滇东晚二叠世煤田中火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸(TONSTEIN)的锆石特征

本文就滇东晚二叠世含煤沉积中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸和正常沉积粘土岩的锆石进行了统计学和形态学研究.该两种不同成因类型的粘土岩中锆石含量及形态面貌有显著区别.tonsteins中锆石形态参数统计规律因层位而异;同层位tonstein的锆石含量和形态参数在平面上呈有规律地变化.系统研究含煤建造剖面上各类岩石(包括tonsteins)中的锆石特征,能够用以确定物质来源、性质、成因以及以此为基本建立正常地层层序并精确对比层位,因而具有理论和实用意义.     

用TONSTEIN的锆石形态和微量元素标志厘定层位

本文以滇东、黔西晚二叠世含煤建造中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸为例,研究了不同层位中锆石晶体含量和形态参数特征以及tonstein的微量元素标志,初步查明了它们在不同层位上和同层位空间上的变化规律,用于精确厘定层位具有独特的效果。在构造复杂、地层正常层序受到严重破坏的地段,应用此一鉴别层位的方法具有重要的实用价值。      

滇东黔西晚二叠世含煤沉积中火山灰蚀变形成的伊利石粘土岩夹矸

本文对广泛分布于滇东-黔西晚二叠世含煤沉积中粘土岩夹矸的岩石学、矿物学、化学组成和微量元素进行了研究。发现粘土岩夹矸的变种伊利石粘土岩夹矸(Illite-tonstein)在沉积盆地空间上成片分布,且与晚期成岩作用有明显的成因联系。粘土岩夹矸中粘土矿物构成与煤阶大体对应的关系,揭示了同沉积火山凝灰蚀变产物的后期变化趋势和规律。     

滇东黔西晚二叠世煤系中火山灰蚀变粘土岩的元素地球化学特征

对滇东?黔西晚二叠世煤系中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸?正常沉积粘土岩和煤层共采46件样品,用多种仪器分析方法测定微量元素30余种?研究表明,煤系各层段中赋存的夹矸是由性质不同的火山灰沉积蚀变形成的,各层夹矸的微量元素含量及组合关系各有特点并在较大范围内保持良好的稳定性,可用于判定层位;正常沉积粘土岩与夹矸的原始物质性质不同,其微量元素含量和组合面貌各有自己特定的分布范围,两者易于区别?     

中国西南地区晚二叠世含煤岩系中粘土岩夹矸(TONSTEINS)研究的新进展

自1961年首次在云南东部宜威组煤层中发现高岭石粘土岩夹矸(tonsteins)以来(戴恒贵),近20年间,对粘土岩夹矸相继进行了多方面的研究和广泛应用,取得了显著的地质效果。1981年,自滇东粘土岩夹矸中成功地分离、鉴定了组合比较单一的若干高温矿物(主要有β石英、锆英石、独居石、磷灰石等),并用SEM研究了这些矿物的形态学特征。通过与国外同类岩石比较,确认其为中、酸性火山灰同期沉积蚀变的产物。粘土岩夹矸独特的成因及其在大范围内的稳定性、可比性,引起了国内有关方面的关注,促进了其他地区对tonsteins的发现和应用.本文拟就近5年来所获得的新资料作一初步概括和介绍。一、区域地质概况及采样点分布本区包括四川少东南部、云南省东部及贵州省大部地区,总面积10万平方千米以上。区     

煤系高岭石粘土岩的理论与应用研究

我国北方煤系中的高岭石粘土岩是具有很高经济价值的共生矿产,在煤田勘探中应予充分注意,进行详细研究和评价.它有沉积和火山灰蚀变两种成因,不同成因的矿层具有不同的特征.指出渭北太原组5煤的高岭石夹矸属火山灰成因,11煤高岭石夹矸是沉积产物.软质高岭土全属沉积成因,多产于中、新生代煤系中.     

