Accuracy of tsunami travel‐time charts

Abstract

The tsunami travel‐time charts that are presently in use by the Tsunami Warning Center were constructed originally in 1948 based on the hydrographic data available in the mid 1940s. Even the revised charts of 1971 made use of essentially the same data. It is shown here that the travel times deduced by these charts could be in error by as much as two hours in some cases. Even worse, the compiled travel times as deduced from these charts are generally greater than the observed travel times, which is a dangerous situation from a tsunami warning point of view.     

变异函数在水深场空间结构分析中的应用

引进了地统计学中的变异函数,通过对我国多幅航海图和港湾图水深数据的计算分析,初步揭示了水深场的空间变异特征.结果表明:水深点的空间相关性与相互间的距离和所表征的海底地形有关;在不同的尺度下水深场的空间变异特征不同;水深场的空间变异存在各向异性.     

海图产品质量模糊综合评判模型的构建方法

针对当前海图产品质量评定方法的不足,运用数学分析方法,结合模糊综合评判原理,建立了一种海图产品质量评定的数学模型。首先介绍了当前海图产品质量评定的方法及模糊综合评判的基本原理;然后通过分析海图质量的影响因素和质量分级方案,确定相应的评判方法和质量标准数值化方法;最后按照模糊综合评判的一般步骤构建适用于海图产品质量评定的数学模型。该模型利用各评价因素对不同质量等级的隶属度来体现其反映的质量信息,使质量本身所具有的模糊属性得到体现和尊重,避免了基于刚性质量观的评价所面对的问题。     

S-57标准电子航海图编号向S-101标准转换研究

S-101标准电子航海图数据即将正式发布提供用户使用,IHO及有关GIS软件也相继开发了数据转换软件及功能,为实现S-57标准电子航海图编号向S-101标准电子航海图编号的自动转换,通过对比分析S-57标准和S-101标准对数据集编号规则的不同,结合我国电子航海图编号规则,找出两个标准之间编号规律特点及联系,研究提出了S-57标准电子航海图编号向S-101转换的一般规则,特别是针对我国部分S-57标准电子航海图中一些特殊编号,提出相同部分直接转换,不同部分对照转换的方法,实现海图编号的自动转换。     

长江口海图深度基准面换算关系研究

长江口不同时期的海图采用的深度基准面不一样 ,为充分利用诸多历史海图资料 ,需要了解历史海图深度基准面之间的关系。本文介绍了海图理论深度基准面 (前苏联弗拉基米斯基的低潮面 )的推算方法 ,用Matlab语言实现了对海图理论深度基准面的人机交互式计算。利用 1977年实测潮位资料计算获得的调和常数 ,计算了长江口 10个验潮站的深度基准面 ,探讨了不同深度基准面之间的换算关系     

基于基准统一的数字海图无缝拼接相关问题研究

由于测量方法、技术和时间的不同,海图存在投影、平面基准及其高程/深度基准不一致的问题,使得地理信息难以实现无缝拼接,给航空地形测量、滩涂地区的开发利用及三军协同作战带来了很大的困难。文中介绍了海图缝隙的来源,重点讨论了拼接资料间的基准转换与统一及海图图层和要素所需进行的改动。     

编制北极地区航海图有关问题的探讨

介绍了北极的概念,从海图投影、制图资料、专题符号、海图分幅等4个方面,研究了当前编制北极地区航海图需要解决的关键问题,为开展编制北极航海图的深入研究奠定了一定的基础。     

海图更新自动检测系统的设计与实现

海图更新通常是局部要素更新、但是为了防止误操作或拓扑关系变化等原因造成未更新区域要素变化,需要对全图进行检查验收,大大降低了生产效率,同时也增加了人为出错概率。以海图未更新区域自动检测为研究对象,从局部要素更新海图的质量检查内容和特点出发,结合海图更新出版流程,提出了基于数字海图矢量数据比对的质量检查方法,设计了自动更新检测流程,实现了局部更新海图未更新区域要素数据的自动质量检查。应用实践证明,文中提出的方法提高了局部要素更新海图的质量水平和质量检查效率。     

海道测量成果文档处理系统设计与实现

针对目前海道测量成果文档管理存在的问题,设计了海道测量成果文档处理系统的整体框架,完善了成果文档处理系统的功能及附加功能,探讨了系统界面设计及VB控制Word技术的应用,最后基于VB平台,自主研发了海道测量成果文档处理系统。该系统规范了文档内容和格式,实现了从原始数据到成果文档的自动化处理,提高了成果文档质量和资料整理效率,研究成果在相关单位试用已取得良好的效果,可推广应用于各海洋测绘单位,并作为年度海道测量成果质量检查的依据。     

