地下水位变化对透—阻型岩溶塌陷影响的分析

文章从一维地下水运动和渗透力学的角度,分析比较潜水位上升与承压水位下降对岩溶地区透—阻型盖层中阻水层渗透稳定性的影响,重点讨论了承压水位下降速度(降速)与下降深度（降深）对阻水层中渗透坡降的影响,结果表明:地下水位变化（潜水位上升或承压水位下降）产生的非稳定渗流不利于岩溶洞穴开口上方阻水层的稳定,承压水位的下降对岩溶开口附近处阻水层中渗透力的影响远大于潜水位的变化;在承压层水位最大降深确定的条件下,承压水位下降速度愈快,岩溶开口附近处阻水层中向下渗透力愈大。因此,在覆盖型岩溶地区抽取地下水时,为了减缓或避免覆盖型塌陷的发生,应同时控制好最大降深和最大开采速度。      

岩溶(土洞)塌陷TDR监测试验研究

结合土洞的分布和形成演化的特点,采用具有分布式特点的同轴电缆时域反射(TDR)技术开展岩溶土洞监测研究。通过室内同轴电缆的抗拉、胶结同轴电缆的抗折等试验,以及在建高速公路上铺设方法的对比,得到以下结论:TDR用于野外岩溶土洞发育区的监测是可行的,但要求同轴电缆的拉断荷载低于200N,水泥砂浆的配比在1∶3～1∶4之间,且梁式胶结同轴电缆铺设方法较好。     

喀斯特白云岩地区不同土体构型土壤剖面持水导水性能研究

喀斯特区整体土层浅薄且分布不连续,土层和基岩构成了不同的土体构型剖面,而这些剖面的持水导水性能之间是否存在差异,目前尚缺乏清楚的认识。本文通过BEST单环入渗方法研究了喀斯特白云岩区三种土体构型土壤剖面（深厚土层剖面（DS）、浅薄土层剖面（SS）以及土石混合剖面（SR））的持水性能和导水性能。试验结果表明,不同土壤剖面的持水性能、导水性能主要受不同层次土壤颗粒组成特征及剖面构型影响。三种剖面表层土壤都具有较高的导水能力,以SR表层饱和导水率（Ks）最高,可达244.1 mm?h-1,而SS表层Ks为56.8 mm?h-1。DS除表层和风化层外,土壤黏重,导水能力较弱,但是体现出较高的持水能力;SS整体导水能力较弱,持水能力较好;SR土壤疏松,整体持水、导水能力均较好,土石层导水能力相对最差而持水能力最好。就土壤有效水含量而言,SR最高,DS和SS由于土壤较黏重,有效水含量相对较低。该研究结果可为喀斯特地区植被恢复位点的选择提供科学指导和理论依据。      

武汉市岩溶塌陷的演化机理研究

基于武汉市易发生的29处岩溶塌陷,从岩溶、覆盖层和地下水3方面分析了岩溶塌陷的内部结构;通过现场监测和数值模拟,分析了降雨、钻探和桩基施工的输入作用,并探讨了武汉市岩溶塌陷的演化机理。结果表明:（1）“上黏下砂”的盖层结构、浅部岩溶发育、孔隙水与岩溶水具良好水力联系是塌陷形成的基础条件;（2）自然环境下开口岩溶上方土洞扩展存在水力潜蚀和应力集中破坏两个演化阶段;（3）钻探和桩基施工联通孔隙水和岩溶水的瞬间,孔壁周边松散砂土快速进入临界水力梯度而破坏。桩基施工在覆盖层内的振动荷载和超孔隙水压力,易造成覆盖层整体破坏。在岩溶区施工产生的冲击作用可使岩溶水和孔隙水形成不同步波动,两者存在高水头差,致使覆盖层内砂层在压力差作用下破坏。     

织金大龙井岩溶大泉形成机理研究

为了弄清大龙井岩溶大泉形成机理以及地下水补径排关系。通过调查大龙井地形地貌、补径排关系以及对水化学分析等研究大龙井岩溶大泉的形成机理,通过调查得知:大龙井岩溶大泉是形成于低山－丘陵地区的石灰岩地区。是山盆期和乌江期的强烈岩溶作用以及河谷的不断下切,加上上寨台地地表峰丛之间发育洼地、漏斗,中间区域的落水洞,大气降雨沿着落水洞进入地下,在重力作用下从南向北径流,在这过程中水流逐渐集中,岩溶空间形态也逐步扩大,最终水汇集于龙洞沟呈泉集中排泄出地面,形成大龙井岩溶大泉以及大龙井水系统。      

Cave volume computed on the behaviour of a blowing well (Tournai basin, W. Belgium)

It is difficult to measure karst volume but important to do so to assess risk of sinkhole formation. Measurements of airflow and atmospheric pressure pattern on a water well in buried karst of the overexploited Tournai hydrogeological basin (Belgium) show that inflow and outflow are highly correlated to atmospheric pressure and the differences of external and internal air densities. The volume of natural voids in connection with the well within the vadose zone can best be estimated by a calculation based on outflow under constant atmospheric pressure, which suggests a possible cavity volume of 700 000 m³ indicating likelihood of sinkhole formation.     

Formation mechanism of large sinkhole collapses in Laibin,Guangxi, China

On June 3, 2010, a series of karst sinkholes occurred at Jili village surrounded by Gui-Bei highway, Wu-Ping highway and Nan-Liu High-Speed Railway in Laibin, Guangxi, China. The straight-line distances from an large sinkhole pit, 85 m in diameter and 38 m in depth, to the above mainlines are 200, 600 and 500 m, respectively. Several investigation methods including geophysical technology, borehole and well drilling, groundwater elevation survey and hydrochemistry analysis of groundwater were used to study the formation mechanisms of these sinkholes. Based on the results, the spatial distribution of the Jili underground river was confirmed with a strike of SN along the middle Carboniferous limestone bedrock and the Quaternary deposits controlled the sinkhole formation. In addition, both historical sinkhole events and analysis of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring data installed in the underlying karst conduit system indicate that sinkholes in this area are more likely induced by extreme weather conditions within typical karst geological settings. Extreme weather conditions in the study area before the sinkhole collapses consisted of a year-long drought followed by continuous precipitation with a daily maximum precipitation of 442 mm between May 31 and June 1, 2010. Typical geological conditions include the Jili underground river overlain by the Quaternary overburden with thick clayey rubble. Especially in the recharge zone of the underground river, a stabilized shallow water table was formed in response to the extreme rainstorm because of the presence of the thick clayey rubble. When the underground conduit was flooded through the cave entrance on the surface, air blasting may have caused the cave roof collapse followed by formation of soil cavities and surface collapses. Borehole monitoring results of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring show that the potential karst sinkhole can pose threats to Shanbei village, the High-Speed Railway and the Wu-Ping highway. Local government needs to be aware of any early indicators of this geohazard so that devastating sinkholes can be prevented in the future. The results also suggest that groundwater–air pressure monitoring data collected both the Quaternary deposits and the bedrock karst system provide useful indicators for potential sinkhole collapses in similar karst areas where sinkholes usually occur during rainy season or karst groundwater level is always under the rockhead.     

基于程函方程反演的跨孔地震岩溶探测数值模拟研究

岩溶探测对于岩溶发育地区的工程建设有重大意义,跨孔地震波探测是工程勘察有效的地球物理探测技术。本文旨在利用基于程函方程的初至旅行时层析方法,实现对跨孔地震波岩溶探测的反演,并通过多个工况的数值模拟验证其有效性,探索其适用性和局限性。首先,基于波动方程的时域有限差分对跨孔地震岩溶探测进行正演模拟;然后从模拟的地震记录中提取初至旅行时,最后以基于程函方程的初至层析方法反演得到钻孔间的地层速度模型。本文设置了单一溶洞,单一断层,溶洞断层组合及多溶洞组合4种工况,通过数值试验得到了地震记录、旅行时、反演图像、迭代残差等结果。结果表明基于程函方程的初至旅行时层析反演方法对溶洞位置、大小,断层的方位反演较为准确,对于复杂地质条件,多溶洞和裂隙组合反演较为稳定,相互之间干扰很小,能定性区分对溶洞填充物的速度与地层背景波速的高低。但岩溶异常体中的反演速度较真实速度有偏高,纵向分辨率比横向分辨率高。相比溶洞,该方法对断层较不敏感。考虑到基于程函方程的跨孔层析反演在多个岩溶地质体共存的复杂地质条件下依然保持高效和稳定,该方法可以为实际工程提供重要勘察信息。     

Evaporite karst and sinkholes: a synthesis on the case of Camaiore (Italy)

In 1995 a sinkhole suddenly formed at Camaiore (Tuscany, Italy), causing destruction or heavy damages to several houses and resulting in the evacuation of many people. To understand the causes, for the formation and evolution of the collapse, surface and underground geologic features were investigated and reconstructed on the basis of geologic and geognostic surveys. The sinkhole area is underlain by thick alluvial deposits that cover a bedrock consisting of the Calcare cavernoso formation. This formation results from hydration and dissolution of Triassic evaporites and has a characteristic spongy and vacuolate texture. The bedrock contains karst cavities, generally filled by breccia and/or alluvial materials. Thus, the sinkhole disaster could be ascribed to deep collapse of a cave in the bedrock, and might be considered a distant effect of ancient karst phenomena in evaporites.     

广西北山岩溶管道—裂隙—孔隙地下水流数值模拟初探

本文从水动力学角度分析各种岩溶含水介质中的水流特征,将其归纳为储水介质、导水介质和控水介质,并根据折算渗透系数ＫＬ的概念和建立耦合达西流和百达西流于一体的岩溶管道－裂隙－孔隙三重介质地下水模型,对广西环江北山矿区岩溶含水系统进行了初步探讨。北山实例的模拟结果表明,三重介质模型较全面地刻画了岩溶水动态的特征,反映了相对均匀裂隙流与控制性管道流并存、线性流与非线性流相互转变的运动特点,不仅理论上比较合     

基于骨架孔隙比的土石混合料强度变形特性

土石混合体是由具有一定尺寸石块、作为充填成分的土体及孔隙等组成的混合体,其强度变形特性与细粒（土粒）含量密切相关。为研究不同细粒含量土石混合料强度变形特性,建议采用以承担骨架作用的颗粒的孔隙比（骨架孔隙比）反映土石混合料内部真实密实情况。开展了系列压实试验,建立了考虑土石级配的土石混合料堆积模型,进而推导了土石混合料骨架孔隙比表达式,并通过室内三轴排水剪切试验,验证了骨架孔隙比用以预测土石混合料强度变形特性的有效性。结果表明：相较于常规定义的整体孔隙比,骨架孔隙比能更好地表示土石混合料内部颗粒接触状态,反映材料内部“真密实”情况;利用骨架孔隙比概念,可以仅由纯石/土料强度变形特性预测不同细粒含量的土石混合料强度变形特性。     

西南某岩溶区地下水系统示踪试验与解析

以西南某典型岩溶区为例,解析示踪试验在岩溶管道连通性以及获取水文地质参数中的应用。选择落水洞为投放点,分别从落水洞西侧和东侧寻找地下水出露点作为接收点,判别落水洞地下径流的实际去向以及落水洞与接收点之间的水力联系。结合Qtracer2软件对示踪试验成果进行定量解析,确定示踪剂回收率、地下水平均流速、最快流速,估算出岩溶管道结构特征和水文地质参数。结果表明:落水洞与接收点JS01、JS03之间不存在直接水力联系;落水洞与接收点JS02存在水力联系且岩溶管道极为发育,含水介质不均匀,地下水运移路径较为通畅,为典型的紊流流态;落水洞地下径流的主要方向是由西向东,但在丰水期雨量较大期间,接收点JS04能够接收到荧光素钠,说明丰水期水位上涨后两者间会有水力联系,导致部分水量向落水洞西侧排泄。     

