大位移条件下水平受荷单桩的简明弹塑性计算方法

软土地层中当桩顶水平荷载较大时,采用传统m法计算容易低估桩身弯矩与挠曲变形,有必要针对该问题提出相关计算方法。将地基土体简化为理想弹塑性体,假定桩身某一深度处存在土体的弹塑性变形临界点,临界点以上的土体进入塑性变形状态,而临界点以下的土体仍处于弹性变形状态,分段建立桩身挠曲微分控制方程,得到水平受荷单桩简明弹塑性计算方法。现场单桩实测和参数敏感性分析结果表明：采用简明弹塑性计算方法得到的桩身最大弯矩较传统m法计算精度提高38.1%;桩身最大水平位移计算精度提高22.3%;桩顶边界条件对桩身水平位移与弯矩沿桩身的分布规律影响显著;桩身最大弯矩和水平位移对土体的极限抗力系数及其形状参数较敏感,设计中宜按下限值选取。     

水平荷载作用下风电机桩基础的离心模型试验研究

桩基础是近海风机经常采用的基础形式。由于风电机组对基础的承载力和变形有着严格的要求,而水平荷载常常是控制荷载,因此,研究水平荷载作用下风机桩基础的应力、变形特性具有重要意义。针对风机单桩基础,选取典型的黏土地基,进行了水平加载条件下的离心模型试验,重点分析了桩身的响应及桩周围土体的变形特点。试验结果表明,在水平荷载作用下,桩顶的水平位移随着水平力的增加而增加,位移的增加速率在临界荷载之后增长较快;桩身弯矩分别在埋深1/5和3/5处附近分别出现极大值和极小值,且桩底具有一定弯矩值;桩周围土体的变形随着离桩距离的增加而减小,可分为主动区和被动区。桩对土体变形的影响区域随着水平力的增加而不断扩展,最后基本稳定在2倍桩径范围内。     

桩基承台梁受力分析的幂级数解答

将桩基承台梁视为置于弹性地基上的有限长梁,将竖向桩体及承台梁下桩间土体视为刚度不同的弹簧系列,基于Winkler弹性地基梁理论,推导出考虑桩土共同工作的承台梁竖向位移控制微分方程,并给出其幂级数半解析解,进而导得了在集中荷载、外加弯矩及分布荷载共同作用下桩基承台梁的竖向位移、转角、弯矩及剪力的计算公式。最后通过与链杆法、Newmark法的比较,验证了本文幂级数解答的正确性。在此基础上,探讨分析了基桩差异性、承台梁下土体作用、桩径及荷载形式等因素对桩基承台梁受力变形的影响。研究表明：当考虑上述因素影响时,桩基承台梁的竖向变形、弯矩及桩顶反力均发生不同程度的变化,因此,在实际的设计计算中应予以考虑。     

非饱和土中端承桩水平振动特性研究

针对非饱和土中桩的水平稳态振动问题,采用三相多孔介质波动方程,考虑固、液、气三相材料间的惯性和黏性耦合效应以及基质吸力的影响,通过Helmholtz矢量分解及分离变量法解耦波动方程,并将基桩等效为能描述其剪切变形和转动惯性效应的铁摩辛柯（Timoshenko）梁模型,采用Novak三维连续介质模型对非饱和土中端承桩的稳态水平振动进行了理论推导,获得了桩顶水平频域响应解析解,讨论了饱和度对土层和桩顶阻抗的影响以及桩身位移、内力沿深度的分布规律。结果表明,随着土体饱和度的升高,土层复阻抗和桩顶动力阻抗增大,桩身位移和内力则相应地减小;饱和度,包括渗透系数在内的影响仅在土体接近准饱和时才得以发挥;频率较低时,短桩拥有较大的刚度因子。桩长越长,阻抗因子越大,而共振频率越低。当长径比超过10时,桩顶阻抗不再随长径比的增加而改变。     

纵横向受荷基桩变形内力的矩阵传递解

针对地基的土体屈服性状,将桩侧土体分为弹性变形区域与塑性变形区域两种情况。假定地基反力系数为3参数的一般形式,同时考虑桩身 效应并计入桩身自重、桩侧摩阻力的影响,根据地基反力法分别建立桩身弹性段和塑性段挠曲线微分方程。在解微分方程的过程中,采用矩阵传递法结合Laplace正逆变换的方法解得桩顶作用轴向力、水平力、弯矩时桩身内力和变形的矩阵传递解,并用Fortran语言编制了相应计算程序。最后将试验数据对上述方法进行验证,结果表明计算值与模型试验的实测值吻合很好,采用文中3参数地基反力法反算所得的地基参数离散性很小,研究结果具有较高的应用价值。     

