Site characterisation of a basin-scale CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> geological storage system: Gippsland Basin,southeast Australia

Geological storage of CO₂ in the offshore Gippsland Basin, Australia, is being investigated by the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) as a possible method for storing the very large volumes of CO₂ emissions from the nearby Latrobe Valley area. A storage capacity of about 50 million tonnes of CO₂ per annum for a 40-year injection period is required, which will necessitate several individual storage sites to be used both sequentially and simultaneously, but timed such that existing hydrocarbon assets will not be compromised. Detailed characterisation focussed on the Kingfish Field area as the first site to be potentially used, in the anticipation that this oil field will be depleted within the period 2015–2025. The potential injection targets are the interbedded sandstones of the Paleocene-Eocene upper Latrobe Group, regionally sealed by the Lakes Entrance Formation. The research identified several features to the offshore Gippsland Basin that make it particularly favourable for CO₂ storage. These include: a complex stratigraphic architecture that provides baffles which slow vertical migration and increase residual gas trapping and dissolution; non-reactive reservoir units that have high injectivity; a thin, suitably reactive, lower permeability marginal reservoir just below the regional seal providing mineral trapping; several depleted oil fields that provide storage capacity coupled with a transient production-induced flow regime that enhances containment; and long migration pathways beneath a competent regional seal. This study has shown that the Gippsland Basin has sufficient capacity to store very large volumes of CO₂. It may provide a solution to the problem of substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions from future coal developments in the Latrobe Valley.     

Impact of multi-purpose aquifer utilisation on a variable-density groundwater flow system in the Gippsland Basin, Australia

The Latrobe aquifer in the Gippsland Basin in southeastern Australia is a prime example for emerging resource conflicts in Australian sedimentary basins. The Latrobe Group forms a major freshwater aquifer in the onshore Gippsland Basin, and is an important reservoir for oil and gas in both onshore and offshore parts of the basin. The Latrobe Group and overlying formations contain substantial coal resources that are being mined in the onshore part of the basin. These may have coal-seam-gas potential and, in addition, the basin is considered prospective for its geothermal energy and CO₂ storage potential. The impacts of groundwater extraction related to coal-mine dewatering, public water supply, and petroleum production on the flow of variable-density formation water has been assessed using freshwater hydraulic heads and impelling force vectors. Groundwater flows from the northern and western edges towards the central part of the basin. Groundwater discharge occurs mainly offshore along the southern margin. Post-stress hydraulic heads show significant declines near the petroleum fields and in the coal mining areas. A hydrodynamic model of the Latrobe aquifer was used to simulate groundwater recovery in the Latrobe aquifer from different scenarios of cessation of groundwater and other fluid extractions.     

Seal integrity and feasibility of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> sequestration in the Teapot Dome EOR pilot: geomechanical site characterization

This paper reports a preliminary investigation of CO₂ sequestration and seal integrity at Teapot Dome oil field, Wyoming, USA, with the objective of predicting the potential risk of CO₂ leakage along reservoir-bounding faults. CO₂ injection into reservoirs creates anomalously high pore pressure at the top of the reservoir that could potentially hydraulically fracture the caprock or trigger slip on reservoir-bounding faults. The Tensleep Formation, a Pennsylvanian age eolian sandstone is evaluated as the target horizon for a pilot CO₂ EOR-carbon storage experiment, in a three-way closure trap against a bounding fault, termed the S1 fault. A preliminary geomechanical model of the Tensleep Formation has been developed to evaluate the potential for CO₂ injection inducing slip on the S1 fault and thus threatening seal integrity. Uncertainties in the stress tensor and fault geometry have been incorporated into the analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The authors find that even the most pessimistic risk scenario would require ∼10 MPa of excess pressure to cause the S1 fault to reactivate and provide a potential leakage pathway. This would correspond to a CO₂ column height of ∼1,500 m, whereas the structural closure of the Tensleep Formation in the pilot injection area does not exceed 100 m. It is therefore apparent that CO₂ injection is not likely to compromise the S1 fault stability. Better constraint of the least principal stress is needed to establish a more reliable estimate of the maximum reservoir pressure required to hydrofracture the caprock.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中部微小断层的成因机制与控藏特征