The influence of urbanization of sinkhole development in central Pennsylvania

The karsted limestone valleys of central Pennsylvania contain two populations of sinkholes. Solution sinkholes occur in the Champlainian limestone units along the margins of the valleys. Solution sinkholes are permanent parts of the landscape and, although a nuisance to construction, do not present other problems. The second population is the suffosional or soil-piping sinkholes These occur on all carbonate rock units including the Beekmantown and Gatesburg dolomites that comprise the two principal carbonate aquifers in the valley. Suffosional sinkholes are the principal land-use hazard. Suffosional sinkholes are transient phonomena. They occur naturally but are exacerbated by runoff modifications that accompany urbanization Suffosional sinkholes are typically 1.5–2.5 m in diameter depending on soil thickness and soil type. The vertical transport of soil to form the void space and soil arch that are the precursors to sinkhole collapse is through solutionally widened fractures and cross-joints and less often through large vertical openings in the bedrock. The limited solution development on the dolomite bedrock combined with soil thickness, seldom greater than 2 m, limits the size of the sinkholes. All aspects of suffosional sinkhole development are shallow processes: transport, piping, void and arch formation, and subsequent collapse take place usually less than 10 m below the land surface Factors exacerbating sinkhole development include pavement, street, and roof runoff which accelerates soil transport Such seemingly minor activities as replacing high grass and brush with mowed grass is observed to accelerate sinkhole development. Dewatering of the aquifer is not a major factor in this region     

Application of seismic velocity tomography in investigation of karst collapse hazards,Guangzhou, China

This paper describes seismic velocity tomography applied to the investigation and assessment of karst collapse hazards to facilitate accurate characterization of geological conditions of karst sinkhole formation. In the survey areas of Xiamao, Guangzhou, China, and Huangchi, Foshan, China, seismic velocity tomography was used to explore the structures of rock and soil associated with karst collapse. The results show that sand intercalated with clay or clay intercalated with soft soil dominates the cover of these two areas. The overburden is 20–33 m thick and underlain by Carboniferous limestone. In the limestone, there are well-developed karst caves and cracks as well as highly fluctuating bedrock surfaces. The seismic velocities are less than 2500 m/s in the cover, 2500–4500 m/s in the karst fracture zones and caves of Xiamao, and 1500–2000 m/s in the Huangchi collapse area. The karst fracture zones, relief of bedrock surfaces, and variations of soil thicknesses revealed by seismic velocity tomography are well constrained and in agreement with those in the drilling borehole profiles. This paper demonstrates that seismic velocity tomography can delineate anomalies of rock and soil with the advantages of speed, intuitive images, and high resolution.     

The application of GPR and electrical resistivity tomography as useful tools in detection of sinkholes in the Cheria Basin (northeast of Algeria)

Sinkhole collapse is one of the main limitations in the development of karst areas, especially where bedrock is covered by unconsolidated material. Studies of sinkhole formation have shown that sinkholes are likely to develop in cutter (enlarged joint) zones as a result of subterranean erosion by flowing groundwater. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity imaging or tomography (RESTOM) are well suited to mapping sinkholes because of the ability of these two techniques for detecting voids and discriminating subtle resistivity variations. Nine GPR profiles and two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography have been applied, with relative success, to locate paleo-collapses and cavities, and to detect and characterize karst at two sinkhole sites near Cheria City where limestone is covered by about 10 m of clayey soils. The survey results suggest that GPR and RESTOM are ideal geophysical tools to aid in the detection and monitoring of sinkholes and other subsurface cavities.     

Geophysical investigation of a sinkhole in the northern Harz foreland (North Germany)

The creek Jerstedter Bach is part of the Ringelheimer Mulde along the northern rim of the Harz Mountains in Northern Germany, a trough structure comprising steeply dipping limestones. The limestones are well karstified and drain parts of the region efficiently via sub-surface flow. As the entire region is intensively used by agriculture, contamination of the fast-flowing karst aquifer is a potential problem. During 2006, a small sinkhole (Windmühlenweg) developed alongside the Jerstedter Bach close to the city of Goslar. The sinkhole enlarged rapidly, with a small cave within the gravel cover diverting part of the creek to the subsurface karst catchment. Geophysical methods (gravimetry, geoelectrics) were used around the sinkhole to determine its extent and possible evolution. A negative Bouguer anomaly was found over the sinkhole, indicating more voids further downstream. The geoelectric survey helped to identify the old meandering course of the small river, which was straightened during the cultural land reform in the twentieth century.     

