自然灾害的周期研究及其成因探讨

长期科学研究发现,全球气候变化和自然灾害具有18.6 a周期,这一周期与月亮赤纬角变化周期有很好的对应关系。本文通过历史资料反复核对,证实潮汐极大期与低温、飓风活跃期有明显的对应关系,已经查出重复出现两个连续周期。形成对应的周期规律。分析结果显示,气候冷暖变化的原因不只限于大气层本身,而确有可用于气候预测的星体运行的变化信息。规律表明,2023年开始的月亮赤纬角最大值时期使全球可能进入严重低温冻害时期和飓风活跃期,必须做好预防准备。     

用阴阳历年叠加法预测厄尔尼诺

采用阴阳历年叠加方法,统计了1860～1998年发生的厄尔尼诺事件,发现月亮（阴）和太阳（阳）相对地球运行的19a周期中有5个厄尔尼诺多发时段,综合分析高出平均出现概率的厄尔尼诺多发时段后,就可对厄尔尼诺做出趋势预测,预测未来的厄尔尼诺将在2001年出现。     

用阴阳历年叠加法预测厄尔尼诺

采用阴阳历年叠加方法,统计了1860～1998年发生的厄尔尼诺事件,发现月亮(阴)和太阳(阳)相对地球运行的19a周期中有5个厄尔尼诺多发时段,综合分析高出平均出现概率的厄尔尼诺多发时段后,就可对厄尔尼诺做出趋势预测,预测未来的厄尔尼诺将在2001年出现。     

1845—1988年期间厄尔尼诺事件与我国西北旱涝

本文应用1958—1988年陕、甘、宁、青四省(区)3—9月的降水量资料,分析了厄尔尼诺事件当年与次年西北降水量的差异性,结果表明在厄尔尼诺事件当年,青海省东部、甘肃有中东部、宁夏全区和陕北降水量明显偏少,而在厄尔尼诺事件次年明显偏多,上述地方降水量差异是显著的.根据Quinn等人划分的历史厄尔尼诺事件资料及西北各省近500年气候历史资料,我们分析了1845—1957年厄尔尼诺事件与西北旱涝的关系,从这些定性或半定量的资料分析中可以看出,上述结论在历史上也是成立的.特别是西北历史上的几个大旱年,基本上出现在连续发生厄尔尼诺事件的年份中.     

北半球50hPa环流异常与厄尔尼诺/反厄尔尼诺事件

本文对近三十年来的厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件与北半球50hPa高度距平场的变化进行了分析。结果表明,厄尔尼诺发生的前冬(前一年11月至当年1月,下同),500hPa高度场的距平分布为:在极地附近地区是负距平;中纬地区除北美洲上空是弱负距平外,其余地区是正距平;30°N以南的低纬地区为负距平。反厄尔尼诺出现的前冬,500hPa高度场的距平分布为附近地区是正距平;中纬地区北美洲上空是弱正距平,其余地区为负距平;30°N以南的低纬地区为正距平。此外,厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件发生的前冬,50hPa高度距平场的变化比50hPa其它各月高度距平场的变化以及500hPa高度距平场的变化都大。且前冬50hPa高度距平场的变化对厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件的发生具有明显的指示意义。      

20世纪70年代前后北太平洋海温场气候特征的比较

采用1950——1998年588个月的海表温度SST(Sea Surface Temperature)资料，应用EOF、小波分析等方法，分析了北太平洋海温时空分布特征，指出20世纪70年代中后期北太平洋海温有明显变化：赤道中东太平洋由冷转暖，中高纬西风漂流区由暖转冷，且西风漂流区变化更为显著。厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件在此前后也呈现出不同的特征：1976年前拉尼娜(1976年后厄尔尼诺)事件持续时间长，强度大，事件发展初期厄尔尼诺海区就表现为较强的负(正)距平。海温变化存在2—6a的ENSO循环周期，并迭加着8—9a的年际振荡和22a左右的年代际尺度的变化。另外，还有以1981年前后为转折点的长期变化信号。     

北半球平流层下部气温的准两年周期振荡

由分析1966—1985年北半球30hPa 月平均气温资料得出,中纬地区气温准两年周期振荡比低纬地区更清楚,平均周期26.3月,振幅约2.8℃,振荡的峰和谷值都出现在冬季.中纬气温和赤道上空纬向风的准两年振荡之间位相配合密切,中纬气温准两年振荡的峰与赤道上空10hPa 为东风,70hPa 为西风的位相一致,谷则有相反的位相.它们的这种准两年周期振荡是通过平均经圈环流相联系的.强烈的火山喷发能影响气温的准两年周期振荡.     

太阳活动及其与厄尔尼诺现象关系的分析

本文用１７４９－１９９０年的太阳黑子相对数资料，分析了太阳活动与厄尔尼诺现象之间的关系，结果表明，太阳黑子１２年周期与厄尔尼诺的产生无明显联系，但强的太阳活动对厄尔尼诺事件有增强的作用，太阳活动最新第２２周下降分枝的出现，预计１９９１－１９９２年强的厄尔尼诺出现后，９０年代的其它年份将不会有强的厄尔尼诺事件发生（１９９４￣１９９５年出现的厄尔尼诺事件也只能是中等强度）。     

舟山市气候与厄尔尼诺事件的相关性

文章讨论了舟山市气候与两类厄尔尼诺事件的相关性，所用资料是舟山市定海基准站1954年建站以来的历史观测资料，舟山市主要气候因子 对两类厄尔尼诺事件的响应存在显著差异，第1类厄尔尼诺事件影响年舟山市降水偏多，是涝年，不易出现高温天气，第2类厄尔尼诺事件影响年舟山市降水偏少，是旱年，容易出现高温天气，两类厄尔尼诺事件影响年西北太平洋台风生成个数及登陆路径也存在明显差异，第1类厄尔尼诺事件影响年影响舟山的台风偏少，第2类厄尔尼诺事件影响舟山的台风与常年持平。     

准两年振荡

从六十年代Veryrd和Ebdon揭露低纬度平流层纬向风26个月准两年周期以来,人们先后做了不少工作,得出区域温度、降水、气压、500毫巴角动量输送、500毫巴中纬度1,2,3波都有准两年周期。 本文的主要目的是讨论西北太平洋热带辐合带云量变化特点和周期,以及中国东部     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted