高应力状态下的黄土抗剪强度特性研究

土体抗剪强度包络线在一定的应力范围内可近似看做直线, 一般工程中直剪试验正应力和三轴试验围压常为0～400kPa, 试验可得出以黏聚力c和内摩擦角确定的强度。在黄土地区, 人工和自然边坡可超百米, 坡内应力自低到很高变化范围大, 对该类高边坡需考虑强度参数随应力状态的变化。本文先通过线弹性有限元模拟一黄土高边坡应力场。以潜在滑面上关键点的应力为固结应力进行三轴压缩试验(NCTC)。为了对比分析, 又进行了100kPa、200kPa、300kPa、400kPa围压下的三轴压缩试验(CTC)。结果表明, 考虑黄土高边坡应力状态时, 由总应力莫尔圆得到的强度包络线为曲线, 直线型莫尔-库伦强度准则不适用; 而有效应力莫尔圆的到的强度包络线可为直线, 其有效强度参数高于CTC试验。在-应力空间中, NCTC试验总强度包络线和有效包线均位于CTC试验强度包线之上, 抗剪强度高, 这同固结应力高且为偏压固结有关。     

中高龄期模型固体废弃物三轴试验与强度特性分析

为揭示中、高龄期城市固体废弃物（MSW）的力学特性,通过向石英砂、高岭土混合物中加入不同质量比的草炭人工配制模型固废试样,开展了三轴固结排水剪切和固结不排水剪切试验研究。试验结果表明,中高龄期模型固废均表现出持续硬化的应力应变特性,固结排水试验中中龄期模型固废的体变略大于高龄期,固结不排水试验中高龄期模型固废的孔压略高于中龄期。采用15%轴向应变对应的剪应力描述其抗剪强度,并根据Skempton有效应力原理,通过对比固结排水试验和固结不排水试验结果,得出了固废的孔隙水压力折减系数和抗剪强度参数,孔隙水压力折减系数随龄期增加而增大,高龄期模型固废得到的黏聚力低于中龄期,高龄期固废得到的内摩擦角则高于中龄期。     

饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度影响因素的试验研究

强降雨和灌溉导致黄土强度劣化并发生饱和破坏现象,进而诱发黄土滑坡,给当地带来严重的灾难。饱和黄土抗剪强度的影响因素较多,本文根据水头饱和与反压饱和相结合的原理,利用改装后的TFB-1型非饱和土应力-应变控制式三轴仪对党川地区马兰黄土重塑土样进行饱和试验和CU试验。分别采用50 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa围压对饱和重塑黄土进行剪切速率分别为0.02 mm·min-1、0.06 mm·min-1、0.2 mm·min-1、0.4 mm·min-1的CU试验,探讨了围压和剪切速率对饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度的影响。研究发现:同一围压下,饱和重塑黄土的抗剪强度随着剪切速率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;同一剪切速率下,饱和重塑黄土的抗剪强度随着围压的增大逐渐增大;在干密度相同的条件下,饱和重塑黄土的总黏聚力及有效黏聚力随着剪切速率的增大先减小后增大,总内摩擦角及有效内摩擦角随着剪切速率的增大先增大后减小。该研究可为黄土滑坡预报和范围预测提供一定依据。     

不同应力路径下饱和重塑黄土的力学特性

土体的力学特性往往因应力状态和应力路径而异。为了探讨垂直加载和等剪路径下饱和土的力学特性,制备饱和重塑黄土试样,通过固结不排水（CU）和常剪应力排水剪（CSD）三轴试验,分别测定并绘制其应力-应变曲线、孔隙水压力变化曲线和应力路径曲线。试验结果表明,饱和重塑黄土在2种路径下有明显不同的变形特点:CU路径下的应力-应变曲线皆呈弱软化型,孔隙水压力先快速上升后逐渐趋于稳定;CSD路径下维持偏应力为一常量,施加孔隙水压力后的很长时间内试样变形很小,当孔隙水压力增大至试验围压的60%~75%时,试样迅速破坏。CSD路径无偏应力峰值,文中根据轴应变随平均有效应力变化曲线定义了等效峰值破坏线。通过对比发现,2种路径下饱和重塑黄土的有效峰值强度指标差异明显,而有效残余强度指标相近,表明有效残余强度指标是重塑黄土内在属性,受应力路径的影响不大。该研究结果可为实际工程选取正确的应力路径试验提供参考。     

Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands: Part I – sand behaviour

This paper evaluates the performance of a generalized effective stress soil model for predicting the rate independent behaviour of freshly deposited sands, while a companion paper describes model capabilities for clays and silts. Most material parameters can be obtained from standard laboratory data, including hydrostatic or one‐dimensional compression, drained and undrained triaxial shear testing. A compilation of data on compression behaviour allows for estimation of compression parameters when this type of data is not available. Extensive comparisons of model predictions with measured data from undrained triaxial shear tests shows that the model gives excellent predictions of the transition from dilative to contractive shear response as the confining pressure and/or the initial formation void ratio increases. A parametric study of drained response shows that the model describes realistically the variation of peak friction angle and dilation rate as a function of confining pressure and density when compared with an empirical correlation valid for many sands. The proposed formulation predicts a unique critical state locus for both drained and undrained triaxial testing which is non‐linear over the entire range of stresses and is in excellent agreement with recent experimental data. Overall, the model provides excellent predictions of the stress–strain–strength relationships over a wide range of confining pressures and formation densities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和黏土动力特性及等价黏弹性模型的试验研究

针对非饱和重塑黏土,利用改进的非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在固结排水（CD）条件下进行了应力控制式分级加载的循环三轴试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析,探讨了初始固结压力和基质吸力(孔隙气压力Ua与孔隙水压力Uw之差)对非饱和土动应力-动应变关系特性的影响。以此为基础,将Hardin-Drnerich等价黏弹性模型和Masing加卸载准则进行了改进,并得到了可以考虑基质吸力的非饱和黏土的等价黏弹性模型。进而对试验数据与模型预测结果进行比较,结果表明这种改进的非饱和土等价黏弹性模型能较好预测各种基质吸力下非饱和土的动应力-动应变关系。     

钙质土颗粒咬合作用机制

形状不规则的钙质土在剪切应力作用下土颗粒之间存在咬合作用,从而使抗剪强度显著提高。为研究钙质土颗粒的咬合作用机制,针对不同粒径的钙质土开展三轴固结不排水和固结排水试验,并对颗粒形状进行了分析,揭示了钙质土咬合力的形成机制和表现形式。研究表明：①不规则的颗粒形状是钙质土产生咬合力的前提条件;②在不同粒径的钙质土中,因不同形状颗粒的含量存在差异导致咬合力大小也不同;③咬合力大小受应力水平影响较为明显,在低围压下咬合作用导致剪胀而提高内摩擦角;在高围压下咬合作用克服颗粒强度做功,造成颗粒破碎,提高黏聚力值而降低有效内摩擦角。钙质土颗粒之间的咬合对强度有明显增强作用,在工程设计中应充分考虑咬合力的影响。     

水泥砾质土三轴试验研究

对某水泥砾质土进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究在不同水泥掺入比下水泥砾质土应力-应变关系和强度特性。结果表明：随水泥掺入比的增加,水泥砾质土试样在不同围压下应力-应变关系曲线均表现出不同程度的软化和剪胀现象,尤其在低围压（200 kPa）和高水泥掺入比（8%）下,剪胀性比较明显;在相同水泥掺入比下,峰值强度 随围压的增加近似呈线性增长;与不掺水泥砾质土相比,水泥砾质土的内摩擦角 因掺入不同量的水泥而得到不同程度的提高,黏聚力 随水泥掺入比的增加呈增长趋势,且增幅显著;割线模量 和 均随围压和水泥掺入比的增加而增加。不同高度的心墙堆石坝三维有限元算例的计算结果表明：水泥砾质土作为心墙材料可以显著降低土石坝心墙沉降。     

Monotonic and cyclic characteristics of K0-Consolidated saturated soft clay under a stress path involving a variable confining pressure