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘作为南北构造带的一部分,不仅是研究该盆地形成、演化及油气成藏的重要窗口,也是探讨中生代特提斯洋关闭、新生代青藏高原隆升的热点地区。本文将盆地西缘中部及以东的新生界覆盖区作为一个整体,利用二维和三维地震资料进行精细构造解释,在天环坳陷中生界发现大量微小断层。地震解释表明：地震剖面上,微小断层具有正、逆断层并存,切穿层位差异大,挤压褶皱相伴生的特点;平面上,微小断层呈北西西—南东东向规律性展布,与西部前缘带的大型断层共同构成扫帚状展布的断层发育带。晚侏罗世燕山运动主幕,北东东向构造挤压应力由南向北传递,由于受东西向横向构造转换带的阻挡,在本区产生压扭作用,微小断层的形成受此压扭作用控制。微小断层形成后,主要经历了早白垩世伸展作用和晚白垩世—至今的后期改造。依据断层切穿的层位及改造阶段,将微小断层划分为3个期次,井震联合分析认为：Ⅰ期断层主要改善了延长组致密储层的物性,一般在延长组内部成藏;Ⅱ期断层主要促进了石油的运移,在延长组和延安组均能成藏;Ⅲ期断层对早期油藏具有一定的破坏作用。     

松辽盆地南部长岭断陷区深层构造特征与天然气聚集

在充分利用二维地震大剖面、三维地震资料以及钻/测井信息的基础上,结合高精度重、磁、电信息,系统地解剖了长岭断陷的区域地质结构,认为长岭断陷区为非单一简单断陷,而是由多个主次断陷组成的复式断陷群,且与北部的古龙断陷连为一体。在连片工业制图的基础上,进行了构造单元及区带划分,分析了主要断裂的几何学及运动学特征,认为乾安断裂、前神字井断裂、黑帝庙断裂、孤西断裂、孤店断裂、大安断裂、哈尔金断裂与顾家店-伏龙泉断裂控制了长岭断陷的地层发育及断陷结构,其中乾安断裂、前神字井断裂、黑帝庙断裂为最主要的控凹断裂。研究了断陷构造演化,将其分为断陷基底形成期、断陷发育期及断陷改造期等3个阶段。在油气地质条件分析基础上,研究了不同类型天然气的成藏特征,认为深层烃类气为煤型气,主要来自受断陷沉积控制的沙河子组和火石岭组,深层二氧化碳气为无机成因,主要来源于深层地幔,同时指出了有利勘探方向。     

沾化凹陷泥岩裂缝油气藏研究

沾化凹陷泥岩裂缝油气藏具有以下特征：（1）储层为暗色、厚层富含有机质的生油岩；（2）泥岩油气显示段具有高压异常；（3）主要分布于深凹陷区缓斜坡上，泥质岩油气显示段主要集中在断层带附近。泥岩裂缝性储集层的形成主要与异常高孔隙流体压力、局部构造变形及断裂作用有关，被非裂缝性泥岩所封闭形成自生自储的泥岩裂缝油气藏。     

松辽盆地北部宋站-尚家地区断裂发育特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

根据研究区基础地质资料,结合地震解释,研究了工区断裂的分布特征,发现断裂在平面上呈条带状分布。深、浅层展布方向具有一致性,主要以近南北向(尚家工区内)和北西向(宋站工区内)断层为主,近东西向断层最少;纵向上,发现断裂在T2(泉头组顶部)层发育最多,T3(登娄库组顶部)层最少。研究认为本区断裂发育分为早期、中期、晚期以及长期继承性发育这四个时期,其中以中、晚期断裂最为发育。分析表明本区断裂对油气藏的形成明显具有控制作用,控制了本区局部构造(断块)的发育,形成一系列构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏。断裂在活动时期可以直接作为油气运移的输导体,为油气的运移提供良好的时空配置;另一方面,断裂在封闭时期可以对储层形成侧向封堵,对油气起到了很好的保存作用。本文对研究区大量地震剖面进行了对比分析,发现由于反向正断层的侧向封堵作用,有利于该区油气的保存,对油气成藏明显具有控制作用。     

