频率域双极源全区视电阻率的计算及分析

频率域可控源电磁法由于其发射源的非偶极性,收发距受到发射场源功率的限制,在近区和过渡区,场源不能看做偶极子源,而是双极源.对于双极源数据在近区和过渡区的校正,若采用偶极予源校正,存在很大的误差,收发距一定时,偶极距越大,误差越大.双极源全区视电阻率利用半空间模型视电阻率等效地下复杂模型视电阻率计算全区视电阻率,对比偶极...     

张量CSAMT有效观测区域模拟对比分析

根据标量CSAMT、垂直双偶极源CSAMT、三偶极源CSAMT等多分量响应式设计程序,通过数值模拟给出其十字型场源的X方向和Y方向电偶极子电磁场各分量的场值分布图,发现十字型观测区域中存在着分布零散且较广的弱区,有效观测区域较小,且对地形条件要求苛刻,不利于在山区等地形起伏复杂地区施工.在旋转三偶极装置的原理基础上提出了多偶极子源矢量合成测量方式,相比较十字型场源的施工方式而言,通过矢量合成多组的电偶极子,有利于实现全区无弱区观测,同时场源铺设简便对各种地形有着较强的适用性.研究结果为张量可控源进一步的测量工作提供技术依据.     

一维垂直各向异性介质频率域海洋可控源电磁资料反演方法

本文提出了一维垂直各向异性(VTI)介质倾斜偶极源频率域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)资料高斯-牛顿反演方法.在电阻率各向异性介质水平偶极源和垂直偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法的基础上,利用欧拉旋转方法,实现了各向异性介质倾斜偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法.海洋可控源电磁场关于地下介质横向电阻率(ρ_h)和垂向电阻率(ρ_v)的偏导数(即灵敏度矩阵)是解析计算的,结合垂直各向异性介质横向电阻率与垂向电阻率的关系,将各向异性率融入到正则化因子选择中,实现了正则化因子的自适应选择.理论模型合成数据和实测资料反演算例表明,我们提出的反演方法能够较准确的重构海底围岩和基岩的各向异性电阻率以及高阻薄层的埋藏深度、厚度和垂向电阻率.     

水平层状大地中任意方向偶极源激发的电磁场

目前已存在多种物理模型用于解释地震前兆电磁异常,不同机制下产生电磁波场的源可等效为不同类型偶极源(磁型/电型)的组合.针对不同偶极源激发的电磁响应特征的研究对地震孕育过程中观测的电磁信号的提取与解释具有重要意义.基于此,本文推导了一套正演算法,可用于研究任意方向(方位角和倾角)、大小和位置的一个或多个偶极源在地壳或岩石圈-大气圈-电离层(Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere, LAI)模型中产生的电磁波场的传播特征.基于多源组合,该算法可进一步拓展到线电流源和面电流源的电磁响应的计算.本文给出了水平、垂直和倾斜电偶极源响应计算的实例,并针对不同类型的偶极源激发下的地中、地面以及空间电磁场响应特征进行了初步分析.模拟结果显示,相比于单纯水平或垂直的电偶极源,地中倾斜电偶极源激发的电磁响应在地表的各场量辐射花样虽然仍可反映偶极子的方位角和空间位置,但不再具有对称性,其模式更复杂.本文提出的正演算法可用于地中低频电磁辐射源的正演模拟和反演定位.     

双偶极源反相激励压制井中直达波的横波远探测方法研究

偶极横渡远探测测井仪器工作时,存在很强的井中直达信号干扰,严重影响了井外反射声波信号的测量.为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种双偶极源反相激励的声波远探测测井方法.与传统方法相比,这一方法采用两个具有相反相位的偶极声源,通过延时激励的方式,可以从数据采集环节压制直达信号,提高反射波的信噪比.理论模拟结果表明,双源反向延迟在不考虑井中偶极弯曲波的频散效应时,虽然直达波的信号大幅降低,但仍存在较强残余直达信号干扰;而考虑弯曲波的频散效应时,可以更好的压制因频散效应残余的直达波成分.对现场实测数据的处理分析表明,采用双偶极源反相激励的思路和方法,直达波信号的幅度可以被大幅度地压制,从而明显提升井外反射声波信号的信噪比.这一技术的可行,使得偶极横波远探测测井有了更广阔的应用空间.     

新型坐底式海洋可控源电磁发射系统及其海试应用

利用拖曳式海洋可控源电磁发射系统在探测埋藏较浅的天然气水合物资源时,会遇到一些新问题.如拖曳式轴向发射偶极源不能贴紧海底,发射偶极源和海底间海水的电磁衰减,使得10 Hz以上的相对高频能量难以导入至海底以下介质;发射偶极源有可能出现水平或垂向摆动;拖曳式发射时,时间窗口内叠加的数据有限;拖曳路线可能与海底构造走向平行,不利于揭示探测目标体的异常形态.新型坐底式发射系统有望解决上述问题.坐底式发射系统的硬件部分包括甲板端供电和监控单元、长距离电力和数据通信单元,以及水下发射机主体.新型坐底式发射系统的发射电极紧贴海底,没有海水层衰减,有利于相对高频的人工源电磁信号经过海底以下介质传输至接收端;通过超短基线信标更容易精确定位发射机拖体,利用姿态方位参考系统确定发射电极的供电方向,可以精确校正电偶源水平偏角的影响;增加单点供电时间,提高接收信号信噪比;提供两对电偶极源,从两个相互垂直的方向对异常体进行人工源激发.2015年海洋试验的结果表明,坐底式与拖曳式发射系统联合作业,可从多角度对海底异常体进行宽频带电磁激发,为数据采集提供丰富的场源信息.     

虚拟波动域三维海洋可控源电磁场正演模拟

本文基于对应原理将似稳态条件下频率域电磁场扩散方程转换成虚拟波动域电磁场波动方程,采用高阶时域有限差分进行求解,引入复频移完全匹配层吸收边界条件,降低了内存需求,提高了计算效率,并在虚拟波动域用伪δ函数离散电偶极源,实现了虚拟波动域任意取向电偶极源三维海洋可控源电磁场高阶时域有限差分正演算法.通过与拟解析解和频率域三维可控源电磁场数值模拟结果的对比,验证了本文算法的正确性和高效性,且探讨了网格参数和边界条件对不同频率电磁场模拟结果的影响.     

海洋可控源电磁法发射源姿态影响研究

海洋电磁理论是建立在水平发射偶极的基础上.然而,由于海底洋流作用海洋可控源发射偶极可能产生水平摆动、倾斜和水平旋转,造成测量数据与理想状态的水平电偶极子的电磁响应有较大的偏差.为了研究发射源姿态变化对场的影响,本文提出利用欧拉旋转将发射偶极由源坐标系转换到地球坐标系,进而分析发射源姿态变化造成海洋电磁观测数据的误差分布...     

利用井中低频偶极横波进行声波远探测的新方法

为了突破目前声波远探测技术存在的局限性,提出了一种新的偶极横波远探测方法,即利用井中偶极子产生的井中弯曲波存在低频截止频率的现象,在声源截止频率以下激发偶极声波.通过对比分析井中偶极声源分别在截止频率上、下激发时,井孔内外产生的辐射声场,明确了截止频率以下井中偶极声源的远场辐射特征和低频截止频率激发偶极横波的优势,结合数值模拟,进一步对其反射声场进行了分析.结果表明,该方法可以避免艾里相的巨大振幅对数据量化产生的"饱和"效应,相比传统的远探测测井方式更具优势,常规源距即可满足专门的远探测测井仪器需求.     

三维CSAMT法非结构化网格有限元数值模拟

考虑到可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)电偶极发射源与地下介质的三维结构特点,本文采用非结构化网格剖分技术,开展了三维CSAMT方法有限元数值模拟研究,将三维电磁场的背景场和异常场分别求解,避免了电偶极发射源的奇异性问题,并减小了计算区域.推导了三维异常电场遵循的有限元方程,加入散度条件进行约束以消除电场伪解;对非结构化网格单元采用高斯加权平均算法,得到了精度较高的异常磁场.针对层状介质模型,与积分方程法对比,验证了有限元算法的正确性;计算分析了典型三维地质模型的电磁响应,异常体反映明显.结果表明本文算法正确、可靠,适用于三维地质模型的CSAMT方法正反演研究.     

