马衔山北缘断裂带及庄浪河断裂带的地震危险性分析

以GPS观测资料和部分地质方法所获得的断裂活动性参数为约束,基于弹性半无限空间断裂位错理论,反演获得庄浪河断裂、马衔山北缘断裂带各主要断裂段的现今滑动速率。结果表明,马衔山北缘断裂带的马衔山段左旋走滑较明显,量值达3.91 mm/a,而东、西两段走滑分量不明显,整个马衔山北缘断裂带有较明显的逆冲分量,以东段的内官营段逆冲倾滑最明显,量值达3.0 mm/a;庄浪河断裂有0.5~1.2 mm/a的逆倾滑分量,走滑分量不明显。在此基础上,计算了各个断裂段的地震复发间隔,并运用时间相依的概率模型计算了未来30 a、50 a和100 a的发震概率。     

用GPS数据反演分析海原断裂带分段活动特征

首先应用1999-2007年的GPS观测资料分析海原断裂带的运动特征,看出期间该断裂带GPS站点运动速度由南向北逐渐衰减,在NWW和NE走向断层两盘的运动差异较为明显,断层的活动以走滑运动为主.然后依据地质、地球物理等资料给出反演参数初值,利用水平形变资料对断裂三段的走滑速率及断层下界深度进行反演.结果为从西到东断裂带各段走滑速率分别为8.25 mm/a、5.49 mm/a和5.97 mm/a,断层底部深度依次为22.8 km;13.3 km;11.1 km.综合分析认为毛毛山-老虎山断裂运动速度明显高于海原断裂速度,在速度变化梯度较大的毛毛山断裂存在6级以上地震空区,推测具有发生强震的危险性.     

基于GPS数据的海原-六盘山断裂带滑动速率亏损时空分布

利用青藏高原东北缘及周缘地区1999—2007年和2009—2014年2个时段的GPS水平运动速度场做约束,反演获取了海原-六盘山断裂带的闭锁程度和滑动速率亏损的时空分布演化。结果表明,海原断裂带以左旋走滑亏损为主,六盘山断裂北段以逆冲倾滑速率亏损为主,南段则以正向倾滑为主。其中,毛毛山断裂和老虎断裂西段在2个时段的闭锁深度都达到25km,最大左旋滑动亏损为6mm/a。老虎山东段和海原断裂(狭义)闭锁程度低,主要处于蠕滑状态。六盘山断裂2个时段的闭锁深度可达35km,最大逆冲滑动速率亏损为2mm/a。汶川地震后,六盘山断裂上逆冲滑动速率亏损高值区由中段迁移至北段且范围减小,南段则变成正倾滑速率亏损。毛毛山、老虎山西段和六盘山断裂的地震危险性要明显高于海原-六盘山断裂带其他断层段。     

依兰—伊通断裂带黑龙江段构造运动特征

为研究依兰—伊通断裂带黑龙江段构造运动特征,基于2016—2019年GPS和地质资料,解算了该断裂的三维速度场,通过构建断层模型反演了滑动速率。结果显示:依兰—伊通断裂带黑龙江段总体呈下沉趋势,沉降速率在1~2 mm/a,断裂呈右旋走滑态势,闭锁层15 km以下走滑速率为(1.7±0.4)mm/a。佳木斯—萝北段以右旋走滑为主、拉张为辅;五常—佳木斯段以拉张为主、右旋走滑为辅。     

兰州马衔山北缘断裂带的新活动特征

通过详细地质填图研究获得了兰州马衔山北缘断裂带的几何学、新活动性、断错微地貌及滑动速率等的定量资料。马衔山北缘断裂为一条历史悠久的区域性活动断裂 ,其几何形态较简单 ,总体走向N6 0°W ,全长约 115 .5km。根据断裂分叉、拐弯及不连续阶区等几何特征和活动性的差异 ,大致可以将该断裂划分为 4条次级断层段 ,自东向西分别称为内官营段、马衔山段、七道梁段和雾宿山段。断裂的新活动具分段性 ,其中的内官营段为具逆断特性的晚更新世活动段 ,而马衔山段、七道梁段和雾宿山段均为全新世活动段。该断裂早期具逆断特性 ,大约自中更新世以来以左旋走滑为主兼具倾滑运动分量 ,形成了一系列山脊、冲沟、阶地等的左旋断错 ,断距几米至几百米。沿断裂带的水平位移具分组现象 ,可能反映了断裂的黏滑活动特性。根据Ⅰ ,Ⅱ级阶地的左旋断错值及其年代 ,得到了马衔山北缘断裂带晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率约为 3.73mm/a。同时沿断裂带还保存有断崖和断坎等 ,其中Ⅰ级阶地上的断坎高 1～ 1.5m左右     

