Source characteristics of the Yutian earthquake in 2008 from inversion of the co-seismic deformation field mapped by InSAR

On 21 March 2008, an Ms7.3 earthquake occurred at Yutian County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is in the same year as 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. These two earthquakes both took place in the Bayar Har block, while Yutian earthquake is located in the west edge and Wenchuan earthquake is in the east. The research on source characteristics of Yutian earthquake can serve to better understand Wenchuan earthquake mechanism. We attempt to reveal the features of the causative fault of Yutian shock and its co-seismic deformation field by a sensitivity-based iterative fitting (SBIF) method. Our work is based on analysis and interpretation to high-resolution satellite (Quickbird) images as well as D-InSAR data from the satellite Envisat ASAR, in conjunction with the analysis of seismicity, focal mechanism solutions and active tectonics in this region. The result shows that the 22 km long, nearly NS trending surface rupture zone by this event lies on a range-front alluvial platform in the Qira County. It is characterized by distinct linear traces and a simple structure with 1–3 m-wide individual seams and maximum 6.5 m width of a collapse fracture. Along the rupture zone are seen many secondary fractures and fault-bounded blocks by collapse, exhibiting remarkable extension. The co-seismic deformation affected a big range 100 km × 40 km. D-InSAR analysis indicates that the interferometric deformation field is dominated by extensional faulting with a small strike-slip component. Along the causative fault, the western wall fell down and the eastern wall, that is the active unit, rose up, both with westerly vergence. The maximum subsidence displacement is ～2.6 m in the LOS, and the maximum uplift is 1.2 m. The maximum relative vertical dislocation reaches 4.1 m, which is 10 km distant from the starting rupture point to south. The 42 km-long seismogenic fault in the subsurface extends in NS direction as an arc, and it dipping angle changes from 70° near the surface to 52° at depth ～10 km. The slip on the fault plane is concentrated in the depth range 0–8 km, forming a belt of length 30 km along strike on the fault plane. There are three areas of concentrating slip, in which the largest slip is 10.5 m located at the area 10 km distant from the initial point of the rupture.     

基于干涉雷达的玉树地震断裂运动模式与地震迁移趋势分析

2010年4月14日青海省玉树县发生M_s7.1级地震。利用地震前后2期ALOS雷达数据进行了地表同震形变场InSAR解译研究,获取了高质量的干涉图像,并解算出定量变形场。进而根据干涉计算的变形方向、变形范围、变形量和变形梯度,参考该区的构造背景和走滑断裂的力学机理对本次地震构造活动进行了分析并得出如下结论：1）玉树地震引发了地表NWW走向、由5段构成的“S”形走滑断裂,总体为左阶排列,走滑量从10.2 cm到133.2 cm不等,走滑极值可达195 cm,其中在结古镇和隆宝镇附近的两段出现较明显的地表破裂;2）断裂两侧的雷达视线向运动方向和运动量的差异预示发震断裂以左旋走滑运动为主,SW盘为主动盘;3）宏观震中可以定位于玉树县城西北约16 km的地表陡变带附近;4）发震断裂地表行迹、变形量和地表破裂幅度预示余震将主要沿发震断裂向NW迁移;5）根据青藏高原东部地块的分区,本次地震属于羌塘地块活动的结果,与巴颜喀拉地块活动引发的汶川地震不存在直接的关联。     

于田地震同震形变场ALOS干涉雷达观测及初步分析

2008年3月21日发生在新疆于田的7.3级地震是继2001年11月昆仑山口西8.1级地震后的最大一次7级以上地震.地震是构造活动的集中反映, 会伴随着较大的地表形变及断裂的明显活动, 能够放大构造正常的活动方式, 同震变形场是这种放大作用在地表的直观反映, 对于认识发震断裂运动性质, 研究邻近构造活动性具有重要意义.青藏高原西北缘自然环境恶劣, 常规方法无法对于田地震开展及时有效的同震形变测量, 凸显出差分干涉雷达(InSAR)技术的优势.在介绍InSAR观测原理基础上, 通过地震前后ALOS干涉雷达观测获取了于田地震的同震变形场, 并结合构造背景揭示出:于田Ms 7.3级地震的宏观震中位于康西瓦断裂东南端的南北2个分支(大红柳滩断裂和慕士山南麓断裂)和阿尔金断裂西南端帚状的3个分支交汇的三角地带; 于田地震引发了阿尔金断裂一近南北向分支断裂的同震地表破裂, 破裂长度为25.6 km; 发震断层为正断层, 倾向西, 上盘的最大运动幅度在200 cm以上; 于田地震所在的两大断裂交汇处的构造应力场以近南北向挤压为主.      