In certain field conditions such as offshore projects under wave loads or embankments under traffic loads, both the vertical and horizontal stresses are variable. However, previous investigations rarely considered the variation in horizontal stress. To better understand the characteristics of natural saturated soft clay, a series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests with a K₀-consolidation state were carried out under a variable confining pressure (VCP) stress path. The development of axial strain, pore water pressure and effective stress path is analysed. The results show that with the increase in η (the ratio of the variation in the mean effective principal stress to that of the deviatoric stress), the undrained shear strength (q_f) decreases continuously. The pore water pressure generation is slightly improved under a stress path with increasing confining pressure. Based on the test results, a unified formula was established to predict the pore water pressure under VCP stress paths. The unique p–q–e relationship of normally consolidated clay in monotonic VCP triaxial tests was also demonstrated. Under VCP stress paths, the amplitude of the pore pressure increases, and the effective stress path tilts more sharply to the right. Moreover, a unified formula was established that can provide a good reference for predicting effective stress paths under cyclic VCP triaxial tests.

     

The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Porosity Evolution of Flechtinger Sandstone

A porosity change influences the transport properties and the elastic moduli of rock while circulating water in a geothermal reservoir. The static and dynamic elastic moduli can be derived from the slope of stress–strain curves and velocity measurements, respectively. Consequently, the acoustic velocities were measured while performing hydrostatic drained tests. The effect of temperature on static and dynamic elastic moduli and porosity variations of Flechtinger sandstone was investigated in a wide range of confining pressure from 2 to 55 MPa. The experiments were carried out in a conventional triaxial system whereas the pore pressure remained constant, confining pressure was cycled, and temperature was increased step wise (25, 60, 90, 120, and 140 °C). The porosity variation was calculated by employing two different theories: poroelasticity and crack closure. The porosity variation and crack porosity were determined by the first derivative of stress–strain curves and the integral of the second derivative of stress–strain curves, respectively. The crack porosity analysis confirms the creation of new cracks at high temperatures. The porosity variation was increasing with an increase in temperature at low effective pressures and was decreasing with a rise in temperature at high effective pressures. Both compressional and shear wave velocities were increasing with increasing pressure due to progressive crack closure. Furthermore, the thermomechanical behavior of Flechtinger sandstone was characterized by an inversion effect where the sign of the temperature derivative of the drained bulk modulus changes.     

循环荷载对粉质黏土力学性质的影响

通过等压固结静、动三轴试验,研究了渤海湾粉质黏土在循环荷载作用下的动力性质和循环荷载后不排水静力性质。试验结果表明,循环应力幅值比越大,平均轴向应变和轴向应变幅值越大;循环应力幅值比达到0.4时,平均轴向应变和轴向应变幅值随着循环周数增加迅速增大;循环应力幅值比相同,固结应力越大,轴向应变幅值越大,而平均轴向应变越小。在较大的循环应力幅值比下,平均孔压比值和孔压幅值比值随着循环周数的增大会达到稳定;循环应力幅值比越大平均孔压比值和孔压幅值比值均越大;相同循环应力幅值,固结应力越大平均孔压比值越小,而固结应力对孔压幅值比值影响较小。循环荷载的作用会导致循环荷载后不排水剪在q-p’平面上有效应力路径和孔压发展表现出超固结土的性质。     

循环加卸载作用下贵阳红黏土损伤特性试验研究

为研究贵阳红黏土在循环荷载作用下的损伤特性,揭示抗剪强度参数随加卸载过程的损伤演化规律,通过应力-应变控制式三轴剪切渗透仪中的应力路径试验模块,对ω=29%、32%、35%以及38% 4种含水率的贵阳红黏土在σ₃=100 kPa、200 kPa和300 kPa围压下开展固结不排水剪循环加卸载试验。研究结果表明:卸载过程中土样表现出变形增强性,卸载后轴向应变增量越大,松弛时间越长,回弹变形量越大;综合考虑含水率与围压条件的影响,建立贵阳红黏土剪切过程中弹性变形演化的数学关系式,并与试验结果进行对比验证,拟合度达95%以上;采用等效塑性剪切应变作为塑性内变量,对贵阳红黏土剪切全过程强度损伤特性进行研究,发现其胶结强度不断损失,而摩擦强度不断增加;且随着含水率的增加,内摩擦角的变化范围为21.8°~16.1°,黏聚力的变化范围为83.7~57.5 kPa。研究成果可为路基压实及考虑加卸载工况的土坡稳定性评价提供理论指导。     