晋北晚古生代煤系高岭岩成因模式研究

本文主要研究了山西北部晚古生代煤系高岭岩的岩石、矿物、地球化学特征，确定了高岭岩的主要富集层位：（１）本溪组底部铝土质高岭岩；（２）太原组煤夹矸高岭岩；（３）山西组煤夹矸高岭岩。从而得到研究区高岭岩源岩一为风化壳化学风化作用产物，一为火山碎屑沉积物的结论。进而分析了不同层位、不同源岩高岭岩的成因模式：正常沉积高岭岩成因模式和火山碎屑成岩转化成因模式     

黔西威宁岔河陆相二叠系-三叠系界线粘土岩研究--基于X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析方法,对黔西威宁岔河陆相剖面二叠系-三叠系界线附近的粘土岩进行了研究.在界线粘土岩中,粘土矿物组合为伊-蒙混层矿物 蒙脱石 绿泥石;碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英和锆石,无球粒;多种化学成分在界线粘土岩中出现了异常.据此得出岔河剖面的二叠系-三叠系事件地层界线确定在第66f层比较合适;第66f和68a这两层粘土岩为此剖面的界线粘土岩;自第66f层底部至第68a层顶部这一段地层为二叠系-三叠系的界线层(组);界线粘土岩的成因可能是由于火山喷发、火山灰降落伴随正常沉积物沉积形成的.     

黔西滇东地区浅海、滨海及海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

对黔西滇东地区的贵州普定高窝、贵州六枝中寨和云南宣威密德3条剖面二叠系三叠系界线附近粘土岩的大山物源成因和界线地质意义进行研究发现:在界线粘土岩中，其主要粘土矿物均为伊／蒙混层矿物，见少量高岭石、伊利石或绿泥石；碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英、锆石、长石等与火山活动有关的物质。推断该地区在晚二叠世晚期早三叠世早期至少经历一至两次强烈的火山作用，并且有多个火山喷发源。界线粘土岩中火山物质的富集与贫乏可能与剖面离火山喷发源的远近有关。粘土岩物源物质的成因均为火山喷发，火山灰伴随正常沉积物沉积而形成即凝灰沉积而形成，与华南大部分地区二叠系三叠系界线粘土岩的物源成因是一致的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘晚奥陶世钾质斑脱岩——SHRIMP测年及其成因环境

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上奥陶统金粟山组以深水碳酸盐岩沉积为特征,含多层桔黄色凝灰质粘土岩。矿物和化学成分分析表明,其主要由伊利石和伊蒙混层粘土矿物组成,含少量石英、长石和锆石等中酸性岩浆矿物,富K2O,属钾质斑脱岩;微量元素分析显示本区斑脱岩的源岩为中酸性岩浆成因,源于同碰撞火山弧构造环境。应用SHRIMP技术对其中的锆石进行了U-Pb测年,取得了(451.5±4.9)～(452.1±5.1)Ma、(457.5±5.1)Ma和(465.8±8.3)Ma 3组谐合年龄,前两者分别与欧美广布的Millbrig-Kinnekulle和Deicke斑脱岩同时,但15种化学组分的多元统计分析显示,金粟山组的斑脱岩与欧美同期著名的斑脱岩可能并不同源。形成本区斑脱岩的火山凝灰质可能源自沿商丹洋盆北缘展布的火山弧喷发,而鄂尔多斯盆地南缘晚奥陶世发生的强烈沉降和沉积转换可能与北秦岭弧后盆地的拉伸与扩张密切相关。     

Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in Late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China

Trace element compositions were determined (by instrumental neutron activation analysis; INAA) in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.63–0.93). Overall, these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rocks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area. In contrast, the tonsteins are low in V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni contents and have a high Th/U ratio with a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* normally in the range of 0.2–0.4), consistent with a silicic magmatic source.Within the group of tonsteins, those from the lower section (P_2.1) of the coal-bearing formation are relatively high in Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and rare earth elements (REE), as compared to those from the middle and upper sections (P_2.2+3). In trace-element discrimination diagrams (scatter plots) of Hf–Ta, Ti–Ta, Ti–V, Hf–Sc, Lu–Hf and Lu–Th, tonsteins from the P_2.1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas, separate from the tonsteins of the P_2.2+3 horizon. These results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures. Based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks, the source materials of tonsteins from P_2.1 horizon were mostly composed of calc-alkalic, silica-poor volcanic ash (similar to rhyodacitic magma), whereas those from P_2.2+3 were apparently more siliceous and K-rich (rhyolitic magma). Thus, tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties, which remain constant over a wide lateral extent. Integration of trace-elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy, thus, facilitating more precise and reliable coal-seam correlations.     