斜坡桩水平循环特性模型试验及有限杆单元解

为了揭示斜坡效应和循环弱化效应共同影响下的斜坡桩水平循环特性,进行了不同循环次数、荷载幅值及坡度下的单向水平循环加载试验,并将水平静载试验作为对照,揭示了桩顶位移、桩身弯矩及地基反力等变化规律。综合考虑二阶效应及桩-土相互作用的影响,对单元刚度矩阵进行了改进,提出了有限杆单元解。将理论预测曲线等与实测曲线及幂级数法计算结果进行了对比,验证了有限杆单元解的合理性。结果表明：桩身弯矩及位移均随循环次数非线性增加,最大弯矩位置逐渐从无量纲深度z_α=1.25下移到z_α=1.75;桩顶无量纲位移y0,α与循环次数n之间的关系符合幂函数y0,α=An0.11;当荷载幅值由20 N增加到40 N时,最大无量纲弯矩由0.010增加到0.029,位置均保持在z_α=1.7附近;当坡度由30°增加到60°时,最大无量纲弯矩由0.011(z_α=1)增加到0.025(z_α=2.5)。     

基于双曲线模型的T型刚性桩荷载传递特性研究

假定桩土荷载传递函数为双曲线模型,分析T型刚性桩荷载传递机制,建立桩及桩帽下土体的竖向位移、竖向应力、侧摩阻力与深度之间的控制微分方程。采用微分方程近似解法,推导出相应的解析表达式。利用桩顶沉降作为已知条件进行求解,所得结果能够出反映T型桩荷载传递性状规律,即桩身轴力随深度增加而减小;桩身侧摩阻力随深度增加呈现出先增大后减小;桩土应力比与荷载有关。文中方法的计算值更接近于试验结果,可为工程设计提供理论基础。     

基于虚土桩模型的三维饱和介质中浮承桩纵向振动特性分析

基于Biot波动理论提出了一种桩底饱和虚土桩模型,同时考虑桩周、桩底土体三维波动效应及饱和特性,建立了三维饱和黏弹性土、虚土桩和实体桩完全耦合振动定解问题。采用势函数求解得出饱和土体位移解,并利用饱和土-桩界面耦合条件,求解得出桩顶纵向振动动力阻抗解析解答。将所得解退化到已有解析解进行对比验证,并在此基础上对浮承桩纵向振动特性进行参数化分析,计算结果表明:桩底饱和土层厚度越大,桩顶动刚度和动阻尼曲线振幅及共振频率越小,且当桩底饱和土层厚度增大到一定程度后,振幅呈现大、小峰值交替现象;桩周饱和土体孔隙率仅对桩顶动力阻抗曲线振幅产生明显影响,而桩底饱和土体孔隙率对桩顶动力阻抗曲线共振幅值和共振频率均影响显著;随桩周、桩底饱和土体剪切模量的增加,桩顶动力阻抗曲线共振幅值水平均明显降低,且受桩周饱和土体剪切模量影响更为突出。     

大直径超长灌注桩设计方法分析

采用静荷载试验并通过承载力和桩基沉降的计算,讨论了大直径超长灌注桩的设计方法.大直径超长灌注桩Q-S曲线没有明显的特征点,呈缓变形;桩顶沉降由桩身弹性压缩、桩侧荷载和桩端荷载引起的桩端土体压缩三部分组成.分析结果表明,以位移控制方法来确定大直径超长灌注桩的承载力,一般取S = 0.01D时的试验荷载为设计承载力;桩身弹性压缩量对桩顶沉降影响较大,利用弹性理论法计算单桩沉降值比试验值偏大,设计时需以静载试验为主.     