青海玉树Mw6.9级地震震源破裂过程

针对2010年青海玉树藏族自治州发生的Mw6.9(Ms7.1)级地震,利用地震波形资料和InSAR获取的同震位移资料,根据同震形成的地表位移干涉图,构建三段式断层模型,反演重建地震的破裂过程。研究显示本次地震断层面走向为119°,倾角79°,滑动角-2.2°,最大滑动量达到200cm,震源深度12.5km,地震标量地震矩为2.18×1026dyn·cm。震源破裂特征表明,玉树地震主要是沿甘孜—玉树断裂发生的左旋走滑破裂事件,反映了印度板块向北的推挤作用下,青藏高原东部不同次级块体东向不均匀挤出的运动学特征。     

从同震和震后形变分析1668年M8.5级郯城地震对周边地震活动性的影响

以山东郯城1668年大地震为例,以前人地表地质调查结果为约束,利用弹性位错理论初步获取了该地震的同震破裂模型;在此基础上,基于粘弹性分层模型分析了该地震的同震和震后形变,同时以主震断层为接收断层计算了库仑应力分布,进一步讨论了地幔不同粘滞性系数对地表形变和库仑应力变化的影响。计算结果显示,该地震是一个右旋走滑为主兼有一定逆冲性质的地震,其同震位移巨大,能量释放较彻底;同震破裂造成震中郯城县西北、东北和南部部分断层库仑应力增加,而震后形变使得这些断层库仑应力进一步增加,在单县、宿迁和日照等地,地震后350 a库仑应力变化量达到+1bar-+1MPa量级;地幔粘滞性系数不同,形变量和库仑应力变化达到稳定的时间不同,但最终趋于稳定的数值基本一致。     

基于形变观测分析中国台湾东部花东纵谷断层运动特征

花东纵谷断层是中国台湾动力作用和地壳运动变形最强烈的断层之一,其断层运动特征和强震危险程度一直备受学者的关注。文中分别以同震地表位移、1992-1999年震间形变数据为约束,反演2003年成功MW 6.8地震同震位错分布和花东纵谷断层震间运动特征。结果表明：花东纵谷断层北段处于强闭锁状态（闭锁率高达0.9）,闭锁深度深（约27 km）;南段闭锁程度较弱（闭锁率约0.5）,闭锁深度较浅（约12 km）;中段闭锁程度与闭锁深度介于南北段之间。另一方面,2003年成功MW 6.8地震微观震中位于震间无震滑移区与闭锁区的过渡带附近。依据同震位错、震间断层运动反演结果,以及历史强震破裂分布特征,分析认为,花东纵谷断层南北段运动方式存在差异性,北段主要以强震形式运动,南段以蠕滑和地震两种形式运动。自1951年花莲-台东ML 7.3地震序列后,花东纵谷断层南段、中段和北段至2016年所累积的矩能量分别等价MW 6.4、MW 7.0、MW 7.4地震;若发生级联破裂,整个断层至2016年所累积的矩能量等价MW 7.5地震。     

Ground Surface Ruptures and Near‐Fault,Large‐Scale Displacements Caused by the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake Derived from Pixel Offset Tracking on Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake produced surface displacements along the causative fault, the Yingxiu–Beichuan Fault, which are up to several meters near the fault. Because of the large gradient, satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometric data are strongly incoherent; the usual SAR interferometry method does not allow such displacements to be measured. In the present study, we employed another approach, the technique based on pixel offset tracking, to solve this problem. The used image data of six tracks are from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite, Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS/ PALSAR) dataset of Japan. The results show that the entire surface rupture belt is 238 km long, extending almost linearly in a direction of 42° north–east. It is offset left laterally by a north–west-striking fault at Xiaoyudong, and turns at Gaochuan, where the rupture belt shifts toward the south by 5 km, largely keeping the original trend. In terms of the features of the rupture traces, the rupture belt can be divided into five sections and three types. Among them, the Beichuan–Chaping and Hongkou–Yingxiu sections are relatively complex, with large widths and variable traces along the trend. The Pingtong–Nanba and Qingping–Jingtang sections appear uniform, characterized by straight traces and small widths. West of Yingxiu, the rupture traces are not clear. North of the rupture belt, surface displacements are 2.95 m on average, mostly 2–3.5 m, with 7–9 m the maximum near Beichuan. South of the rupture belt, the average displacement is 1.75 m, dominated by 1–2 m, with 3–4 m at a few sites. In the north, the displacements in the radar line of sight are of subsidence, and in the south, they are uplifted, in accordance with a right-slip motion that moves the northern wall of the fault to the east, and the southern wall to the west, respectively. Along the Guanxian–Jiangyou Fault, there is a uplift zone in the radar line of sight, which is 66 km long, 1.5–6 km wide, and has vertical displacements of approximately 2 m, but no observable rupture traces.     