A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins

The volcanic origin of a number of major tonstein horizons has been established from mineralogical compositions and from trace elements that are quantitatively retained during diagenesis. Discriminant function analysis using the variables Ti/Al, Cr/Al, Zr/Al and Ni/Al allows the tonsteins to be classified according to original composition. Two main groups are recognized amongst the British tonsteins. Those formed from acid volcanic ash are comparable in composition with French and German tonsteins and a common source is postulated, whereas tonsteins formed from basic volcanic ash contain variable amounts of detrital sediment and are thought to originate from local eruptions. Possible lateral equivalents between tonstein horizons in Britain and elsewhere in Europe are suggested.     

Absolute Dating of Permian Ash-Fall in the Rio Bonito Formation,Paraná Basin,Brazil

The Rio Bonito Formation in southern Paraná basin contains a set of tonsteins interbedded with coal-seams. These tonsteins are composed mainly of kaolinite with zircon, apatite and beta-quartz paramorphs as accessory minerals, and were interpreted as volcanic ashes deposited by ash falls over pits protected by barrier islands in a barrier-lagoon system. A U-Pb dating of zircons in the tonstein A, which furnished an age of 267.1 ± 3.4 Ma (Early Permian) confirming previous age-dates based on palynology and correlating them with one of the main periods of volcanic activity in the Gondwana.The source of the pyroclastic material was attributed to the early Permian Choiyoi magmatic arc in Argentina, developed during the Sanrafaelic orogeny, and with a main peak of volcanic activity between 260 and 272 Ma.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of claystones from the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary at Penglaitan,South China: Insights into the pre-Lopingian geological events

The Guadalupian–Lopingian (G/L) boundary, at a stratigraphically well-documented outcrop in Penglaitan, Guangxi Autonomous Region, South China, has been approved as the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Several volcanic ashes or tuffs occur at this boundary, but their mineralogy and geochemistry are not available yet and no reliable age for this boundary has been obtained. A combined study of mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology has been carried out in this study on six layers of claystones collected below (Group 1) and above (Group 2) the G/L boundary at the Penglaitan section. Both Group 1 and Group 2 claystones are likely clastic in origin, rather than volcanic ashes as previously thought. Thus the Penglaitan claystones are not suitable for age determination of the G/L boundary. They are significantly different in terms of mineralogy and geochemistry. Specifically, Group 1 claystones are likely derived from a mafic source which is genetically related to the Emeishan large igneous province, therefore providing additional evidence for the synchroneity between the G/L boundary mass extinction and the Emeishan volcanism. Group 2 samples were derived from a felsic source, of which zircons yield an age spectrum peaked at 262 ± 3 Ma, undistinguishable within the uncertainty from the currently accepted G/L boundary age (260.4 ± 0.4 Ma). Nevertheless, Group 2 samples are not related to Emeishan volcanism, because their negative zircon ε_Hf(t) values differ significantly from those of Emeishan magmas and trace element compositions of zircons are indicative of an arc source, rather than a within-plate source. In consideration of paleogeographic reconstruction, we propose that the Group 2 claystones may have been derived from continental arcs during the palaeo-Tethys evolution. This is the first sedimentary evidence for Permian continental arc in the northern margin of palaeo-Tethys.     