强震区软弱土层差异厚度下单桩动力响应振动台试验

为探明不同类型地震波作用下软弱土层差异厚度对单桩动力响应特性的影响,采用振动台试验,开展了不同软弱土层厚度变化下桩基础的加速度、水平位移、弯矩动力响应变化特性及桩基损伤分析。试验结果表明：地震波作用下,桩周土体的约束作用受软弱土层厚度的影响显著。桩身加速度在软弱土层中的放大效果最为显著,桩顶加速度放大系数与软弱土层厚度呈正相关;桩顶水平位移在软弱土层厚度最大时达到最大;桩身弯矩最大值出现在软弱土层中,随其厚度增大而增大。不同土层厚度下,桩身弯矩最大值均小于抗弯能力设计值,桩基完整性较好。桩基础抗震设计计算时,应重点加强桩基础在软弱土层中的抗震能力,并选择多种地震波进行抗震验算。     

基于能量法的轴横向荷载作用下单桩受力变形分析

轴向和横向荷载作用下单桩的受力变形分析是桩基研究的重点内容之一。单桩在水平荷载作用下会产生一定的水平位移与弯矩,而此时作用轴向荷载会使得桩体出现一定的压曲与附加弯矩,以致轴横向荷载作用下的单桩受力变形与单独作用水平荷载或轴向荷载的单桩存在较大的区别。故本文基于能量法,首先分别建立轴横向荷载作用下单桩的受力变形能量方程以及桩周土体能量方程,然后考虑桩土变形协调与一定的桩土相互作用,基于最小势能原理得到单桩变形控制微分方程,并采用幂级数法进行求解,最终得到轴横向荷载作用下单桩受力变形分析的幂级数解答。通过编程计算,将本文方法计算结果与试验结果、数值分析结果、规范法计算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的合理性和可行性。在此基础上,基于本文解答进行了影响参数分析,结果表明:桩体长径比、桩土弹性模量比、桩周土模量深度变化系数均对轴横向受荷单桩的桩身水平位移与最大弯矩值有一定的影响,其中桩周土模量深度变化系数以不小于0.6为宜。     

成层土中倾斜荷载作用下桩承载力有限元分析

利用有限元方法对现场单桩水平载荷试验进行模拟,在此基础上,分析了成层土中桩在倾斜荷载作用下其竖向分量的有利作用和横向土抗力分布特点。计算结果表明,在地面下一定范围内,倾斜荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力比水平荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力大。在土层分界处土抗力分布有明显的跳跃。达到一定深度后,横向土抗力主要是静止土压力,而由荷载引起的横向土抗力很小。承台能有效减小土体及桩的水平位移。模拟的灌注桩和钢管桩桩顶在地面以上的自由长度较小,竖向分量由于桩身挠曲变形而产生的P-Δ效应较小,所以就算例中的灌注桩和钢管桩而言,荷载倾斜度不大时,荷载竖向分量提高了桩的侧阻并由此增大桩侧土竖向应力,对桩水平承载力总体上起到了有利的作用。     

不同场地条件下长桩的承载性状研究

根据软土地基、非软土地基中长钻孔灌注桩静载荷试验和桩身轴力的测试结果,分析探讨了竖向荷载下长桩的受力性能及沉降特征的一些规律。桩侧土模量较高的非软土地区的长桩静力试桩所测得的结果表明,荷载传递和桩身压缩与软土地区超长桩性状相似,长桩的桩身压缩量相当可观,计算中应予以考虑。极限侧阻力与端阻力不同步发挥,不同深度处的不同土层处基桩的侧阻也不能同步发挥;同时指出相关规范中极限承载力计算公式的不严密之处,并且探讨说明了竖向荷载下的长群桩基础变形性状及沉降计算有待进一步的研究。本项研究对今后超长桩的理论研究和工程设计应用具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Influence of seismic motions on behavior of piles in liquefied soils

In the present study an analytical procedure based on finite element technique is proposed to investigate the influence of vertical load on deflection and bending moment of a laterally loaded pile embedded in liquefiable soil, subjected to permanent ground displacement. The degradation of subgrade modulus due to soil liquefaction and effect of nonlinearity are also considered. A free headed vertical concrete elastic nonyielding pile with a floating tip subjected to vertical compressive loading, lateral load, and permanent ground displacement due to earthquake motions, in liquefiable soil underlain by nonliquefiable stratum, is considered. The input seismic motions, having varying range of ground motion parameters, considered here include 1989 Loma Gilroy, 1995 Kobe, 2001 Bhuj, and 2011 Sikkim motions. It is calculated that maximum bending moment occurred at the interface of liquefiable and nonliquefiable soil layers and when thickness of liquefiable soil layer is around 60% of total pile length. Maximum bending moment of 1210 kNm and pile head deflection of 110 cm is observed because of 1995 Kobe motion, while 2001 Bhuj and 2011 Sikkim motions amplify the pile head deflection by 14.2 and 14.4 times and bending moment approximately by 4 times, when compared to nonliquefiable soil. Further, the presence of inertial load at the pile head increases bending moment and deflection by approximately 52% when subjected to 1995 Kobe motion. Thus, it is necessary to have a proper assessment of both kinematic and inertial interactions due to free field seismic motions and vertical loads for evaluating pile response in liquefiable soil.     