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震发震构造和地表破裂初步调查

北京时间2022年1月8日01时45分，青海省海北州门源县发生强烈地震（图1），造成数人受伤，房屋倒塌，部分道路、桥梁、隧道等基础设施被破坏或受损。中国地震台网（CENC）测定该地震的震级为MS 6. 9，震中位于37. 77°N，101. 26°E，震源深度为10 km(https://www.cenc.ac.cn/cenc/dzxx/396391/index.html)。利用欧洲航空局哨兵2号雷达卫星的震前、震后SAR数据进行差分干涉处理，得到同震形变场分布图。限定此次地震以左旋走滑运动为主，断层走向NWW，断层面近直立；主体破裂深度在10 km以上并到达地表，形成长度＞35 km的地表变形带，最大滑动量约2 m。2022年门源MS 6. 9地震发生在青藏高原中北部的祁连- 柴达木次级地块的北部（图1）、托莱山断裂带和冷龙岭断裂带的交会部位，是继1986年和2016年两次门源MS 6. 4地震之后在冷龙岭断裂带上发生的震级最高、地表破裂最长的地震事件。     

Ground deformational studies using ALOS-PALSAR data between 2007 and 2010 of the central Kutch area,Gujarat, India

The central Kutch region of Gujarat, India, experienced a M7.7 earthquake on January 26, 2001, causing large-scale ground deformations including a huge loss of lives and infrastructure. The rupture of a hidden reverse fault was the reason for this intense tectonic activity. The post-seismic ground deformations, attributed to the relaxation phase of a stressed crustal layer, have been analyzed using a pair of Advanced Land Observation Satellite-Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images. The InSAR images were obtained in 2007 and 2010, covering an area around Bhuj. It falls on the Kutch Mainland Fault and Katrol Bhuj Fault. Using the ADORE-DORIS software, interferometric imagery has successfully been generated, covering the study area. This allowed making interesting geological inferences. Three different regions in the study area elicited countable visible colored fringes, indicating different amounts of positive and negative ground deformations (surface motion with respect to the satellite). They occurred within the InSAR data acquisition dates. The region around Bhuj and to the north and east of Bhuj showed top surface deformations of about 35, 35, and 24 cm, respectively. The synoptic view of the interferometric image of the study area suggests two crustal fault lines running to the north and south of Bhuj city. The Institute of Seismological Research, geophysical and Global Positioning System data, indicates that huge seismic events occurred during the year 2007–2010 and supports the observational inference of clustering of interferometric fringes to the E and NE of the study area.     

汶川大地震（MS 8.0）同震变形作用及其与地质灾害的关系

2008年5月12日发生于四川盆地西部龙门山断裂带的汶川大地震（MS 8.0）波及半个亚洲,震撼整个中国。本文通过地震后的实地调查,对发育在龙门山断裂带上的同震地表破裂带的分布、产状、继承性复活与变形特征,以及同震变形与地震地质灾害的关系等进行了初步总结,分析表明这次汶川大地震(MS 8.0)沿北川-映秀逆冲断裂和安县-灌县逆冲断裂同时发生地表破裂,前者产生以高角度逆冲兼右旋走滑为特征的地表破裂带长约275 km,后者产生以缓倾角逆冲作用为特征的地表破裂带长约80 km。汶川大地震的同震地表破裂带分布具有分段性特征,并与地表破坏程度的分带性有着一定的内在联系,详细研究表明,同震地表破裂带的产状直接影响地表破坏程度和地震地质灾害的强度,汶川大地震（MS 8.0）沿呈高角度陡倾的北川-映秀逆冲断裂发育的同震地表变形所产生的地表破坏程度和地震地质灾害的强度比沿缓倾角的安县-灌县逆冲断裂要强。从各种类型的地震断裂来看,具有垂直运动的逆冲型地震断裂所造成的地表破坏程度和地质灾害强度比具水平运动的走滑型地震断裂要强。因此,汶川大地震发生的破裂过程和同震地表变形与地震地质灾害的关系值得深入研究。     

