应力对岩石中孔隙流体压力的影响和地下水位震前异常变化机理.

在不同的围压和初始孔隙压力作用下,对孔隙岩石试件进行了不排液的三轴压缩试验,观测了轴向应变和孔隙压力随差应力的变化.试验结果表明:在低差应力下,孔隙压力随差应力的增加而增加.在中等和高差应力下孔隙压力随差应力的增加而降低.在高差应力下,孔隙压力也会随差应力的大幅度降低而升高.基于上述试验,假定地下水位的震前异常变化是地壳岩石中差应力变化的反映.根据这种假定解释了唐山大震前震中及外围地区地下水位异常变化的特征.      

温度压力孔隙压力对断层泥强度及滑动性质的影响

在不同的压力、温度和孔隙压力下进行了含四种不同断层泥标本的强度试验。碎屑型断层泥对压力很敏感,对温度无反应,对孔隙压力的反应符合有效应力律。粘土类断层泥则对温度和孔隙压力有明显响应。这些力学性质的差别反映了具体变形机制的差别     

粉喷桩施工引起的超孔隙水压力分析

依托江苏某省道软基处理工程对桩周土压力和超孔隙水压力进行现场测试。测试结果表明:粉喷桩施工过程中桩周土体同步产生较大超静孔隙水压力和土压力,随离桩距离增大而减小;施工完成后1小时内超孔隙水压力基本消散完毕;粉喷桩施工速度越快,土体中产生的超孔压越大;超孔压朝着施工方向累积,背着施工方向表现出遮蔽现象;跳打施工比顺序施工所产生的超孔压要小。通过改进施工速度、顺序、方向以及桩间距能有效地减小粉喷桩施工引起的超孔隙水压力。     

徐州市棠张镇饱和粉土液化性能试验研究

徐州市棠张镇高速铁路路基的粉土粘粒含量少于1．5％、粉粒含量约为80％,在强烈地震作用下存在着液化可能性,为了分析该路基粉土的液化特性,进行了多组振动三轴液化试验。对试验结果进行分析发现,该地区的粉土振动孔压发展模式与Seed提出的用反正弦三角函数拟合的砂十振动孔压发展模式不同,可以用双曲线进行拟合。采用最大往返剪切作用面上的应力条件确定了该地区的孔压发展模式的拟合参数,为该地区粉土地震液化动力计算分析提供了所需的地震孔隙水压力增长模型。同时,本文指出粉土的密度和结构是振动孔压发展的重要影响因素。     

塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应现场试验

结合申嘉湖杭高速公路练杭段加固软土地基工程开展了塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应的现场试验研究。设地表观测点观测桩打设过程中桩周土体隆起情况;采用绑定仪器的方形木桩等效模拟塑料套管混凝土桩研究不同时刻桩侧挤土压力和孔隙水压力的变化。结果表明打桩过程中在距桩中心约2.2倍沉管外径处地面隆起量最大,约为沉管外径的17.2%;打设完成第一根相邻桩(距离1.6 m)桩侧土压力及孔隙水压力增大10%～20%,其后随着打设桩距木桩距离的渐远,两次打桩后的土压曲线和孔压曲线变化不大,仅在下部桩端处变化较大;场地内桩打设完毕后,沉桩引起的超孔隙水压力逐步消散。根据实测数据建议塑料套管环刚度控制在8～16级。     

基于地下水位观测的震后孔隙回弹：以2000年冰岛地震为例

以2000年两次M_W 6.5冰岛地震为例，利用近场地下水位的同震响应和震后响应约束孔隙模型参数，分析了孔隙回弹效应造成的地表变形大小和时间演化过程。首先利用数值模拟方法获得地震造成的孔隙压力变化和测井水位响应的时间序列，并以测井水位的同震阶跃幅值和震后水位恢复速率分别约束孔隙模型中的Skempton系数和扩散系数；然后基于孔隙弹性模型使用最优孔隙参数模拟震后孔隙回弹效应引起的地壳变形。结果显示：孔隙压力的同震响应控制着孔隙回弹引起的地壳变形，其变形速率与流体扩散系数呈正相关关系；孔隙回弹造成的变形以垂直向为主，且随时间快速衰减。因此，利用近场地下水位的同震响应和震后响应可以约束孔隙模型参数，为获取震后孔隙回弹机制所致的地壳变形提供依据。     