Laboratory assessment of saturation and sample molding effects on shear resistance and mechanical characteristics of sandy soil

In order to evaluate shear resistance characteristics of sand, which has previously experienced liquefaction, two series of drained and undrained monotonic triaxial compression tests on medium dense sand were carried out. In the first test series, the influence of the specimen preparation method and confining pressure has been studied. It was found that there was a marked difference in the behavior even though the density and stress conditions were identical. The conclusion was that the soil fabric was responsible for this result. In the second series of tests, the saturation influence on the shear resistance of the sand was examined. The results showed that the decrease in Skempton's pore pressure coefficient B improves the shear resistance and increases the friction angle of the sand.     

Shear strength and pore-water pressure characteristics of sandy soil mixed with plastic fine

Recent earthquake case histories have revealed the liquefaction of mixtures of sand and fine particles during earthquakes. Different from earlier studies which placed an emphasis on characterisation of liquefaction in terms of the induced shear stress required to cause liquefaction, this study adopted a strain approach because excess pore-water pressure generation is controlled mainly by the level of induced shear strains. The current study includes the results of a set of laboratory tests carried out on sand specimens with the same relative densities and variation in the plastic fines (kaolinite or bentonite) contents ranging from 0 to either 30 % and consolidated at mean confining pressure of 100, 200 and 300 kPa using static triaxial test apparatus, in order to study the influence of fine content and other parameters on the undrained shear strength and liquefaction potential of clayey sand specimens; also, pore-water pressures in the specimens are discussed. Results of tests show that the peak strength decreases as the fines (kaolinite or bentonite) content increases up to a threshold content of fines (FC_th) after which, increases in plastic fine content lead to improve the peak shear strength of specimens, and also the ultimate steady-state strength has been improved due to the increased in plastic fines content. Also, pore pressure build-up in clayey sands is generally slower than that observed in pure sand.     

非饱和紫色土三轴试验颗粒流宏细观参数关系研究

为确定非饱和紫色土颗粒流宏细观力学参数间关系,采用三维颗粒流软件(PFC3D)并结合控制变量法与莫尔-库仑破坏准则,对不同含水率(8%、10%、12%、14%、16%、18%)及围压(100kPa、200kPa、300kPa、400 kPa)条件下的非饱和紫色土三轴固结不排水试验进行了数值模拟,并与室内结果进行对比。结果表明:重塑紫色土黏聚力随含水率增加呈先增后减的趋势,且存在临界含水率12%;内摩擦角与含水率呈一阶线性负相关。紫色土的宏观强度参数黏聚力与细观参数切向黏结强度呈线性正相关,而内摩擦角值由颗粒切向黏结强度及摩擦系数共同决定。建立了紫色土含水率与颗粒切向黏结强度、摩擦系数之间的定量关系,通过细观参数切向黏结强度及摩擦系数的改变来模拟不同含水率下紫色土的黏聚力与内摩擦角的变化,将数值模拟的应力-应变曲线与室内试验曲线进行对比,验证了该关系的正确性。利用PFC3D内置的切片工具对含水率为12%,围压为200kPa的数值试件进行剖切,可以较好地观察到紫色土三轴微观颗粒的运动情况及颗粒间接触力的分布特征,为深入探究紫色土的抗剪强度特性及应力-应变性状提供参考。     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Geotextile on the Stress–Strain and Volumetric Change Behavior of Sand