Relationships between InSAR Seismic Deformation and Fault Motion Sense, Fault Strike, and Ascending/Descending Modes

Based on the working principle of satellite radars, the earthquake deformation field measured by interferometric synthetic aperture (InSAR) is the projection of ground displacement associated with the seismogenic fault in the line of sight (LOS) of the satellite. However, LOS projections are complex, and are not only related to the ascending/descending modes and incidence angles of SAR data, but also related to the strike and motion senses of the fault. Even for the same earthquake, the LOS deformation derived from different ascending/descending data can be almost identical in one case, but quite different in another case, which makes the interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation and its comparison with field observations difficult. In this study, we undertook a quantitative analysis of the relationships between LOS observation sensitivity of InSAR and fault strike, fault motion sense, and ascending/descending modes, as well as 3D deformation fields. We studied the features and differences of the LOS deformation fields in different types of earthquakes using ascending/descending modes, with a particularly detailed analysis of the relations for a strike-slip type of earthquake. We also summarized the characteristics of LOS deformation fields of faults with different strikes and optimal observational data modes. Taking the strike-slip Yushu earthquake and the normal Gaize event as examples, we used SAR data of the ascending/descending modes to verify the results of quantitative calculations. These analyses will not only provide a more reasonable interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation fields and but also help understand the differences of seismic deformation fields revealed by data with different observational modes, therefore promoting the application of InSAR technology in seismology.     

A Characteristic Analysis of the Dynamic Evolution of Preseismic- Coseismic-Postseismic Interferometric Deformation Fields Associated with the M 7.9 Earthquake of Mani, Tibet in 1997

By using the D-InSAR technique,we have acquired the temporal-spatial evolution images of preseismic-cosesimci-postseismic interferometric deformation fields associated with the M 7.9 earthquake of Mani,Tibet on 8 November 1997.The analysis of these images reveals the relationships between the temporal-spatial evolution features of the interferometric deformation fields and locking, rupturing,and elastic restoring of the source rupture plane,which represent the processes of strain accumulation,strain release,and postseismic restoration.The result shows that 10 months prior to the Mani event,a left-lateral shear trend appeared in the seismic area,which was in accordance with the earthquake fault in nature.The quantity of local deformation on the north wall was slightly larger than that on the south wall,and the deformation distribution area of the north wall was relatively large.With the event impending,the deformation of the south wall varied increasingly,and the deformation center shifted eastward.Two and half monthd before the event,the west side of the fault was still locked while the east side began to slide,implying that the whole fault would rupture at any moment.These features can be regarded as short-term precursors to this earthquake.Within the period from 16 April 1996 to two and half months before the earthquake,the most remarkable deformation zones appeared in the north and south walls,which were parallel to and about 40 km apart from the fault,with accumulated local displacements of 344 mm and 251 mm on the north and south walls,respectively.The south wall was the active one with larger displacements.Five months after the earthquake,the distribution feature of interferometric fringes was just opposite to that prior to the event,expressing evident right-lateral shear.The recovered displacements are～179 mm on the north wall and～79 mm on the south wall,close to the east side of the fault.However,in the area of the south wall far from the fault there still existed a trend of sinistral motion.The deformation of the north wall was small but recovered fast in a larger area,while the active south wall began to recover from the east section of the fault toward the WSW.     