用GPS数据反演海原断裂带断层滑动速率和闭锁深度c

以ldquo;中国地壳运动观测网络rdquo;区域站在海原断裂带附近的所有观测数据及跨断裂GPS剖面观测数据作为约束,用Smith 3-D体力模型反演了海原断裂带断层滑动速率和断层闭锁深度．从西到东断裂共分为5段,采用遗传算法拟合GPS水平运动速度场,拟合残差均方根为1.1mm/a.反演结果为:毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率为3.5mm/a,闭锁深度为22.0km;老虎山断裂左旋走滑速率为6.5mm/a,闭锁深度为１10.3km;海原断裂带西段、中段和东段的滑动速率依次为4.5mm/a、5.6mm/a和5.5mm/a,闭锁深度依次为8.4km、3.6km和4.3km．表明毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率小,闭锁深度大,有利于应变能的积累,使得该断裂及附近地区存在发生强震的背景．      

用GPS数据反演海原断裂带断层滑动速率和闭锁深度

以"中国地壳运动观测网络"区域站在海原断裂带附近的所有观测数据及跨断裂GPS剖面观测数据作为约束,用Smith 3-D体力模型反演了海原断裂带断层滑动速率和断层闭锁深度.从西到东断裂共分为5段,采用遗传算法拟合GPS水平运动速度场,拟合残差均方根为1.1 mm/a.反演结果为:毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率为3.5 mm/a,闭锁深度为22.0km;老虎山断裂左旋走滑速率为6.5 mm/a,闭锁深度为10.3 km;海原断裂带西段、中段和东段的滑动速率依次为4.5 mm/a、5.6 mm/a和5.5 mm/a,闭锁深度依次为8.4 km、3.6km和4.3 km.表明毛毛山断裂左旋走滑运动速率小,闭锁深度大,有利于应变能的积累,使得该断裂及附近地区存在发生强震的背景.     

综合利用多种地壳形变观测资料计算鲜水河断裂带现今滑动速率

本文首先沿走向将鲜水河断裂带划分为炉霍、道孚、乾宁、康定和磨西五个断裂段,利用沿断裂带布设的跨断层短基线、短水准场地测量资料计算了近场的断层活动参数,利用覆盖断裂带相对较大区域的重力、GPS观测资料计算了重力场动态变化、GPS速度场.基于重力场动态变化和GPS速度场采用蚁群算法和粒子群算法(具有全局优化的优势)分别反演计算了五个断裂段断层活动参数,将结果中的走滑分量作为五个断裂段的现今走滑速率.通过对以上三类现今走滑速率及五个断裂段的地质平均滑动速率进行融合与对比分析,将重力资料反演计算结果作为断裂带整体走滑速率,与跨断层短基线、短水准测量计算的断层滑动速率结果进行对比分析,初步判定了各跨断层短基线、短水准场地所跨断裂的性质,最终给出了五个断裂段的现今整体左旋走滑速率和部分分支断裂左旋走滑速率,结果为:(1)炉霍段为9.13mm·a~(-1),虾拉沱区域西支断裂为2.46mm·a~(-1),东支断裂为5.84mm·a~(-1).(2)道孚段为8.57mm·a~(-1),东南段沟普区域西支断裂为1.78mm·a~(-1),东支断裂为6.79mm·a~(-1).(3)乾宁段为7.67mm·a~(-1).(4)康定段为6.14mm·a~(-1).(5)磨西段为4.41mm·a~(-1).本文还定性讨论了断裂带两侧重力、GPS测点覆盖范围内活动地块的三维弹塑性变形和古地震、历史地震造成的永久位错.     

