff in the Kaidu River Basin tracked well with those of annual precipitation,the abrupt changes in annual runoff were synchronous with the annual mean temperature,which directly drives glacier-and snow-melt processes.R/S analysis indicated that the annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and runoff will continue to increase and remain synchronously persistent in the future.This work can improve the understanding of runoff response to regional climate change to provide a viable reference in the management of water resources in the Kaidu River Basin,a regional sustainable socio-economic development.     

汾河流域地貌发育对构造运动和气候变化的响应

Tectonic movements and climate changes are two main controllers on the development of landfrorm.In order to reconstruct the history of the evolution of the landform in the Fenhe drainage basin during middle-late Quaternary comprehensively,this paper has provided a variety of geomorphological and geologic evidences to discuss how tetonic movements and climate changes worked together to influence the landform processes,According to the features of the lacustrine and alluvial terraces in this drainage basin,it is deduced that it was the three tectonic uplifts that resulted in the three great lake-regressions with an extent of about 40-60 m and the formation of the three lacustrine terraces.The times when the tectonic uplifts took place are 0.76 MaBP,0.55 MaBP and 0.13 MaBP respectively,synchronous with the formation of paleosol units S8,S5 and S1 respectively.During the intervals between two tectonic uplifts when tectonic movement was very weak ,climate changes played a major role in the evolution of the paleolakes and caused frequent fluctuations of lake levels.The changes of the features of lacustrine sediment in the grabens show the extent of such fluctuations of lake level is about 2-3m.     

印度喀拉拉邦雨影区流域系统形态分析及其水文意义(英文)

The rain shadow regions requisite a comprehensive watershed development and management plan for sustainable water resources management. The Pambar River Basin (PRB) lies on the rain shadow region of the southern Western Ghats, India, where climate showed marked intra-basin variation. A morphometric analysis was done to evaluate the drainage characteristics of PRB using topographical maps and digital elevation data. PRB was divided into eighteen 4th order basins (SB1-SB18), distributed along various climatic...     

雨影区对海南岛西部土地沙漠化影响的风洞实验研究

风洞系列实验证明,山体雨影区与垂直平板绕流后回流区的作用原理是一致的, 山体雨影区的宽度是山体高度的15 H。据实验结果分析,海南岛西部雨影区形成的原因是季风气流沿山脉迎风坡面爬升冷却,坡脚形成热低压,在背风面回流收敛形成暖高压,气流变性为焚风。海南岛中南部多道山脉的雨影区和中南半岛长山山脉雨影区叠加、交汇后,强化了海南岛西部的干热化并形成热带半干旱气候环境,始终影响着土地沙漠化发展演变。     

Geomorphological analysis of the morphometric characteristics that determine the volume of sediment yield of Wadi Al-Arja,South Jordan

This study addresses the morphometric variables that determine the sediment yield in Wadi Al-Arja through the analysis of the impact of different morphometric characteristics along the course of the valley on its sediment yield, as well as the analysis of spatial and formal dimensions and morphologies of the basin and its relationship to the sediment yield. The study also addresses the size of variation in the volume of sediment yield of the river tributaries that make up the water network of the valley under the differences of its morphometric and hydrological characteristics. The study found several results, most notably: The classification of Wadi Al-Arja basin according to the hypsometric integral value (72.1%) within an uneven topography, which increases the force of the erosive activity and the size of the sediment yield if the basin was exposed to moist climatic periods. The study also showed the presence of convergence in the intra-spaces between the river tributaries in the water network. This increases the volume of water flows when these tributaries meet with each other and thus increasing their erosive ability and sediment yield.The study also showed the presence of marked variation in the sediment yield of the river tributaries depending on the differences in its morphometric characteristics. The results of the step-wise regression analysis confirmed the importance of the morphometric and hydrological variables, and plant coverage in interpreting the variation in the size of the sediment yield of the river tributaries of different stream order in Wadi Al-Arja basin, where these variables interpreted 43% of the total variation, with statistical significance less than 0.05.     