The Seismogenic Structure and Deformation Mechanism of the Lushan (Mw 6.6) Earthquake,Sichuan, China

On April 20 th, 2013, an earthquake of magnitude MW 6.6 occurred at Lushan of Sichuan on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, with no typical coseismic surface rupture. This work plotted an isoseismal map of the earthquake after repositioning over 400 post–earthquake macro–damage survey points from peak ground acceleration(PGA) data recorded by the Sichuan Digital Strong Earthquake Network. This map indicates that the Lushan earthquake has a damage intensity of IX on the Liedu scale, and that the meizoseismal area displays an oblate ellipsoid shape, with its longitudinal axis in the NE direction. No obvious directivity was detected. Furthermore, the repositioning results of 3323 early aftershocks, seismic reflection profiles and focal mechanism solutions suggests that the major seismogenic structure of the earthquake was the Dayi Fault, which partly defines the eastern Mengshan Mountain. This earthquake resulted from the thrusting of the Dayi Fault, and caused shortening of the southern segment of the Longmenshan in the NW–SE direction. Coseismal rupture was also produced in the deep of the Xinkaidian Fault. Based on the above seismogenic model and the presentation of coseismic surface deformation, it is speculated that there is a risk of more major earthquakes occurring in this region.     

Analysis of Remote Sensing Images of Ground Ruptures Resulting from the Kunlun Mountain Pass Earthquake in 2001

1 IntroductionOn November 14, 2001, a large earthquake of M-8.1(magnitude of 8.1) occurred to the west of the KunlunMountain Pass which bounds Xinjiang Uygur AutonomousRegion and Qinghai Province. The Chinese seismicnetwork measured the epicenter of this event to be locatedat 36.2°N, 90.9°E, 350 km away from Golmud City ofQinghai and 400 km from Ruoqiang County of Xinjiang.This is the largest earthquake in the Chinese mainland sincethe M-8.0 earthquake occurring in Damxung of Tibet…     

Rapid Identification and Emergency Investigation of Surface Ruptures and Geohazards Induced by the M_s 7.1 Yushu Earthquake

<正>The rapid identification based on InSAR technology was proved to be effective in our emergency investigation of surface ruptures and geohazards induced by the Yushu earthquake.The earthquake-generating fault of the Yushu earthquake is the Yushu section of the Garze-Yushu faults zone.It strikes NWW-NW,23 km long near the Yushu County seat,dominated by left-lateral strike slip,and appearing as a surface rupture zone.The macroscopic epicenter is positioned at Guo-yang-yan -song-duo of Gyegu Town(33°03'11"N,96°51'26"E),where the co-seismic horizontal offset measured is 1.75 m.Geohazards induced by the Yushu earthquake are mainly rockfalls,landslides,debris flows, and unstable slopes.They are controlled by the earthquake-generating fault and are mostly distributed along it.There are several geohazard chains having been established,such as earthquake,canal damage,soil liquefying,landslide-debris flow,earthquake,soil liquefying,roadbed deformation,etc.In order to prevent seismic hazards,generally,where there is a visible surface rupture induced by the Yushu earthquake,reconstruction should be at least beyond 20 m,on each side,from it.Sufficient attention should also be given to potential geohazards or geohazard chains induced by the earthquake.     

建立在雷达卫星影像判读基础上四川龙门山断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究

介绍了应用雷达卫星影像对四川龙门山活动断裂开展断错地貌判读结果,展示了龙门山构造带4条分支断裂9个点位的雷达卫星影像图像、11个点位的野外调查结果及6个点位与断层活动性有关的地层测年。在11个野外调查点位中,位于青城山北面4条断裂8个点位均出现2008年5.12汶川MS8.0地震的地表破裂,其中包括沿青川断裂青溪段及金山寺断层沟谷出现的两条地表破裂,沿后山断裂带茂县北断层和汶川南七盘沟断层出现的地表破裂;   沿中央断裂带北川和小鱼洞南2个点位出现的地表破裂;   以及沿前山断裂汉旺台地前缘和青城山山前地表破裂点位。在这些地表破裂中,中央断裂带地表垂直位移为 2～6m,青川断裂、后山断裂和前山断裂多数段地表断错垂直位移量为 10～40cm。后者位移量虽小,也不应被忽视。本项研究结果表明,雷达卫星影像显示青川断裂与后山断裂带和中央断裂带右旋走滑明显。雷达卫星影像实地调查表明,前山断裂带南段的水口场－横山庙断裂带醒目的断错地貌引人注目。     