倾斜裂缝垂向封闭性演化特征研究——以海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷布达特群为例

岩心观察和成像测井资料分析,发现海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷布达特群断裂伴生和派生的裂缝以倾斜裂缝为主,其形成与分布主要受区域构造演化控制,3期不同特征的构造裂缝反映了区域构造应力场经历了挤压、剪切和伸展3大阶段。利用裂缝面压力和泥岩塑性变形极限,对贝尔凹陷布达特群倾斜裂缝目前的垂向封闭性进行了评价,结果是:不同角度的倾斜裂缝在凹陷中部均是封闭的,仅在凹陷西北和东南边部开启,且随裂缝倾角增大,开启区面积增大。通过布达特群倾斜裂缝古裂缝面压力的恢复,对其垂向封闭性演化特征进行了研究,认为不同角度倾斜裂缝垂向开启区从伊敏组沉积末期至今逐渐减小。目前已发现的油气藏表明倾斜裂缝不是主要的储集空间,凹陷周边(缘)地区才是倾斜裂缝储集油气的有利地区。     

准噶尔盆地克-百断裂带火山岩储层特征研究

为深入剖析准噶尔盆地克-百断裂带石炭系火山岩风化壳储层特殊性,寻找优质储层,对该区火山岩岩芯样品、普通薄片、铸体薄片、荧光薄片、成像测井等资料进行分析,探索火山岩风化壳孔缝基本特征和成因。研究结果认为:该火山岩储层孔缝类型和特征多样化,以次生溶孔、裂缝为主,为低孔特低渗储层;熔岩脆性大,构造裂缝较发育,熔岩层旋回顶部原生气孔发育;近断裂和风化壳顶面更易形成次生孔缝带。储集空间组合方式复杂,主要划分为裂缝-气孔、裂缝-颗粒间孔、裂缝-斑晶溶孔、裂缝-基质溶孔4种类型。后期的风化淋滤作用、构造破裂作用和溶蚀作用使风化壳的储集性能得到改善,而热液蚀变充填作用和胶结充填作用则对储层产生了破坏。油气聚集受断裂和不整合面的控制,可形成断裂控制的断阶式断块油气藏和不整合面控制的大型地层油气藏。     

Pre-Cenozoic geology of the Latrobe Valley Area—onshore Gippsland Basin,S.E. Australia

In 2010–2011, a well on the uplifted northern edge of the Latrobe Valley (Yallourn North-1A) cored a 550 m section of mostly arenaceous sediments from the Lower Cretaceous Tyers River Subgroup. A follow-up core-hole (Yallourn Power-1) aimed at extending the Tyers River Subgroup section some 5 km south into the Latrobe Valley instead encountered Paleozoic basement rocks immediately below Cenozoic coal measures. From a re-examination of earlier coal and groundwater bore results, and new interpretations from gravity, seismic and magneto-telluric (MT) surveys, there is a significant area of Paleozoic basement rock that may underlie the whole northern Latrobe Valley area. The uplifted Yallourn North Lower Cretaceous sediments are a separate basin entity herein named the Monash trough. It appears they are separate from the main Lower Cretaceous Strzelecki Group Basin sediments on the southern side of the Latrobe Valley. Attributes of the Monash trough may underlie the main Strzelecki Basin, but this remains to be substantiated by further drilling. The intervening subcrop of Paleozoic basement rocks is herein named the Glengarry basement block. It shows characteristic gravity, MT and seismic features covering some 200 km² of the northern Latrobe Valley area. The boundary between the Glengarry basement block and Strzelecki Basin approximates to the Princes Highway. It is uncertain whether structural separation of the Monash trough from the main Strzelecki Basin always existed, or whether uplift and stripping of Cretaceous rocks over the Glengarry basement block occurred in post-Cretaceous but pre-Cenozoic times. Comparative rank and maturity indices indicate a greater depth of burial of the Glengarry basement block than what exists today, whereas less stripping and loss of section have occurred to the Monash trough. Cretaceous sediments of the Tyers River Subgroup (Rintouls Creek Formation, Tyers Conglomerate) in the Monash trough are dominated by mudstones, siltstones with lesser quartzose sandstones, conglomerates and thin coals. The sediments are over 300 m thick and are conformably overlain by 100 m of volcaniclastic sediments typical of the main Strzelecki Group, in turn overlain by nearly 100 m of Cenozoic coal measures. New detailed spore–pollen dating of Yallourn North-1A cores indicates that all Cretaceous sediments in the Monash trough are Barremian in age. This revises the traditional Neocomian age assigned to the formation. High total organic carbon levels in the 100 m-thick mudstones of the Locmany Member in the Rintouls Creek Formation constitute a mature petroleum source rock worthy of future hydrocarbon exploration.     