成层地基中倾斜偏心荷载下单桩计算分析

针对工程中地基土性质变化的具体情况,假定地基系数满足(mz+C)的线性增长规律,考虑P-Δ效应并计入桩身自重和桩侧摩阻力的影响,采用矩阵计算方法,分别得到单层土中倾斜偏心荷载作用、桩段顶端倾斜偏心荷载作用以及桩身水平分布荷载共同作用下的竖向单桩计算分析的幂级数解答。并在此基础上,利用上述两幂级数解答对成层地基中倾斜偏心荷载下单桩的受力进行了分析计算,列出了具体的计算步骤;最后,结合某具体实例,对上述方法进行了验证,结果表明,该解答与实际吻合较好,具有一定的应用价值。     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical, lateral, and moment loads, using a hybrid model in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. Both the vertical and lateral resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with several existing methods for single piles, pile groups and piled rafts. Workable design charts are given for the estimation of the lateral displacement and the load distribution of piled rafts from the stiffnesses of the raft alone and the pile group alone. Additionally, parametric studies were carried out concerning batter pile foundations. It was found that the use of batter piles can efficiently improve the deformation characteristics of pile foundations subjected to lateral loads. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Static Equilibrium of Screw Anchor Pile Under Lateral Load in Sands

The screw anchor piles are installed in ground by screwing which is done with the help of torque motors. In this paper, the lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles is examined through an experimental investigation carried on model piles embedded in dry sand. The tests were carried on screw anchor piles with different number of helices provided in continuation. Lateral loads were applied at different height above the soil surface. The embedment length of screw anchor piles was also varied to study the behaviour of screw anchor piles under lateral loads. Some tests were conducted on plain shaft pile to compare the lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles with that of plain shaft piles. An empirical equation for computation of lateral loads has been developed considering lateral resistance, bearing resistance, uplift resistance and lateral resistance offered by soil in pile on the basis of experimental results. A theoretical model for predicting lateral load capacity of screw anchor piles in dry sand, consistent with the experimental findings has been developed in this study.     

粉质黏土中沉箱-桩复合基础水平向承载性能试验研究

为进一步研究沉箱-桩复合基础的水平向承载性能,开展粉质黏土中单桩、沉箱-桩复合基础在水平向荷载和竖向及水平向组合荷载作用下的系列试验,对沉箱-桩复合基础的水平荷载与位移关系、桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力分布规律及群桩效应等进行了研究。结果表明,在水平荷载作用下沉箱对桩顶的约束使桩身弯矩分布较桩顶自由情况要更均匀,并能有效地降低桩身弯矩、位移及土抗力,提高了基础水平承载能力;在同时作用有竖向和水平向组合荷载时,沉箱底摩擦力参与抵抗水平力作用、桩顶竖向力也有利于进一步提高基础水平承载力;试验获得了不同桩数、桩顶约束、荷载作用条件下的沉箱-桩复合基础群桩效应系数,对于桩距为6倍桩径的情况,桩与桩之间的相互影响很小。     

Torsional piles in non-homogeneous media

The torsional response of a pile exhibits features which are a mixture of those for axial and lateral response. At low load levels, the response is dominated by interaction with the upper soil layers and by the pile rigidity itself, similar to laterally loaded piles. However, failure will generally occur by the whole pile twisting, and so the latter part of the response incorporates the integrated effect of all soil penetrated by the pile, as is the case for axial loading.

In view of the above, solutions for the torsional response of pile must endeavour to incorporate accurate modelling of the soil stiffness profile, and also pay appropriate attention to the gradual development of slip (relative twist) between pile and soil. The paper presents analytical and numerical solutions for the torsional response of piles embedded in non-homogeneous soil, where the stiffness profile follows a simple power law with depth. The solutions encompass: (1) vertical non-homogeneity of soil expressed as a power law; (2) non-linear soil response, modelled using a hyperbolic stressstrain law; (3) effect of relative slip between pile and soil for non-homogeneous stiffness and limiting shaft friction; (4) expressions for the critical pile slenderness ratio (or length) beyond which the pile head response becomes independent of the pile length.

The solutions are developed using a load transfer approach, with each soil layer acting independently from neighbouring layers, and are expressed in terms of Bessel functions of non-integer order, and as simple non-dimensionalised charts. The solutions are applied to two well-documented case histories in the latter part of the paper.