Impacts of climate change and agricultural activities on water quality in the Lower Kaidu River Basin,China

In the context of climate change and over-exploitation of water resources, water shortage and water pollution in arid regions have become major constraints to local sustainable development. In this study, we established a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for simulating non-point source (NPS) pollution in the irrigation area of the lower reaches of the Kaidu River Basin, based on spatial and attribute data (2010–2014). Four climate change scenarios (2040–2044) and two agricultural management scenarios were input into the SWAT model to quantify the effects of climate change and agricultural management on solvents and solutes of pollutants in the study area. The simulation results show that compared to the reference period (2010–2014), with a decline in streamflow from the Kaidu River, the average annual irrigation water consumption is expected to decrease by 3.84x10⁸ m³ or 8.87% during the period of 2040–2044. Meanwhile, the average annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in agricultural drainage canals will also increase by 10.50% and 30.06%, respectively. Through the implementation of agricultural management measures, the TN and TP in farmland drainage can be reduced by 14.49% and 16.03%, respectively, reaching 661.56 t and 12.99 t, accordingly, and the increasing water efficiency can save irrigation water consumption by 4.41 x10⁸ m³ or 4.77%. The results indicate that although the water environment in the irrigation area in the lower reaches of the Kaidu River Basin is deteriorating, the situation can be improved by implementing appropriate agricultural production methods. The quantitative analysis results of NPS pollutants in the irrigation area under different scenarios provide a scientific basis for water environmental management in the Kaidu River Basin.

     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MORPHOMETRY OF ALPINE AND SUBALPINE BASINS AND REMOTELY SENSED ESTIMATES OF LAKE TURBIDITY,GLACIER NATIONAL PARK,MONTANA

Relationships between characteristics of alpine and subalpine drainage basin form and estimates of lake turbidity were examined. The study was designed to provide insight into sediment removal and delivery systems in an environment where direct process studies are difficult because of logistical constraints. Remote sensing techniques were developed to assess lake turbidity levels through the acquisition of spectral responses by the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Topographic maps were interpreted to derive measurements of morphometric characteristics of 25 study basins within Glacier National Park, Montana. The morphometric variables were chosen to describe basin characteristics related to sediment removal and transport processes. Correlation analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess characteristics of basin form and the relationship to levels of lake turbidity. A significant correlation between the first principal component, which accounted for the general morphometric character of basins, and estimated lake turbidity was discovered. The areal extent of glacial ice and total stream length within the basins were the most significant variables related to estimated levels of lake turbidity.     

1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱-暴雨-热浪灾害时空聚类特征

基于京津冀及周边34个气象站点逐日气温、相对湿度和降水数据,辅以Mann-Kendall趋势分析、SatScan时空重排扫描等数理统计方法,对1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱-暴雨-热浪灾害时空聚类特征进行分析。结果表明：① 1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱-暴雨-热浪变化具有阶段性,2000年之前干旱-热浪频次多为负距平,暴雨频次相对较多;2000年后干旱和热浪频次呈上升趋势,暴雨频次呈下降趋势;② 综合考虑多种致灾因子,京津冀地区高致灾因子区集中于东部沿海区和西部太行山地区,低致灾因子区分布于中部平原区;③ 1960~2013年京津冀地区干旱和热浪空间分布具有明显的重叠性,两者空间叠加区主要分布于5个区域：北部沿海区、北部燕山山区、西部太行山区、南部平原区。对于北京、天津、保定等中部平原区的城市而言,其为多灾种叠加的“平静区”,干旱-暴雨-热浪灾害时空群集事件相对较少。     