三维地形频率域人工源电磁场的边界元模拟方法

提出了一种用边界元法计算频率域人工源三维地形电磁场的数值模拟方法.首先用矢量积分理论和电磁场边界条件，将上半空间（空气）和下半空间（地下介质）两个区域电磁场边值问题变为仅对地形界面的两个矢量面积分方程.然后将对地形界面的积分剖分为一系列的三角单元积分.在三角单元积分中，假设单元中电磁场为无限大气空间电磁场与地形影响的叠加,并假设地形影响为常项,这样既保证了计算精度又使得计算方法简便.通过分解和计算，每一个矢量面积分方程分解为对应三个坐标方向的三个常量线性方程，这些线性方程组成了对角占优的线性方程组，可用SSOR方法求解.文中给出了垂直磁偶源的垂直磁场地形影响的例子.     

Transient electromagnetic surveys with unimodal transverse magnetic field: ideas and results

The theory behind transient electromagnetic surveys can be well described in terms of transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes. Soundings using transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes require different source configurations. In this study, we consider an alternating transverse magnetic field excitation by a circular electric dipole. The circular electric dipole transmitter is a horizontal analogue of the vertical electric dipole. Offshore surveys using circular electric dipole might represent an alternative to the conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea and/or for exploring relatively small targets. Field acquisition is carried out by recording either electric or magnetic responses. Electric responses bear information on the 1D structure of a layered earth and successfully resolve high‐resistivity targets in marine surveys. Land‐based circular electric dipole soundings are affected by induced polarisation. On the contrary, magnetic responses are absent on the surface of a 1D earth, and as a result, they are very sensitive to any and even very small 3D conductivity perturbations. In addition, they are sensitive to induced polarisation or some other polarisation effects in the subsurface. At present, circular electric dipole transmitters and magnetic receivers are successfully used in on‐land mineral and petroleum exploration.     

Comparison of the time-domain electromagnetic field from an infinitesimal point charge and dipole source

An electromagnetic field is generated through the accelerating movement of two equal but opposite charges of a single dipole. An electromagnetic field can also be generated by a time-varying infinitesimal point charge. In this study, a comparison between the electromagnetic fields of an infinitesimal point charge and a dipole has been presented. First, the time-domain potential function of a point source in a 3D conductive medium is derived. Then the electric and magnetic fields in a 3D homogeneous lossless space are derived via the relation between the potential and field. The field differences between the infinitesimal point charge and the dipole in the step-off time, far-source, and near-source zones are analyzed, and the accuracy of the solutions from these sources is investigated. It is also shown that the field of the infinitesimal point charge in the near-source zone is different from that of the dipole, whereas the far-source zone fields of these two sources are identical. The comparison of real and simulated data shows that the infinitesimal point charge represents the real source better than the dipole source.     

电性源地-井瞬变电磁全域视电阻率定义

地-井瞬变电磁(TEM)方法是在地表发射,探头沿钻孔(井)测量瞬变响应的一种井中物探方法.由于接收探头沿钻孔深人地下,因此能够获得更加可靠的地下目标体信息,尤其当存在低阻覆盖层、浅部矿化等地质干扰,或者勘查深部规模不大之良导矿体时,地-井TEM方法的优势更加明显.相对于磁性源系统,电性源系统发射功率大,辐射面积广,更适合地形复杂地区之深部找矿.本文的目的是研究电性源地-井TEM的近似解释方法,首先给出了层状介质电偶极子在地下的TEM响应,进而通过电偶极子叠加的方式获得了电性源条件下的TEM响应.利用感应磁场与均匀半空间电阻率的单调关系通过反函数定理进行了全域视电阻率定义.理论模型的视电阻率计算结果显示,不同深度测点的视电阻率曲线首支不同,而尾支基本一致.这说明了全域视电阻率是测点周围有限范围内介质的综合反映,所以不同深度测点的视电阻率曲线首支所反映的范围是不同的.绘制了不同时间道视电阻率剖面曲线,以期显示地下电性分布规律.计算结果表明全域视电阻率定义能够基本可靠地反映地下信息,从而为该技术在矿区深部找矿的应用提供有力支持.     