华南埃迪卡拉系底部钾质斑脱岩的岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

我国华南扬子地台不同地区（湖北宜昌、安徽休宁）埃迪卡拉系底部的盖帽碳酸盐岩中均保存有浅色粘土岩层。岩石薄片和扫描电镜观察,以及X射线衍射分析表明,这些粘土岩层以伊利石和伊/蒙混层矿物为主,同时含有港湾状熔蚀石英、高温透长石及岩浆锆石等斑晶矿物。X荧光光谱仪和ICP-MS等离子质谱仪等地球化学元素分析表明,这些粘土岩层具有相似的元素组成和配分模式,以高K₂O、低TiO₂,富含Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、Y等亲石元素为特征,Al₂O₃/TiO₂、Zr/Hf 和Ti/Th 值均指示了酸性火山灰的性质,同时稀土元素配分模式与花岗岩较为相似。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,这些浅色粘土岩层是火山喷发事件形成的钾质斑脱岩。通过两处剖面的对比,可以将安徽休宁地区的钾质斑脱岩年龄限制在大约635Ma左右。岩浆判别图指示了这些钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为高钾亚碱性流纹英安岩;依据微量元素特征和构造环境判别图,初步认为原始岩浆形成于大陆弧环境。这些钾质斑脱岩在区域上的分布,表明我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉纪早期发生了广泛的火山活动,“雪球地球”事件的结束可能是导致这期以钾质斑脱岩为代表的火山喷发事件的诱因。     

银根-额济纳旗盆地苏红图坳陷H井锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及其地质意义

苏红图坳陷位于银根-额济纳旗盆地的北部,该区勘探程度较低,地层格架尚不明确,特别是对于深部火山岩所在地层年代存在很大争议。研究区火山岩发育,火山活动对油气成藏影响较大,但火山活动期次尚不明确。通过对研究区一口钻井系统取样,样品涵盖浅部的沉积岩和深部的火山岩,开展样品的锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以期为以上问题的解决提供证据。结果表明:①无论是碎屑锆石还是火山岩锆石,除了少数古老年龄的锆石属于变质成因,其余年轻的锆石均属于岩浆成因锆石。每个样品均有3组年龄,且不同样品的锆石年龄组有所重叠。②深部火山岩的形成年代为早白垩世,该年龄对火山岩所在的深部地层年代具有很好的约束作用。③年轻的岩浆成因锆石年龄可划分为4组,分别是132.6±0.7 Ma、237.9±3.2 Ma、（255.4±6.2~263.7±2.2）Ma和（314.1±2.3~328.5）Ma,代表了研究区晚古生代以来的4期火山活动,对应的年代分别为早白垩世、中三叠世、晚二叠世和早石炭世,其中以晚二叠世火山活动最为广泛和强烈。本次研究成果为研究区地层划分、火山岩预测等提供了有力的依据。     

吉林果松盆地早白垩世果松组火山岩年代学及其地质意义

以果松盆地果松组火山岩为研究对象,对标准剖面安山岩进行了精确的锆石U-Pb定年分析,旨在确定其形成时代。样品中的锆石多呈自形-半自形晶,振荡环带发育,Th/U比值在0.48~2.77之间,显示其典型的岩浆成因。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,原定中晚侏罗世的果松组火山岩形成于130 Ma(加权平均年龄为130±2 Ma,MSWD=0.48)或129 Ma(加权平均年龄为129±2 Ma,MSWD=0.14),应划归为早白垩世。根据果松盆地中生界岩石组合特点,结合新获得的火山岩测年数据和生物化石种群特征,重新厘定果松盆地中生代地层序列,进而讨论了果松盆地与邻区白垩纪地层单元的地层对比关系。     

Kaolin-Kohlentonsteine im flözführenden Oberkarbon des Niederrheinisch-Westfälischen Steinkohlenreviers

Starting from general considerations of the rocks existing in the Ruhr Carboniferous and the mineral layers in coal seams, an informative review is given about the definition of clay stones and kaolin coal tonsteins as well as about the stratigraphic distribution of key horizons with special regard to the kaolin coal tonsteins. Information follows about the first evidence of individual kaolin coal tonsteins, their existence in the normal geologic columns and more recent stratigraphic sections as well as about the concentration of repositories. Besides, the kaolin coal tonsteins are characterized according to their macroscopic and microscopic external form. The paper reports about their material constituents (mineral components, trace elements, anorganic chemical constituents and organic substances in form of coal hydrates and amino acids). The paper closes with some statements about the importance and utilization of kaolin coal tonsteins to solve local and regional duties in mining geology.