Classification of inorganic natural fine-grained soils in Korea based on modified plasticity chart

Classification of fine-grained soils is typically conducted using plasticity charts. The typically used plasticity chart proposed by Casagrande was questioned by Polidori proposing different classification criterion in separating clayey and silty soils. Using natural clayey and silty soils sampled from four different coastal sites in Korea, applicability of both Casagrande’s and Polidori’s plasticity charts was evaluated. Classification results of Korean natural soils based on the Casagrande’s and Polidori’s plasticity charts did not match well with those based on the soils’ behavior reported in the previous publication. The disagreement in classification of Korean natural fine-grained soils may result from disregard of considerable silt fraction effect on plastic and liquid limits for Polidori’s chart. Consequently, revised proposal of Polidori’s plasticity chart was tentatively made for further classification of fine-grained soils suitable for Korean natural soils by accounting the effect of silt fraction on soil classification.     

海岸带遥感影像与海图融合显示技术研究

针对海岸带遥感影像和海图综合显示问题展开研究,以Osg Earth数字地球平台为基础,将遥感影像和电子海图分别以瓦片服务形式进行加载,通过GPU对数据瓦片进行着色处理,在终端进行数据叠加实现融合显示。实验结果表明,该方法能够实时提供浮雕、黑白、透明度叠加等显示效果,为海岸带遥感影像与海图综合可视化提供了一种可行的技术方案。     

The navigational chart and marine positioning in the 1990s

Abstract

The historical development of positioning in relation to the nautical chart is described. Present nautical charts are largely based on geodetic surveys which date from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This gave rise to the use of many local datums and there has been a need to provide the mariner with information to enable him to transfer his position from one chart to an adjacent one on a different datum. The availability of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) datum enables positioning on a single worldwide datum to become a reality. The important factors affecting the adoption of WGS84 as the datum for nautical charts—namely, data availability and the practical and political considerations—are discussed.

New developments in the use of nautical charts, the electronic chart display and information systems, and the delineation of international boundaries and territorial limits all give rise to the requirement for improved positional accuracies.

Recent experience in the use of GPS both in the provision of control for shore stations of electronic position‐fixing systems and the provision of position for hydrographic surveys is briefly discussed.     

基于电子海图的智能潜水器路径规划研究

随着地理信息系统技术的发展,电子海图作为一种专门的电子地图也越来越成熟。电子海图中提供了详细而准确的海洋环境信息。利用电子海图的环境建模和考虑海流因素的遗传搜索策略为解决大范围海洋环境下智能潜水器全局路径规划提供了一个新的方法。利用电子海图中的信息对智能潜水器的工作环境进行环境建模,以遗传多目标优化算法为搜索策略进行全局路径规划,并考虑海流因素对潜水器的影响,使潜水器在航行时可充分利用海流的能量。通过仿真试验对环境建模和路径规划进行了验证。该方法具有很好的实用性。     

基于航海应用的海图数据库比例尺分级研究

介绍了我国海图生产现状及基于数据库的海图制图技术,针对以航海图生产为主要目的的海图数据库建设中的比例尺分级问题,依据统一的样本海图选择原则,计算海部要素载负量,计算结果表明,海图载负量数值受地形、人为等因素影响大。定义一个全水深的理想海部区域,通过确定水深注记间距和载负量之间的关系、参考现有海图水深注记最小间距值和航海应用对海图比例尺分级的需求等因素,最终确定了海图数据库比例尺分级方案。     

等距离正圆柱投影在极区海图中的应用研究

针对当前极区投影方式在极区海图编制及应用方面不完全适用的问题,结合现有航海图制作及使用习惯,提出了选用等距离正圆柱投影作为极区海图投影的设想,并分析了其适用性及应用方面存在的不足。重点对该投影海图使用过程中较为关注的等角航线展绘和图上方位、距离量测等应用问题进行了研究并提出相应的解决方法。同时通过具体算例,证明了所提方法的可行性,为该投影在极区海图中的应用奠定了基础。     