饱和黄土动态液化和静态液化机理的差异性研究

饱和黄土在不同外荷载作用下其液化机理具有显著差异.为研究饱和黄土动态液化和静态液化机理的差异性,基于室内动三轴试验和静三轴试验,研究岷县永光饱和黄土动态液化后的动应力与轴向动应变关系、动孔隙水压力比与轴向动应变关系,分析其静态液化后的偏应力与轴向应变关系、孔隙水压力比与轴向应变关系,并结合液化前、后的SEM试验结果,研...     

粉土液化的小型振动台试验研究

利用小型振动台试验定性研究了K0固结状态下场地粉土的液化问题,验证了孔隙水压力增长模型的适用性。从运动微分方程推导了试验的近似相似律,并利用该相似律对试验进行了分析。     

不同结构的岩石试件变形破坏与孔隙压力关系的实验研究

根据华北地区地震地下水位动态观测井的含水层岩性、埋深与承压水头大小等实际条件，对具有不同结构的四种岩性试件，在不同围压、初始孔隙压力、变形速率下，进行了变形破坏过程中孔隙压力变化特征的实验研究，探讨了岩性、结构、围压、初即孔隙压力，变形速率等因素对井水位映震特征的影响。     

页岩气储层压力测井评价模型研究——以涪陵地区龙马溪组页岩为例

欠压实/构造抬升背景下附加生烃增压是形成页岩气储层异常高压的主要成因机制,单一成因机制的压力评价方法无法准确解决这类储层压力评价难题.本研究以页岩孔隙组分测井评价为基础,分析页岩储层压力与不同类型孔隙的成因关系,依据压实平衡原理,评价欠压实/构造抬升作用形成的"背景孔隙压力",进而推导Ⅰ型高-过熟干酪根生烃附加增压测井...     

Improved Parameter Resolution with Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation of Different Aquifer Tests

Hydraulic testing for aquifer characterization at contaminated sites often includes tests of short duration and of different types, such as slug tests and pumping tests, conducted at different phases of investigation. Tests conducted on a well cluster installed in a single aquifer can be combined in aggregate inverse analysis using an analytical model for groundwater flow near a test well. A genetic algorithm performs parallel search of the parameter space and provides starting parameter values for a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the parameter distribution. This sequence of inverse methods avoids guessing of the initial parameter vector and the often encountered difficult convergence of gradient-based methods and estimates the parameter covariance matrix from a distribution rather than from a single point in the parameter space. Combination of different tests improves the resolution of the estimated aquifer properties and allows an assessment of the uniformity of the aquifer. Estimated parameter correlations and standard deviations are used as relative metrics to distinguish well resolved and poorly resolved parameters. The methodology is demonstrated on example field tests in unconfined and leaky aquifers.     

Parameter structure identification using tabu search and simulated annealing

In groundwater modeling the identification of an optimal flow or transport parameter that varies spatially should include both the values and structure of the parameter. However, most existing techniques for parameter identification only consider the parameter values. In this study, the problem of identifying optimal parameter structure is treated as a large combinatorial optimization problem. Two recently developed heuristic search techniques, simulated annealing and tabu search, are used to solve the large combinatorial optimization problem. The effectiveness and flexibility of these two techniques are evaluated and compared with simple grid search and descent search, using preliminary results from one-dimensional examples. Among the techniques examined in this paper, tabu search performs extremely well in terms of the total number of function evaluations required.     