1960—2017年太湖流域不同等级降水时空特征

基于太湖流域1960—2017年逐日降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析等方法,分析太湖流域不同等级降水的时空变化特征,并探讨了不同等级降水对年降水的影响。结果表明：1）近60年来,流域小雨发生率最高,为73.55%;年总降水量中,中雨量所占比例最大,为32.05%。小雨发生率呈显著减少趋势,暴雨贡献率呈显著增加趋势。2）太湖流域大雨、暴雨的降水量和降水日数都呈显著增加,小雨日数显著减少,小雨强度、年总降水强度显著增强。3）不同等级降水变化趋势的空间分布存在明显差异。小雨日数与年总降水日数,以及小雨强度与年总降水强度的变化趋势空间格局相一致。中雨日数、大雨日数、暴雨日数变化趋势的空间分布与其对应的降水量变化趋势的空间格局相似。4）R/S分析结果显示,小雨、暴雨、年总降水相关指标（小雨量除外）都表现出较强的持续性,未来变化趋势与过去相一致。5）近60年来,太湖流域年总降水量、降水日数、年总降水强度的变化,分别受中雨量、小雨日数、暴雨量的影响较大。在旱年流域年降水量偏少受大雨量减少的影响较大,而涝年年降水量偏多受暴雨增加的影响较大。     

Development and morphometry of drainage network in volcanic terrain, Central Anatolia, Turkey

This paper presents the results of morphotectonic and morphometric research carried out in order to determine the neotectonic development of the volcanic mountains and a drainage network in SW Cappadocia. The study area extends among the Aksaray, Ni?de, and Nev?ehir Provinces. The study area comprises Hasanda?, Melendiz, Keçiboyduran, Göllüda? Mountains and the adjacent parts of these volcanic mountains.Data collected exclusively from 1:25,000 digitised topographic maps and 10 m-resolution DEMs were used to define parameters related to the longitudinal profile of streams. The study area was divided into 10 volcanic units. Longitudinal profiles of 20 streams and stream orders were analysed to determine a regional tectonic differentiation pattern in these units. The streams in the study area drain into four different tectonic depressions. These depressions are Aksaray plain controlled by the Tuz Gölü fault (TGF), Çiftlik plain controlled by the Keçiboyduran–Melendiz fault (KMF), Misli plain controlled by the Derinkuyu fault (DF), and Bor plain controlled by the Ni?de Fault Zone (NFZ). An analysis of morphometric parameters shows that the development of a drainage network is associated with faults and rock resistance. Occurrence of morphometric parameters with different values in units reveals that the volcanic mountains were not uplifted in the same period and were subjected to different morphologic processes. High total order number in the south of Hasanda? (unit 3) and Melendiz Mountains (unit 7) indicate that the uplift ratio of the southern part is much greater than that of the northern part. Moreover, development of the drainage network in the south is in a more advanced phase than in the north. Indeed, the drainage network in the north is in the youngest erosional phase of all parts of the study area. The increased stream length-gradient indices (SL), and stream gradients and an analysis of headward erosion show that the streams displaying the longest and highest reach of the erosional phase are all in the southern part of Keçiboyduran and Melendiz Mountains. The longitudinal profile (Lp) of the present thalweg of the streams is irregular. The irregular Lp are associated with four different causes. These are geological variations in resistance, tectonics, and volcanic topography and downcutting in response to stream incision. The beginning of the fluvial incision in the northern part is younger than in the south.     

三江平原沼泽性河流径流演变的驱动力分析

在分析三江平原典型沼泽性河流挠力河径流演变特征及趋势的基础上，应用灰色关联分析和径向基函数网络等方法，探讨了引起径流量减少和发生突变的原因，分析结果表明：当地河川径流演化与沼泽化流的地理特征以及近50年来沼泽及沼泽化土地的大规模开垦和水资源的开发利用有密切的关系，人类活动是本区河川径流演变的主要驱动力，气候变化在径流演变中所起的作用相应减少，沼泽湿地对区域水系统的水量平衡产生着重要的影响，在流域下垫面已明显变化，水文循环出现变异的情况下，必须加强沼泽湿地保护的水的调控和管理。