An Electronic Chart Display and Information System

This article introduces the most advanced form of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) which complies with the performance standards for ECDIS established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). It also describes the key features and the important functions of ECDIS, which we developed. This system is different from the productions developed by C-map, Seven-cs, offshore, and others. It is more suitable for China Marine Safety Administration Bureau to manage the navigation marks real-time. Using this system charts were located and accessed rapidly, and displayed smoothly. This article also discusses in ECDIS application system how to dynamically access and desert charts data in a limited memory (limited computer memory and resource). We constructed a tridimensional structure to manage a large amount of charts data. Vertically, according to the scale range, all charts were divided into eight levels, and a data structure called as “Multiple Scale Quad-tree” was constructed. And horizontally, a grid (every unit has a fixed size) was given to a certain scale level. We call this data structure a “Regular Page.” We explore the implementation of such a structure on the worldwide charts management utilizing quad-trees. Then we discuss the future development of ECDIS and its application system in marine agencies in China.     

Morphological analysis and recognition of scanned raster nautical chart

In current practice in the development of hydrographic information systems, the automatic acquisition of spatial data has been considered to be very difficult. One of the key problems is recognition and correct separation of a feature from a complex graphic background. For these problems, this article presents a new concept of graph subsets to describe graph structures and composition rules of symbols in nautical charts. Based on this concept, morphological methods and operations in graph theory are unified into a coherent mathematical framework specially designed for analysis and recognition of binary chart images. In particular, an experimental system composed of feature extraction, symbol recognition, geometric reasoning, and intelligent control is developed for automatic digitization of nautical charts.     

An Electronic Chart Display and Information System

This article introduces the most advanced form of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) which complies with the performance standards for ECDIS established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). It also describes the key features and the important functions of ECDIS, which we developed. This system is different from the productions developed by C-map, Seven-cs, offshore, and others. It is more suitable for China Marine Safety Administration Bureau to manage the navigation marks real-time. Using this system charts were located and accessed rapidly, and displayed smoothly. This article also discusses in ECDIS application system how to dynamically access and desert charts data in a limited memory (limited computer memory and resource). We constructed a tridimensional structure to manage a large amount of charts data. Vertically, according to the scale range, all charts were divided into eight levels, and a data structure called as “Multiple Scale Quad-tree” was constructed. And horizontally, a grid (every unit has a fixed size) was given to a certain scale level. We call this data structure a “Regular Page.” We explore the implementation of such a structure on the worldwide charts management utilizing quad-trees. Then we discuss the future development of ECDIS and its application system in marine agencies in China.     

基于ArcGIS的海图立体修测技术

海图修测是海洋测绘的重要任务,实际生产中尚未建立采集、编辑、入库一体化的立体影像海图修测技术。分析了立体测图技术的现状和发展趋势,以及海图修测技术特点和需求,提出了基于Arc GIS的立体影像海图修测技术方案,论述了功能模块组成和软件嵌入方法,给出了软件研制的技术要求。该技术方案能够实现海图修测的立体采集、直接入库的应用要求,拓展海图修测数据源,提高作业效率,为海洋测绘航空摄影测量体系建设提供参考。     

基于T/P和Jason-1/2卫星高度计海面高度数据获取南海同潮图的研究

随着卫星高度计资料的不断丰富,通过对卫星高度计所得潮汐调和常数进行插值或拟合得到潮汐同潮图成为可能。本文拟对T/P(TOPEX/POSEIDON)、Jason-1和Jason-2卫星高度计数据进行分析,得到南海区域星下观测点处四个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1和O1分潮)的调和常数,进而利用双调和样条插值方法对其进行插值,获取南海同潮图。首先,以1992～2016年T/P和Jason卫星高度计所得海面高度数据为基础,利用调和分析方法计算了南海星下观测点处M2、S2、K1和O1四个主要分潮的调和常数,并与40个验潮站数据进行了对比,最大矢量均差为4.99cm,说明分析所得调和常数与利用验潮站资料提取的调和常数的误差较小。进而采用双调和样条插值方法对星下点调和常数进行插值,得到了南海四个主要分潮的同潮图,所得结果与全球潮汐模型TPXO7.2模式结果的矢量均差分别为4.69、2.46、3.13和2.42 cm,与141个验潮站处观测结果的矢量均差分别为22.59、10.26、10.24和8.51 cm。此外,插值所得四个主要分潮的无潮点位置与前人研究结果相近。上述实验结果表明:利用双调和样条插值方法对卫星高度计所得调和常数进行插值能够获取较为准确的同潮图。