Using atmospheric tracers to reduce uncertainty in groundwater recharge areas

A Monte Carlo-based approach to assess uncertainty in recharge areas shows that incorporation of atmospheric tracer observations (in this case, tritium concentration) and prior information on model parameters leads to more precise predictions of recharge areas. Variance-covariance matrices, from model calibration and calculation of sensitivities, were used to generate parameter sets that account for parameter correlation and uncertainty. Constraining parameter sets to those that met acceptance criteria, which included a standard error criterion, did not appear to bias model results. Although the addition of atmospheric tracer observations and prior information produced similar changes in the extent of predicted recharge areas, prior information had the effect of increasing probabilities within the recharge area to a greater extent than atmospheric tracer observations. Uncertainty in the recharge area propagates into predictions that directly affect water quality, such as land cover in the recharge area associated with a well and the residence time associated with the well. Assessments of well vulnerability that depend on these factors should include an assessment of model parameter uncertainty. A formal simulation of parameter uncertainty can be used to delineate probabilistic recharge areas, and the results can be expressed in ways that can be useful to water-resource managers. Although no one model is the correct model, the results of multiple models can be evaluated in terms of the decision being made and the probability of a given outcome from each model.     

A Simplified Solution Using Izbash's Equation for Non-Darcian Flow in a Constant Rate Pumping Test

This paper derives an equivalent of Darcian Theis solution for non-Darcian flow induced by constant rate pumping of a well in a confined aquifer. The derivation, which is valid at later times only, is original. It utilizes Izbash's equation. This introduces an additional parameter to Darcian condition, namely, empirical exponent. The solution is a non-Drcian equivalent of Jacob straight line method for analyzing pumping tests at late times. It can be used to determine aquifer parameters: storativity, analogous hydraulic conductivity, and empirical exponent. However, while the Jacob method requires a minimum of only one pumping test with one observation well, the additional parameter in the present solution means that a minimum of two observation wells in one test or two pumping tests at different rates with one observation well are required. The derived solution is applied to a case study at Plomeur in Brittany, France, and is shown to provide a practical and efficient method for analyzing pumping tests where non-Darcian groundwater flow occurs.     

A combinatorial optimization scheme for parameter structure identification in ground water modeling

This research develops a methodology for parameter structure identification in ground water modeling. For a given set of observations, parameter structure identification seeks to identify the parameter dimension, its corresponding parameter pattern and values. Voronoi tessellation is used to parameterize the unknown distributed parameter into a number of zones. Accordingly, the parameter structure identification problem is equivalent to finding the number and locations as well as the values of the basis points associated with the Voronoi tessellation. A genetic algorithm (GA) is allied with a grid search method and a quasi-Newton algorithm to solve the inverse problem. GA is first used to search for the near-optimal parameter pattern and values. Next, a grid search method and a quasi-Newton algorithm iteratively improve the GA's estimates. Sensitivities of state variables to parameters are calculated by the sensitivity-equation method. MODFLOW and MT3DMS are employed to solve the coupled flow and transport model as well as the derived sensitivity equations. The optimal parameter dimension is determined using criteria based on parameter uncertainty and parameter structure discrimination. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the proposed methodology, in which the true transmissivity field is characterized by either a continuous distribution or a distribution that can be characterized by zones. We conclude that the optimized transmissivity zones capture the trend and distribution of the true transmissivity field.     

Empirical relationships for estimating stream depletion by a well pumping near a gaining stream

Siting wells near streams requires an accurate estimate of the quantity of water derived from the river due to pumping. A number of hydrogeological and hydraulic parameters influence this value. This study estimates stream depletion under steady-state conditions for a variety of hydrogeological systems. A finite differences model was used to analyze several hydrogeological situations, and for each of these the stream depletion was estimated using an advective transport method. An empirical equation for stream depletion was obtained for the case of a stream that partially penetrates the aquifer and a pumping well that is screened over a portion of the aquifer. The derived equation, which is valid for both isotropic and anisotropic conditions, expresses stream depletion as a function of the unit inflow to the river, the discharge of the pumping well, the well screen length, the distance between the river and pumping well, the wetted perimeter, and a new parameter called "overlap," which is defined to be the distance between the riverbed and the top of well screen. The overlap parameter makes it possible to consider indirectly the vertical component of flow, which is accentuated when the well is screened below the streambed. The formula proposed here should be useful in deciding where to locate a pumping well and to decide the appropriate length of its screen.     