This paper presents the results of triaxial tests conducted for the investigation of the influence of geotextile on both the stress–strain and volumetric change behavior of reinforced sands. Tests were carried out on loose sand. The experimental program includes drained compression tests on samples reinforced with different values of both geotextile layers (1 ≤ Ng ≤ 3) and confining pressure (\(\upsigma_{\text{c}}^{\prime }\)) varying from 50 to 200 kPa. Tests show that the contribution of geotextile is negligible until an axial strain threshold that range between 2.5% for a confining pressure of 50 kPa to lower than 1% for 100 and 200 kPa confining pressure. At higher values of ε_a, geotextile induces a quasi-linear increase in the stress deviator (q) and volume contraction in the reinforced sand. Tests show a negligible influence of the number of geotextile layers (Ng) on the contribution of geotextile to both stress–strain and volumetric change, when normalized with Ng. Tests also show that the contribution of geotextile to the stress–strain mobilization augments with the increase in the confining pressure, while its contribution to the volume contraction decreases with the increase in the confining pressure. The reinforced soil becomes contracting in the case of 2 and 3 geotextile layers.     

Effects of temperature on strength and compressibility of sand-bentonite buffer

Dense sand-bentonite buffer (γ_d = 1.67Mg/m³) has been proposed in Canada as one of several barriers for isolating nuclear fuel waste. The buffer will be required to function under conditions of high total pressures and elevated temperatures approaching 100°C. Summary results are presented from two test programs: (1) isothermal consolidated undrained triaxial (CIU¯) tests; and (2) isothermal drained constant-p′ (CID) triaxial tests. Specimens were consolidated at effective stresses up to 9.0 MPa and temperatures up to 100°C.

The results indicate parallel hardening lines at systematically lower values of specific volume at elevated temperatures. In shear, increased temperatures produced lower values of maximum deviator stressq_f, and higher pore water pressure changesΔu_f. The net result is curved peak strength envelops in plots ofq_f versusp_f′ that are higher at elevated temperatures, even though the strengths,q_f of individual specimens are lower. The critical state strength envelope is curved inq, p′-planes.

The effect of drained heating on buffer to 100°C is not marked. Compressibilities, stiffnesses, strengths, and pore water pressure generation are all affected, but none of the changes are great.     

新型三轴剪切试验试样排水固结装置的研制与应用

三轴剪切试验是岩土工程中常见的室内试验,其目的主要是为了获得土的抗剪强度指标和土中孔隙水压力的变化情况。三轴的固结不排水剪（CU）和固结排水（CD）剪试验可以获得土的总应力抗剪强度指标和有效应力抗剪强度指标,因此具有其它剪切试验无法替代的优势。但因试验过程中排水固结的时间很长,影响了试验进度,从而影响到整个工程的进度和经济效益。通过对三轴剪切试样排水固结过程的机理分析,介绍了制作一种可以大大缩短大量试样排水固结时间的装置及该装置的研制方法。采用该装置,可使CU试验的效率提高6～12倍,可使CD试验的效率提高3～6倍。可节约大量的生产成本,提高工作效率,经济效益明显。     

Stress-strain behaviour of reconstituted illitic clay at different temperatures

Tests on specimens of reconstituted illitic clay have examined the influence of temperature on the mechanical behaviour of clay soils. The program involved consolidation to effective confining pressures up to 1.5 MPa, heating to 100°C, and tests on normally consolidated and overconsolidated specimens with OCR = 2. The tests included isotropic consolidation, undrained triaxial compression with pore water pressure measurement, drained tests along controlled stress paths to investigate yielding behaviour, and undrained tests which involved heating and measurement of the resulting induced pore water pressures. The large strain strength envelope is independent of temperature. However, peak undrained strengths increase with temperature because smaller pore water pressures are generated during shearing. An important contribution from the study is a series of results for the yielding of illitic clay at three different temperatures. For the first time, there is clear evidence of yield loci decreasing in size with increasing temperature. An associated flow rule can be assumed without serious error. The results contribute to the confirmation of a thermal elastic-plastic soil model developed by the authors from cam clay following the addition of a small number of extra assumptions. Depending on the initial stress state, heating under undrained conditions may produce shear failure.