OVT域五维地震属性在双鱼石地区栖霞组裂缝预测中的应用

川西北双鱼石地区栖霞组超深层碳酸盐岩储层横向非均质性强、构造复杂、钻井多、井下天然气产量差别大。利用OVT域五维地震数据对该套储层开展了裂缝预测、含气性检测和实钻井验证分析。首先基于OVT域不同方位地震属性所存在的差异来检测碳酸盐岩储层裂缝、溶洞。其次是分方位属性分析,寻找含气地震响应特征更敏感的优势方位范围,该优势方位内更有利于含气性检测。两方面的研究工作在双鱼石区块栖霞组裂缝预测和含气性检测方面都取得了良好的应用效果,研究表明：双鱼石地区栖霞组裂缝发育程度较高,主要发育三种方向的裂缝,多数裂缝与断裂走向斜交;垂直断裂方向地震数据突出方位各向异性,有利于小断层识别;平行断裂方向地震数据可以较好规避断裂导致的各向异性,突出油气响应特征,更有利于油气检测。有针对性叠前、叠后含气性检测方法能有效地预测研究区栖霞组储层及含气性展布特征,天然气富集区主要分布在研究区的中部和东南部,并沿NE-SW向呈连片条带状展布。     

山前复杂构造须家河组致密储层裂缝发育带综合预测

川西龙门山山前的须家河组气藏为受断层和构造控制的裂缝-岩性气藏,针对这类裂缝性复杂气藏利用基于地质成因的地史时期应力场(应变)分析、沿层构造属性分析和叠前三维地震数据相干体分析等手段进行分析处理可以达到气藏裂缝发育带预测目的.实践表明,虽然在山前复杂构造带利用地震资料研究储层裂缝及其发育带确实有较大的难度,但联合运用基于应力场和断层与构造属性的裂缝综合预测方法,仍然在龙门山前须家河组气藏的应用研究中取得到令人满意的地质效果.     

Plio‐Pleistocene tectonics and eustasy in the Gippsland Basin,southeast Australia: Evidence from magnetic imagery and marine geological data

The Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments of the Gippsland shelf are dominated by mixed carbonates and siliciclastics. From a detailed stratigraphic study that combines conventional marine geology techniques with magnetic imagery, the Late Neogene tectonic and eustatic history can be interpreted and correlated to the onshore section. Stratigraphic analyses of eight oil and gasfield foundation bores drilled to 150 m below the seabed revealed three principal facies types: (i) Facies A is fine‐grained limestone and limey marl deeper than 50 m below the seabed, of Late Pliocene age (nannofossil zones CN11–12); (ii) Facies B is a fine‐coarse pebble quartz‐carbonate sand that occurs 10–50 m below the seabed in the inner shelf, grading down into Facies A in wells in the outer shelf, and is of Early‐Middle Pleistocene age (nannofossil subzones CN13a-14b: ca 1.95–0.26 Ma); and (iii) discontinuous horizons of Facies C composed of carbonate‐poor carbonaceous and micaceous fine quartz sand occurring 10–50 m below the seabed. The sparse benthic foraminifers in Facies C are inner shelf or Gippsland (euryhaline) Lakes forms. Holocene sands dominate the upper 1.5–2.5 m of the Gippsland shelf and disconformably overlie cemented limestones with aragonite dissolution, indicating previous exposure to meteoric water. Nannofossil dating of the limestones indicates ages within subzone CN14b (dated between ca 0.26 and 0.47 Ma). Airborne magnetic imaging across the Gippsland shelf and onshore provides details of buried magnetic palaeoriver channels and barrier systems. The river systems trend south‐southeast from the Snowy, Tambo, Mitchell, Avon, Macalister and Latrobe Rivers across the shelf. Sparker seismic surveys show the magnetic palaeochannels as seismic ‘smudges’ 20–40 m below the seabed. They appear to correspond to Facies C lenses (i.e. are Early to Middle Pleistocene features). Magnetic palaeobarrier systems trending south‐southwest in the inner shelf and onshore beneath the Gippsland Lakes are orientated 15° different to the modern Ninety Mile Beach barrier trend. Offshore, they correlate stratigraphically to progradation packages of Facies B. Analysis of bore data in the adjacent onshore Gippsland Lakes suggests that a Pliocene barrier sequence 100–120 m below surface is overlain by fluvial sand‐gravel and lacustrine mud facies. The ferruginous sandstone beds resemble offshore Facies C, and are located where magnetic palaeoriver channel systems occur, implying Early to Middle Pleistocene ages. Presence of the estuarine bivalve Anadara trapezia in the upper lacustrine mud facies suggests that the Gippsland Lakes/Ninety Mile Beach‐type barriers developed over the past 0.2 million years. Further inland, magnetic river channels that cut across present‐day uplifted structures, such as the Baragwanath Anticline, suggest that onshore Gippsland uplift continued into the Middle Pleistocene.     