滇中主要活断层现今活动性研究

为研究滇中地区主要断层的活动特征,利用1999—2007年和2011—2017年2期GPS观测资料以及地质资料,基于Okada位错模型反演了研究区域主要断层的滑动速率和闭锁深度。结果表明:(1)红河断裂带的走滑速率为(1.5±1.6)～(4.7±1.5) mm/a,倾滑速率为(-3.6±1.6)～(1.9±2.4) mm/a,断裂南段的活动性更强;(2)无量山断裂和南华—楚雄—建水断裂的走滑速率为(4.0±1.6)～(5.6±1.5) mm/a和(4.8±1.4)～(6.6±1.6) mm/a,倾滑速率分别为(-0.7±1.5)～(0.2±1.4) mm/a和(-5.8±1.5)～(1.7±1.8)mm/a;(3)红河断裂带元江—元阳段和洱源—弥渡段、无量山断裂带和南华—楚雄—建水断裂带西段处于震间闭锁状态,闭锁深度分别为6.8 km,7 km和7.2 km。     

川滇菱形块体主要边界运动模型的GPS数据反演分析

利用川滇地区1991-1999年的高精度GPS观测处理结果,采用稳健 - 贝叶斯最小二乘算法与多断裂位错模型,分析研究了川滇菱形块体主要边界运动的定量模型.反演分析表明:川西鲜水河断裂带和安宁河断裂带的左旋走滑运动速率约30mm/a,倾滑运动(逆断层)速率分别约9-11mm/a;滇西红河断裂带、程海断裂带、鹤庆 - 洱源断裂带的走滑运动(分别为右旋、左旋、左旋)速率分别约、11、13mm/a,倾滑运动(正断层)速率分别约16、24、16mm/a;如将其视为弹性应力应变积累,则各断层每年有相当于6级左右的地震能量积累.依据上述反演结果,模拟了区域主要断层运动引起的水平位移、应变速率场图像,显示了边界断裂及其之间的相互作用.     

沂沭断裂带安丘-莒县断裂安丘-朱里段几何结构与活动特征

安丘-莒县断裂是沂沭断裂带最主要的活动断裂,对强震的发生具有明显的控制作用。该断裂的安丘—朱里段由南流段、双官—眉村段和朱里段3条右阶斜列的次级断裂所组成,以右旋走滑活动为主,兼有正断或逆冲活动分量;其最新活动时代推断为晚更新世—全新世早期。根据断裂活动性的最新研究成果,认为在莒县至昌邑之间安丘-莒县断裂仍是占主导地位的活动断裂,与公元前70年安丘7级地震的发生具有密切关系     

关于“城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工作大纲(试行)”的几点认识

“十五”期间即将实施20个省会级城市的活断层探测与地震危险性评价工程。文中对该工程的技术指导性文件“城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价工作大纲(试行)”的基本内容和领会要点进行了阐述。对“工作大纲”的5大属性(科学性、普适性、包容性、可操作性、约束性)作了说明,对探测工程的主要对象活断层和地震活断层进行了界定,对工作区和目标区的内涵及工作途径的差别做了解释。分析了工程所面对的3个层次的科学问题和实施过程中的5个步骤,并对每个步骤中需要注意的事项和应采取的对策分别进行了探讨。文章阐述了探测过程中安排中期验收的必要性,指出本工程是以往各震害防御工作的延续、发展与深入     

THE CRUSTAL SHALLOW STRUCTURES AND FAULT ACTIVITY DETECTION IN XINYI SECTION OF TAN-LU FAULT ZONE

The Tan-Lu fault zone is the largest active tectonic zone in eastern China, with a complex history of formation and evolution, and it has a very important control effect on the regional structure, magmatic activity, the formation and distribution of mineral resources and modern seismic activity in eastern China. Xinyi City has a very important position as a segmental node in the Shandong and Suwan sections of the Tan-Lu fault zone. Predecessors have conducted research on the spatial distribution, occurrence and activity characteristics of the shallow crustal faults in the Suqian section of the Tan-Lu belt, and have obtained some new scientific understandings and results. However, due to different research objectives or limitations of research methods, previous researches have either focused on the deep crustal structure, or targeted on the Suqian section or other regions. However, the structural style and deep-shallow structural association characteristics of Xinyi section of Tan-Lu belt have not been well illustrated, nor its activity and spatial distribution have been systematically studied. In order to investigate the shallow crustal structure features, the fault activities, the spatial distribution and the relationship between deep and shallow structures of the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault, we used a method combining mid-deep/shallow seismic reflection exploration and first-break wave imaging. Firstly, a mid-deep seismic reflection profile with a length of 33km and a coverage number greater than 30 was completed in the south of Xinyi City. At the same time, using the first arrival wave on the common shot record, the tomographic study of the shallow crust structure was carried out. Secondly, three shallow seismic reflection profiles and one refraction tomography profile with high resolution across faults were presented. The results show that the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone is a fault zone composed of five concealed main faults, with a structural pattern of “two grabens sandwiched by a barrier”. The five main faults reveal more clearly the structural style of “one base between two cuts” of the Tan-Lu fault zone. From west to east, the distribution is as follows: on the west side, there are two high-angle faults, F₄ and F₃, with a slot-shaped fault block falling in the middle, forming the western graben. In the middle, F₃ and F₂, two normal faults with opposite dip directions, are bounded and the middle discontinuity disk rises relatively to form a barrier. On the east side, F₂ and F₁, two conjugate high-angle faults, constitute the eastern graben. The mid-deep and shallow seismic reflection profiles indicate that the main faults of the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone have a consistent upper-lower relationship and obvious Quaternary activities, which play a significant role in controlling the characteristics of graben-barrier structure and thickness of Cenozoic strata. The shape of the reflective interface of the stratum and the characteristics of the shallow part of the fault revealed by shallow seismic reflection profiles are clear. The Mohe-Lingcheng Fault, Xinyi-Xindian Fault, Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault and Shanzuokou-Sihong Fault not only broke the top surface of the bedrock, but also are hidden active faults since Quaternary, especially the Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault which shows strong activity characteristics of Holocene. The results of this paper provide a seismological basis for an in-depth understanding of the deep dynamics process of Xinyi City and its surrounding areas, and for studying the deep-shallow tectonic association and its activity in the the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault.     