四川汶川MS 8.0大地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解析

2008年5月12日发生于四川盆地西部龙门山断裂带的汶川MS 8.0级大地震造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,并形成了空间上基本连续分布的地表破裂带（地震断层）。根据地表破裂带的解译标志及影像特征,我们充分利用震后中国科学院航空遥感飞机所获取的高分辨率航空遥感图像以及我国台湾福卫-2卫星遥感图像进行详细解译分析,并结合震后的多次野外科学考察与验证,初步查明了四川汶川MS 8.0级大地震所产生地表破裂带的空间分布特征。遥感解译分析表明汶川大地震产生的地表破裂带总计长约300 km,其几何学特征十分复杂,主要沿先存的NE走向活动断裂带呈不连续展布;变形特征以逆冲挤压为主兼具右旋走滑分量。按同震地表破裂带所在断裂带位置,可将其分为两条： 中央地表破裂带：沿映秀-北川断裂带分布,从西南开始呈北东向延伸至平武县水观乡石坎子北东一带,长约230 km,最大垂直位移量达6.0 m左右,最大右旋水平位移达5.8 m;山前地表破裂带：沿灌县-安县断裂带分布,由都江堰市向峨乡一带开始呈北东向延伸至安县雎水镇一带,长约70 km,以逆冲挤压为主,最大垂直位移量可达2.5 m。此外,遥感图像分析还表明上述地表破裂带与地质灾害分布在空间上具有十分密切的相关性,因此,挤压逆冲-走滑型地震断层的致灾效应研究是未来应该加以重视的研究课题。     

2008年汶川Ms8.0地震北川以北段地表破裂变形的主要样式

2008年5月12日发生的汶川地震是由青藏高原东部龙门山断裂的活动所导致。震后的调查表明,北川县城以北的断裂段破裂了约90km。在北川县城以北,不同地点沿地震地表破裂所展现的地表变形差异很大,可能反映了断裂附近地表特性的变化。文章主要从5个典型地点来阐述5种代表性的地表变形模式。前两个地点,在北川县城以北几公里,反映了近地表基岩中的一种变形和从基岩向松散堆积物过渡区的一种变形模式。与此两种断裂陡坎变形不同,中间的两个点则阐述了褶皱陡坎,它们反映了2008年地震中断裂断错在地表以下终止的不同情形。最后一个点位于汶川地震地表破裂的北端,可能代表了当地表破裂结束时地表变形的模式。在北川以北段地表破裂上典型地点的详细测量的基础上,通过归纳野外获得的地表变形资料,构建出汶川地震地表破裂北川以北段的基本变形模型。     

四川汶川5.12大地震同震滑动断层泥的发现及意义

2008年汶川8.0级地震沿龙门山断裂带内的映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂产生了近300 km的同震地表破裂带。震后地质科学考察发现地表变形以逆冲为主,并伴有右旋走滑。地震地表破裂带大多沿古生代碳质泥岩、页岩和三叠系煤系地层内的滑动面出露地表,这些软弱地层为地震破裂带冲到地表提供了超低摩擦滑动带。我们发现在同震垂直和水平位错达6m左右的地表破裂带,地震的同震滑动发生在厚度约0.5~2cm 的狭窄滑动带内,以发育新鲜的灰色断层泥为特征,这些断层泥是地震断层快速滑动过程中岩石—流体相互作用的结果。     

北川地区擂鼓断裂在汶川地震中的地表破裂及其意义

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0级特大地震发生后,在北川县擂鼓地区出露了一条擂鼓同震地表破裂带,该破裂带呈近南北向展布,位于映秀－北川断裂的中北段,其北东起于擂鼓镇柳林村北部,南西止于石岩村南部,以脆性破裂为特征,分别由3条呈北北东、北西西、北北东走向的地表破裂组成,延伸长度约4～5km,并切割了多种地貌单元,其平均垂直断距为1.5m,平均水平断距为1.4m,垂直与水平断距之比为1.07∶1。通过对该地表破裂带野外测量数据、几何展布结构及其成因机制的初步分析表明： 擂鼓断裂是出露于擂鼓地区的捩断层,具有捩断层的基本特性;其主要特征包括：1)擂鼓断裂的形成是由于在汶川地震中其东西两侧逆冲块体之间的差异性运动而引起; 2)断裂呈近南北向展布,与映秀－北川主干断裂近垂直相交;3)断面倾角较陡,为高角度断面的逆断层,具有逆冲兼走滑特征。