Two-Dimensional Magnetotelluric Modelling of Ore Deposits: Improvements in Model Constraints by Inclusion of Borehole Measurements

A combination of magnetotelluric (MT) measurements on the surface and in boreholes (without metal casing) can be expected to enhance resolution and reduce the ambiguity in models of electrical resistivity derived from MT surface measurements alone. In order to quantify potential improvement in inversion models and to aid design of electromagnetic (EM) borehole sensors, we considered two synthetic 2D models containing ore bodies down to 3000 m depth (the first with two dipping conductors in resistive crystalline host rock and the second with three mineralisation zones in a sedimentary succession exhibiting only moderate resistivity contrasts). We computed 2D inversion models from the forward responses based on combinations of surface impedance measurements and borehole measurements such as (1) skin-effect transfer functions relating horizontal magnetic fields at depth to those on the surface, (2) vertical magnetic transfer functions relating vertical magnetic fields at depth to horizontal magnetic fields on the surface and (3) vertical electric transfer functions relating vertical electric fields at depth to horizontal magnetic fields on the surface. Whereas skin-effect transfer functions are sensitive to the resistivity of the background medium and 2D anomalies, the vertical magnetic and electric field transfer functions have the disadvantage that they are comparatively insensitive to the resistivity of the layered background medium. This insensitivity introduces convergence problems in the inversion of data from structures with strong 2D resistivity contrasts. Hence, we adjusted the inversion approach to a three-step procedure, where (1) an initial inversion model is computed from surface impedance measurements, (2) this inversion model from surface impedances is used as the initial model for a joint inversion of surface impedances and skin-effect transfer functions and (3) the joint inversion model derived from the surface impedances and skin-effect transfer functions is used as the initial model for the inversion of the surface impedances, skin-effect transfer functions and vertical magnetic and electric transfer functions. For both synthetic examples, the inversion models resulting from surface and borehole measurements have higher similarity to the true models than models computed exclusively from surface measurements. However, the most prominent improvements were obtained for the first example, in which a deep small-sized ore body is more easily distinguished from a shallow main ore body penetrated by a borehole and the extent of the shadow zone (a conductive artefact) underneath the main conductor is strongly reduced. Formal model error and resolution analysis demonstrated that predominantly the skin-effect transfer functions improve model resolution at depth below the sensors and at distance of \(\sim \) 300–1000 m laterally off a borehole, whereas the vertical electric and magnetic transfer functions improve resolution along the borehole and in its immediate vicinity. Furthermore, we studied the signal levels at depth and provided specifications of borehole magnetic and electric field sensors to be developed in a future project. Our results suggest that three-component SQUID and fluxgate magnetometers should be developed to facilitate borehole MT measurements at signal frequencies above and below 1 Hz, respectively.     

Multi‐method virtual electromagnetic experiments for developing suitable monitoring designs: A fictitious CO2 sequestration scenario in Northern Germany