Natural and human-induced sinkholes in gypsum terrain and associated environmental problems in NE Spain

The central Ebro Basin comprises thick evaporite materials whose high solubility produces typically karstic landforms. The sinkhole morphology developed in the overlying alluvium has been studied using gravimetry and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) on stream terraces, as well as analyzing the evolution of sinkhole morphologies observed in aerial photographs taken in 1928, 1957, and 1985. The sinkhole morphologies give some idea of possible subsurface processes as well as an indication of the final mechanisms involve in sinkhole development. On stream terraces and cover pediments the most commonly encountered dolines are bowl-shaped in their morphology with both diffuse and scarped edges. In contrast, dolines developed in the gypsiferous silt infilled valleys have a funnel and well-shaped morphology. The diffuse-edged bowl-shaped dolines are developed through the progressive subsidence of the alluvial cover, due to washing down of alluvial particles through small voids and cracks into deeper subsurface caves, resulting in a decrease alluvial density. Future compaction of the alluvial cover will produce surface subsidences. This type of dolines are associated with negative gravity anomalies. In contrast, the scarped-edge dolines are formed by the sudden collapse of a cavity roof. The cavities and cracks formed in the gypsum karst may migrate to the surface through the alluvial deposits by piping, and they may subsequently collapse. In this instance, the cavities can be detected by both gravity and GPR anomalies where the voids are not deeper than 4–5 m from the surface. These processes forming sinkholes can be enhanced by man-induced changes in the groundwater hydrologic regime by both inflows, due to irrigation, ditch losses, or pipe leakages, and by outflows from pumping activities.     

线性工程路基岩溶土洞(塌陷)监测技术与方法综述

土洞(塌陷)的监测预警问题一直是国际上极具挑战性的课题。近年来,随着新技术的发展,特别是光电传感技术的应用,岩溶土洞(塌陷)预警监测已取得可喜的进展。本文通过对地质雷达监测法、剖面沉降监测法、In Sar 监测法、时域反射( TDR)同轴电缆监测法、基于岩溶管道裂隙水(气)压力监测的触发因素监测法、BO TDR及OTDR光纤传感监测法等适合于线性工程岩溶土洞(塌陷)的监测预报方法进行了系统分析比较,结果发现: 单一方法在岩溶土洞(塌陷)的监测预警中都有其局限性; 分布式TDR及BOTDR技术可有效确定岩溶塌陷的空间位置,但在埋设方面需进一步的研究;岩溶土洞(塌陷)的监测预警是一个系统工程,应考虑多种方法的综合运用。      

土洞型岩溶塌陷发育过程气体示踪试验研究——以广州金沙洲为例

运用气体示踪进行土洞型岩溶塌陷监测预警是一种比较新的技术方法,其原理是通过气体在不同形状、规模的土体孔隙、裂缝和土洞中的运移规律研究,分析气体特征值与土体变形破坏的关系,进而间接判断土洞的发育情况,实现岩溶塌陷监测预警。本文以广州市金沙洲岩溶塌陷区为例,通过室内物理模型试验再现了土洞发育、形成到地面塌陷的全过程。运用气体示踪技术,按照土洞形成、土洞发育、土洞堵塞、土洞扩大和土洞塌陷五个过程,研究气体浓度、气体聚集时间等参数指标与土洞不同发育阶段的关系。结果表明:①土洞型岩溶塌陷发育程度与示踪气体浓度存在对应关系,气体浓度升高反映了土体变形破坏的进一步发育;②土体变形破坏程度与示踪气体浓度总体呈正相关关系,距离地面塌陷点越近浓度越高;③土体变形破坏程度与示踪气体浓度达到峰值浓度时间存在对应关系,距离地面塌陷点越近,气体浓度达到峰值的时间越快。根据以上试验结果,运用气体示踪技术进行土洞型岩溶塌陷监测预警是可行的,后期应探索预警阈值并进行野外现场实际验证。      

基于频域电磁法反演喀斯特表层土－岩结构研究

喀斯特地区浅表层土壤分布极不均匀,探测土－岩界面和土壤分布对区域水文以及生态环境研究具有重要意义。文章基于麦克斯韦方程组构建了频域电磁法（FDEM）探测的电导率（EC）一维反演模型,实现了喀斯特浅表剖面EC可视化表述。根据设定的理想地层EC数据以及南方喀斯特峰丛洼地两个剖面和出露的三个实测剖面的FDEM实测视电导率,结合高密度电法、剖面实测土－岩界面,检验了反演模型可靠性。结果表明:FDEM法反演结果能较好的描述理想地层EC变化,以及土壤与灰岩、白云岩界面EC分布,进而可辨识土壤厚度分布,但基于反演的EC值判别尺度较小的溶沟（槽）以及泥岩区土－岩界面误差较大。