Fracture systems in normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks,Northwest German Basin

Field studies of fracture systems associated with 58 normal fault zones crosscutting sedimentary rocks were performed in the Northwest German Basin. Fracture orientations, densities, apertures and lengths, as well as fault zone structural indices, were analysed separately for fault damage zones and host rocks. The results show a pronounced difference between carbonate and clastic rocks: mainly in carbonate rocks we found presence of clear damage zones, characterized by higher fracture densities than in the host rocks. While the maximum aperture is similar for both units, the percentage of fractures with large apertures is much higher in the damage zones than in the host rocks.Based on laboratory measurements of Young's moduli and field measurements of fracture densities, we calculate effective stiffnesses E_e, that is the Young's moduli of the in situ rock masses, within the normal fault zones. Compared with carbonate rocks, E_e computed for clastic-rock damage zones decreases significantly less due to lower fracture densities. We conclude that normal fault zones in carbonate rocks have more profound effects on enhancing permeability in fluid reservoirs than those in clastic rocks. The results are of great importance for modelling the hydromechanical behaviour of normal fault zones in subsurface fluid reservoirs.     

松辽盆地营城组中基性火山岩储层特征及成储机理

松辽盆地北部安达-汪家屯地区钻井大量揭示营城组中基性火山岩,并在其中获得了工业气流。TAS图解可划分出8种岩性,储层研究中归纳为6大类岩石类型,逾80%的有效储层分布于玄武岩和粗面岩之中。总结了4类11种储集空间类型及其特征,原生储集空间类型由喷发方式和喷发环境决定、其分布受火山岩岩相控制,次生储集空间发育程度受充填作用、溶解作用、风化淋滤作用和构造作用等影响。熔岩冷凝单元由单个或多个岩流单元组成、储层发育于其顶部和上部,每个冷凝单元构成相对独立的储层单元。火山岩旋回和期次顶部、近火山口和近源相带、靠近断裂等位置是储层发育的有利部位。玄武岩具有延伸范围广(10～22km)、储层厚度小(7～39m)等特点,储层勘探应优先寻找位于火山岩旋回和期次顶部的储层单元;粗面岩延伸范围小(3.1～6.3km)、储层厚度大(100～200m),储层勘探应以寻找具备有利烃源和盖层条件的储集岩体为目标。     

四川盆地川中地区走滑断裂的分布、类型与成因

近期研究发现四川克拉通盆地内存在大型走滑断裂带,是断控油气藏勘探开发的有利新领域,走滑断裂的分布与成因对油气目标评价具有重要意义。本文在三维结合二维地震资料解释的基础上,分析走滑断裂的分布与成因类型,并探讨走滑断裂的形成机制。结果表明,川中三维地震工区发育北西向走向为主的大型板内走滑断裂系统;走滑断裂呈雁列、斜列的不连续的带状分布,断裂发育成熟度低,具有断裂样式的多样性与分层分布的差异性;四川盆地存在川中克拉通内走滑断层、川东南帚状走滑构造、川东调节走滑带、川东北楔入走滑带、川西北斜向冲断走滑带等5个地区发育5种类型走滑断裂带;走滑断裂形成于震旦系灯影组沉积晚期,受控于原特提斯洋俯冲背景下的斜向伸展作用,基底北西向先存断裂构造复活,形成了调节斜向伸展裂陷槽的川中板内走滑断裂系统。结果揭示克拉通盆地可能发育大型的板内走滑断裂系统,不同于常规的板缘与板内调节走滑断裂系统。     

