高原牧区雪灾的数值模拟

使用中科院的LASGη模式对1991年4月16-23日的高原牧区雪灾过程进行了降水模拟和成因分析,揭示了造成这次雪灾天气的主要原因,首次证实了该模式对雪灾天气有一定的预报能力.     

青藏高原雪灾天气的数值模拟

使用中科院的ＬＡＳＧη模式对１９９１ 年４ 月１６ 日—１９ 日、１９９２ 年３ 月１６ 日—１７ 日、１９９６ 年１１ 月１６ 日—１８ 日和１９９８ 年３ 月１８ 日—２０ 日四次高原牧区雪灾过程进行了降水模拟和成因分析,揭示了造成这次雪灾天气的主要因素,模拟雨量与实况吻合较好,证明了该模式对冬季高原降雪天气过程有一定的预报能力。     

高原牧区雪灾的数值模拟

使用中科院的ＬＡＳＧη模式对１９９１年４月１６－２３日的高原牧区雪灾过程进行了降水模拟和成因分析,揭示了造成这次雪灾天气的主要原因,首次证实了该模式对雪灾天气有一定的预报能力。     

2008年1月至3月果洛雪灾成因分析

2008年1月19日开始至3月8日期间,果洛地区连续出现了6次大范围降雪天气过程,造成果洛地区大面积积雪和持续低温天气,全州六县相继发生了雪灾。其中达日发生特大雪灾,玛沁、玛多、甘德发生重度雪灾,久治发生中度雪灾,班玛发生轻度雪灾。此次雪灾是果洛地区1993年以来出现范围最广、持续时间最长、影响程度最深的一次雪灾。雪灾造成果洛大范围公路交通严重受阻,牧民群众的日常生活受到严重影响,并造成了大量牧民群众冻伤和雪盲,同时雪灾造成大量牲畜死亡,给全州经济造成了巨大损失。在果洛地区6次大范围降雪天气过程中,其中1月19日-26日、1月29日－2月1日和2月9日－13日前3次降雪过程对果洛地区发生大范围雪灾和连续低温天气起到了重要作用。利用气象信息综合处理系统（MICAPS）提供的资料对引发果洛地区大范同雪灾的前三次降雪过程的大气环流特征和物理量等要素进行了天气学分析。     

图形模式识别方法及其在中期雪灾天气预报中的应用

文章介绍了一种将计算机图形识别技术与数值预报产品相结合, 预报中期天气过程的图形模式识别方法和模式基元识别过程。 利用 ECM WF 的产品, 建立川西北高原雪灾中期预报模型。 在计算机中模仿预报员的思维步骤, 自动分类推理判别, 滚动预报未来 3～ 5 日内雪灾天气发生日期。 1998 ～ 1999 年雪灾中期预报效果显著。     

青藏高原东部牧区冬季雪灾天气的形成及其预报

本对青藏高原东部牧区(1967～1996年)冬季发生的成灾性降雪天气过程进行了较为详细的分析。探讨了北冰洋低压槽、贝加尔湖低压、东亚大槽和南支槽等欧亚大型天气系统活动对高原冬季降雪天气形势形成的作用。归纳出两种高原冬季成灾性降雪天气形成的模型。重点讨论了高原气流波动不稳定对高原波槽形成的量化指标，找出了若干高原低温-降雪过程预报的统计关系，并对高原冬季的雪灾预报提出了着眼点。     

青藏高原东部牧区冬季雪灾天气的形成及其预报

对青藏高原东部牧区 ( 1967— 1996年 )冬季发生的成灾性降雪天气过程进行了较为详细的分析。探讨了北冰洋低压槽、贝加尔湖低压、东亚大槽和南支槽等欧亚大型天气系统活动对高原冬季降雪天气形势形成的作用。归纳出两种高原冬季成灾性降雪天气形成的模型。重点讨论了高原气流波动不稳定对高原波槽形成的量化指标 ,找出了若干高原低温—降雪过程预报的统计关系 ,并对高原冬季的雪灾预报提出了着眼点     

川西北高原雪灾与冷空气活动

初步揭示了影响阿坝牧区造成雪灾的冷空气的源地、移动路径、强度、引导冷空气上高原的有利环流形势。提出了因地形的作用使冷空气在雪灾过程中产生的特征,为监视和预报雪灾天气提供了科学依据。     

川西北高原雪灾与冷空气活动

初步揭示了影响阿坝牧区造成雪灾的冷空气的源地、移动路径、强度、引导冷空气上高原的有利环流形势.提出了因地形的作用使冷空气在雪灾过程中产生的特征,为监视和预报雪灾天气提供了科学依据.     

青藏高原对邻近地区天气系统影响的数值模拟研究

利用ＬＡＳＧη坐标有限区域数值预报模式,模拟了１９９８年４月２８日和８月９日四川盆地的两次暴雨过程中高原地形高度变化对５００ｈＰａ和２００ｈＰａ高度场、温度场和流场的影响。模拟结果表明：（１）高原地形高度的降低使本地的大尺度系统进一步加强,中小尺度的天气系统进一步加强,中小尺度的天气系统减弱或消失;（２）高夺地形高度降低,本地温度升高,盆地的温度下降,而且春季的影响比夏季大得多;（３）高原地形对流     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.