We present a numerical study for 3D time‐lapse electromagnetic monitoring of a fictitious CO₂ sequestration using the geometry of a real geological site and a suite of suitable electromagnetic methods with different source/receiver configurations and different sensitivity patterns. All available geological information is processed and directly implemented into the computational domain, which is discretized by unstructured tetrahedral grids. We thus demonstrate the performance capability of our numerical simulation techniques. The scenario considers a CO₂ injection in approximately 1100 m depth. The expected changes in conductivity were inferred from preceding laboratory measurements. A resistive anomaly is caused within the conductive brines of the undisturbed reservoir horizon. The resistive nature of the anomaly is enhanced by the CO₂ dissolution regime, which prevails in the high‐salinity environment. Due to the physicochemical properties of CO₂, the affected portion of the subsurface is laterally widespread but very thin. We combine controlled‐source electromagnetics, borehole transient electromagnetics, and the direct‐current resistivity method to perform a virtual experiment with the aim of scrutinizing a set of source/receiver configurations with respect to coverage, resolution, and detectability of the anomalous CO₂ plume prior to the field survey. Our simulation studies are carried out using the 3D codes developed in our working group. They are all based on linear and higher order Lagrange and Nédélec finite‐element formulations on unstructured grids, providing the necessary flexibility with respect to the complex real‐world geometry. We provide different strategies for addressing the accuracy of numerical simulations in the case of arbitrary structures. The presented computations demonstrate the expected great advantage of positioning transmitters or receivers close to the target. For direct‐current geoelectrics, 50% change in electric potential may be detected even at the Earth's surface. Monitoring with inductive methods is also promising. For a well‐positioned surface transmitter, more than 10% difference in the vertical electric field is predicted for a receiver located 200 m above the target. Our borehole transient electromagnetics results demonstrate that traditional transient electromagnetics with a vertical magnetic dipole source is not well suited for monitoring a thin horizontal resistive target. This is due to the mainly horizontal current system, which is induced by a vertical magnetic dipole.     

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF SOURCES AT THE SURFACE OF A HOMOGENEOUS CONDUCTING HALFSPACE WITH HORIZONTAL ANISOTROPY: APPLICATION TO FISSURED MEDIA*

The electric and magnetic fields generated by horizontal electric and vertical magnetic dipoles lying on the surface of a conducting medium with horizontal anisotropy are investigated. Full expressions of their Fourier transforms are given, and the fields for a vertical magnetic dipole are calculated numerically. The radial and vertical magnetic components are found to be independent of the receiver-transmitter direction, whereas the other magnetic and electric components strongly vary with this direction. These results give useful criteria for defining the direction and amplitude of anisotropy from ground data; a ground experiment on fissured limestone was found to confirm the expected variations of the various field components. It is believed that this electromagnetic method can be used in order to provide information about the direction and amplitude of electric anisotropy.     

磁总场异常垂直梯度三维相关成像

本文提出了磁总场异常垂直梯度三维相关成像方法,用于成像地下等效磁源分布.它首先将地下待成像空间划分为三维规则网格,然后直接计算每个网格节点磁偶板子在观测面理论磁总场异常垂直梯度与实测磁总场异常垂直梯度的互相关,其相关系数值表征等效磁偶极子分布(即磁偶极子发生的概率).理论长方体组合模型数据和实际某矿区磁测资料试验结果表明本文方法计算得到的相关系数值能基本反映地下的磁源分布,且分辨率明显高于磁总场异常三维相关成像的分辨率,也高于基于熵滤波分离异常的磁总场异常三维相关成像的分辨率.     

3D modelling of VLF radio wave propagation in terrestrial waveguide allowing for localized large-scale ionosphere perturbation

The problem of radio wave propagation allowing for 3D localized lower ionosphere irregularity appears in accordance with the necessity of the theoretical interpretation of VLF remote sensing data. The various processes in the Earth's crust and in space (earthquakes, magnetic storms, sporadic E-layers, lightning induced electron precipitations, rocket launches, artificial ionosphere heating, nuclear explosions, etc.) may cause different power and size ionospheric disturbances. This paper presents a further development of the numerical–analytical method for 3D problem solving. We consider a vector problem of VLF vertical electric dipole field in a plane Earth-ionosphere waveguide with a localized anisotropic ionosphere irregularity. The possibility of lowering (elevating) of the local region of the upper waveguide wall is taken into account. The field components on the boundary surfaces obey the Leontovich impedance conditions. The problem is reduced to a system of 2D integral equations taking into account the depolarization of the field scattered by the irregularity. Using asymptotic (kr⪢1) integration along the direction perpendicular to the propagation path, we transform this system to a system of 1D integral equations. The system is solved in the diagonal approximation, combining direct inversion of the Volterra integral operator and the subsequent iterations. The proposed method is useful for study of both small-scale and large-scale irregularities. We obtained estimates of the TE field components that originate entirely from field scattering by a 3D irregularity.