A fast and robust two-point ray tracing method in layered media with constant or linearly varying layer velocity

A fast and robust method for two-point ray tracing in one-dimensional layered media is presented. This method is applicable to layered models with constant or linearly varying isotropic layer velocity. For given model properties and source and receiver positions, a ray path can be uniquely determined once its ray parameter (i.e. horizontal slowness) is known. The ray parameter can be obtained by numerically solving the nonlinear offset (i.e. source–receiver horizontal distance) equation using Newton's method, which generally works well at near and mid offsets. However, Newton's method becomes hard to converge at large offsets due to the oversensitivity of offset to ray parameter. Based on the analysis of the characteristic of the offset equation, a modified ray parameter is proposed and used to replace the generic ray parameter in numerical calculation. Numerical experiments show that the iteration process becomes stable and converges rapidly with the modified ray parameter. Moreover, a rational function that asymptotically approximates the shape of the offset equation is introduced for obtaining good initial estimates of the modified ray parameter. Numerical tests show that this method is robust in any situation, and an accurate ray parameter can be obtained within two or three iterations for a wide range of model velocity structure and source–receiver distance. Furthermore, the proposed two-point ray tracing method is easy to implement.     

Multi-level parameter structure identification for two-phase porous-media flow problems using flexible representations

We consider identification of absolute permeability (hydraulic conductivity) based on time series of pressure data in sparsely distributed wells for two-phase porous-media flow. For this problem, it is impossible to recover all details of the parameter function. On the other hand, a coarser, approximate recovery may be sufficient for many applications. We propose a novel solution approach, based on reparametrization, for such approximate identification of the parameter function. We use a nonlinear, composite representation, which is detached from the computational grid, allowing for a flexible representation of the parameter function at many resolution levels. This is utilized in a sequential multi-level estimation of the parameter function, starting at a coarse resolution, which is then gradually refined. The composite representation is designed to allow for smooth as well as sharp transitions between regions of nearly constant parameter value. Moreover, it facilitates the estimation also of the structure and smoothness of the parameter function itself. As a limiting case, the chosen representation is reduced to a zonation with implicit representation of the interior boundaries that is equivalent to a level-set representation. A motivation for the selected representation and the multi-level estimation is presented in terms of an analysis of sensitivity and nonlinearity. Numerical examples demonstrate identification of coarse-scale features of reference permeability distributions with varying degree of smoothness. Comparisons show how the multi-level strategy stabilize the identification and avoid local minima of the objective function compared to a single-level strategy.     

In situ disdrometer calibration using multiple DSD moments

In situ calibration is a proposed strategy for continuous as well as initial calibration of an impact disdrometer. In previous work, a collocated tipping bucket had been utilized to provide a rainfall rate based ～11/3 moment reference to an impact disdrometer’s signal processing system for implementation of adaptive calibration. Using rainfall rate only, transformation of impulse amplitude to a drop volume based on a simple power law was used to define an error surface in the model’s parameter space. By incorporating optical extinction second moment measurements with rainfall rate data, an improved in situ disdrometer calibration algorithm results due to utilization of multiple (two or more) independent moments of the drop size distribution in the error function definition. The resulting improvement in calibration performance can be quantified by detailed examination of the parameter space error surface using simulation as well as real data.     

Stability of model performance and parameter values on two catchments facing changes in climatic conditions

Abstract

Hydrological models are often used for studying the hydrological effects of climate change; however, the stability of model performance and parameter values under changing climate conditions has seldom been evaluated and compared. In this study, three widely-used rainfall–runoff models, namely the SimHYD model, the HBV model and the Xin’anjiang model, are evaluated on two catchments subject to changing climate conditions. Evaluation is carried out with respect to the stability in their performance and parameter values in different calibration periods. The results show that (a) stability of model performance and parameter values depends on model structure as well as the climate of catchments, and the models with higher performance scores are more stable in changing conditions; (b) all the tested models perform better on a humid catchment than on an arid catchment; (c) parameter values are also more stable on a humid catchment than on an arid catchment; and (d) the differences in stability among models are somewhat larger in terms of model efficiency than in model parameter values.