四川盆地马路背地区上三叠统须家河组致密砂岩储层成因分析

马路背构造位于四川盆地东北部,该地区须家河组发育致密砂岩储层,却形成了“高产、稳产”的规模气藏。论文充分利用各种岩矿分析化验资料,从岩石学特征、成岩作用、孔隙演化等方面深入探讨了马路背地区须二段（T₃x2）致密砂岩储层的成因。结果表明:马路背地区须家河组以大巴山变质岩为母岩沉积了一套三角洲前缘中粒岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩;无论是石英砂岩还是岩屑砂岩,无论埋深大小,铸体薄片下孔隙均不发育,扫描电镜偶见微孔,物性很差;强烈的埋藏压实作用造成各种孔隙的缩小与消失;早燕山期（199~100 Ma）、中晚燕山期（100~65 Ma）、喜山期（65 Ma以来）等多期构造强挤压进一步造成孔隙减小和消失,构造压实减孔量大约4%;埋藏压实与构造强压实减孔的同时,产生了不同规模断层和裂缝（颗粒裂纹—粒间微裂缝—层间断层）,沟通微孔,形成断层—裂缝—微孔隙组成的断缝储集体。这类储集体主要受构造应力大小控制,构造挤压最强的部位,裂缝最发育;其次受岩性和砂岩厚度控制,中—薄层石英砂岩中最发育。     

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷断裂控藏定量表征与有利勘探区预测

摘要：珠江口盆地珠一坳陷中浅层珠海组、珠江组、韩江组的油气主要来自深部烃源岩层系,断裂既是必备的油源通道又对油气藏形成和分布起到关键作用。为明确断裂对珠一坳陷珠海组-韩江组油气成藏的控制机制,对断裂分布及演化特征进行了分析,依据断裂活动时期和断开层位的不同将其分为5类：早期活动-深层切割型断层、中晚期活动-中浅层切割型断层、晚期活化-深浅切割型断层、继承性活动-深浅切割型断层、通天型断层。在对恩平南断裂带解剖的基础上,发现影响断裂控藏的因素主要有断裂类型、断裂活动速率、断裂规模和圈闭离断裂的平面距离。针对全区所发现油藏,对以上影响因素进行统计分析,结果表明：研究区深浅切割类断层控藏作用显著,且其断层活动速率中等时最有利于油气成藏,在15 m/Ma左右达到最大;断裂规模越大,越有利于油气成藏;圈闭距控藏断裂越近,含油气性越好。根据活动速率、断裂规模、断裂与圈闭的相对距离所拟合的定量控藏表征公式,发现现今探明的978%的油气藏均分布在深浅切割型断裂控藏概率大于05的区域。依此指出惠东低凸起及惠北半地堑东南部、恩平中半地堑东北部为下一步有利勘探区。     

Insight into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China from fracture information

Fractures can provide valuable information for tectonic evolution. According to the data of outcrops, cores, thin sections and well logs, the tectonic fractures in the Qaidam Basin can be divided into four types: small faults (including small normal fault and small reverse fault), vertical open fracture, bedding plane slip fracture and horizontal open fracture. Our fracture observations provide new constraints on the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin. Syn-sedimentary small normal faults in the Paleogene strata indicate the extension deformation during the Paleogene. Small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures occurred in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have genetic relationship. According to the burial history and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of gypsum and calcite filled in the vertical open fractures, it can be deduced that the vertical open fractures being formed mainly from the late Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation with age of 5.1?Ma to the end of Pliocene Shizigou Formation with age of 2.6?Ma, indicating small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures were simultaneously formed in the Neogene. These fractures were resulted from the compression deformation. The horizontal open fractures occurred in the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary strata with apertures and intensities decreasing with depth were formed by the large-scale quick uplift and denudation resulted from the strong compression deformation since the Quaternary.     

珠江口盆地新近纪构造特征与演化

在构造特征精细刻画的基础上,运用丰富的三维地震资料,通过断裂活动性的定量计算和平衡剖面分析,恢复了珠 江口盆地新近纪构造演化过程,探讨了盆地动态演化的区域动力学机制。珠江口盆地新近纪经历了构造稳定期和构造活化 期两大演化阶段。珠江组沉积时期,隆起区与坳陷区均整体沉降,仅坳陷内少量控盆断裂微弱活动,整体处于构造稳定阶 段。进入韩江组沉积时期以来,盆地进入构造活化阶段,坳陷区表现为连续沉降,先期控盆断裂活动强度明显增强,以断 块活动为特点;而东沙隆起区则经历了韩江组下段沉积时期、韩江组上段沉积时期和粤海组沉积时期三期同沉积隆升和万 山组沉积时期以来的持续隆升过程,同时发育了近EW向右旋和NW向左旋共轭走滑断裂带以及一系列NWW向次级张性断 裂。构造稳定阶段主要受南海扩张的影响,而构造活化阶段则是在伸展背景下发生的,可能与菲律宾海板块NW、NWW向 运动导致的仰冲和弧-陆碰撞作用有关。