京、津、唐地区活动断裂带的形变特征

本文主要利用复测水准、基线资料研究本区活动断裂的现代活动性。计算出近20条断裂的垂直运动量及少数断裂的水平运动量。根据断裂活动垂直运动年速率的水平将该区断裂分为两类,第一类1—10毫米,第二类小于1毫米。结合地震、地质资料讨论了本区活动断裂的现代活动特征     

青藏高原动力学数值模拟方法与研究进展

对青藏高原演化动力学问题近20年来开展了很多数值模拟工作. 本文初步回顾了主要数值模型的特点及模拟所得到的结果，同时对它们进行了比较分析. 早期的平面模型，与高原的实际变形特点（如地壳增厚、侧向排出等）相差较大；薄片或薄板流变模型，可以研究垂向地壳厚度的变化及重力对变形的影响，适用于研究大尺度、长时间的变形；断裂对大陆变形影响的研究，需要进一步加强.      

地震序列性质与断层分维研究

本文引入地震断层的自扩展破裂模式,用以解释地震序列的特征并计算地震断层的分维数。由自扩展破裂模式,本文导出地震断层的分维数为D=ln(1+Abln q/1+q)/ln q/1+q,其中q为余震区长度与主震的破裂尺度之比,A=2.1。在q≥1时,D=Ab,这与Aki的公式b=D/2是一致的。     

确定辽东半岛潜在震源区的断层活动性研究

本文讨论了在地震活动中等或较弱、而又没有发现古地震遗迹的地区(辽东半岛属于这类地区),如何利用断层活动性资料评价该区的地震危险性和确定潜在震源区的问题,并取得以下结果:1.该区发生的5级以上地震基本与晚更新世有过活动的断层有关;2.研究区活断层据其运动特性划分为以粘滑为主、蠕滑为主和粘滑、蠕滑兼有三类。6级地震发生在粘滑断层段;3.利用晚更新世活断层长度和个别断层的位移量估算了一些断层可能的最大震级     

镜泊湖全新世火山空降碎屑剖面和喷发历史

镜泊湖全新世火山群 10余座火山分成 5个小的喷发中心位居西南和东北两区 ,每个喷发中心由 2～ 4个火山组成。西南区包括“火山口森林”、“大干泡”、“五道沟”和“迷魂阵”等 4个喷发中心 ,东北区仅“蛤蟆塘”1个喷发中心。火山喷发的产物主要包括熔岩流、溅落堆积和空降堆积 ,火口的锥体主要由溅落堆积的火山渣、火山弹、熔岩饼和薄层熔岩流组成。在“大干泡”和“蛤蟆塘”两处的空降碎屑堆积可达数米厚。镜泊湖全新世火山岩分布面积近 5 0 0km2 ,岩浆主要源自“火山口森林”的1号和 4号火口。文中通过“火山口森林”4号火口空降碎屑实测剖面及其碳化木14 C定年 ,纠正了以往的14 C定年资料 ,认为镜泊湖全新世火山的喷发活动主要在距今 5 2 0 0～ 5 5 0 0a,相继由多次喷发形成 10余座火山。研究认为 ,镜泊湖地区全新世期间不存在以千年计的 3期火山喷发活动     

THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION

The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future.