平面裂隙参数计算及其对浆液流动的影响分析

利用从层流到紊流的多阶段稳定压水试验的压力－流量曲线反算裂隙张开度、粗糙度及地下水影响半径等裂隙参数。建立了平面裂隙中浆液流动的力学模型,并分析了对浆液流动的影响因素。     

水泥基速凝浆液裂隙扩散机制与压力特性试验研究

水泥基速凝浆液广泛应用于富水裂隙围岩注浆工程。为研究水泥基速凝浆液在裂隙注浆中的扩散机制与压力特性,选取水泥-水玻璃浆液及高聚物改性水泥浆液,采用不同水灰比及混合体积,开展了静水条件下单一平板裂隙的注浆扩散模型试验,通过监测浆液的注浆扩散形态和注浆过程中不同测点的压力变化,研究了水泥基速凝浆液的静水扩散规律和注浆扩散压力分布规律。试验结果表明,水泥-水玻璃浆液和高聚物改性水泥浆液具有相似的扩散形态和压力分布变化,两者的显著差别在于高聚物改性水泥浆液扩散所需的注浆压力明显小于水泥-水玻璃浆液,且凝结固化时间相对较长,有利于延长注浆扩散距离。研究结果应用于张马屯铁矿注浆堵水工程,解决了裂隙岩体渗漏水问题,实现了围岩稳定性控制。研究成果具有一定的理论和实践意义,对类似工程具有参考价值。     

粗糙岩石裂隙低速非线性渗流模型及试验验证

岩体粗糙裂隙非线性渗透特性是岩体渗流研究的重要课题。针对Javadi所提T模型中亚裂隙中速度恒定这一假设的不足,将其修正为速度与开度成正比的经验关系,考虑黏性压降和局部压降,提出了新的低速下粗糙裂隙非线性渗流模型（MT模型）。为了验证MT模型的正确性,对5种不同粗糙裂隙进行了低流量的饱和渗流试验,将现有模型及MT模型的预测值与试验结果进行对比,分析表明MT模型与试验结果更为吻合,且模型适用于粗糙性系数JRC≤10的低粗糙度裂隙,雷诺数小于1 000的低流速情况。对MT模型进行分析,初步揭露了粗糙裂隙的非线性渗流机制,即小雷诺数下的Darcy流和大雷诺数下的Forchheimer流,并用临界雷诺数区分两种流动行为。分析了裂隙的粗糙度和开度对非线性渗流特性的影响,表明裂隙越粗糙或开度越小,则临界雷诺数越小,非线性作用将越强。提出了临界雷诺数与水力开度和绝对粗糙度的经验关系式,同时指出该关系式适用于JRC≤10的低粗糙度裂隙。     

浆液在透明复制裂隙中驱替行为的可视化试验研究

在地下工程中,注浆技术是修复裂隙岩体和封堵地下水的重要手段。了解浆液在岩石裂隙中的流动行为对优化注浆方案有重要意义。通过可视化试验研究了粗糙裂隙中浆液性质对注浆过程的影响规律,提出了驱替模式试验相图,并阐明了其细观机制。试验结果表明,浆液的驱替行为与传统牛顿流体不同,注浆速度和浆液质量分数显著影响粗糙裂隙中浆液的驱替模式;在浆液的驱替过程中,浆液流变性质和裂隙开度变异性的共同作用及其相互反馈影响引起的黏度变化是形成不同驱替模式的重要原因;注浆流速越小,浆液质量分数越大,两相界面越稳定,浆液最终填充率越高;驱替过程中浆液难以完全填充裂隙的较小开度区域,且随着注浆流量的增加,浆液最终填充率呈现明显的非单调性;浆液最终填充率受驱替形态的影响显著,基于界面稳定分析理论,推导了浆液在粗糙裂隙中驱替形态转变的临界条件。该研究成果揭示了粗糙裂隙中浆液扩散的机制,可为评价与控制岩体注浆效果提供参考依据与技术思路。     

碳酸盐岩破裂过程中管道—裂隙水非线性流动特性试验研究

本文聚焦碳酸盐岩微观渗流特性与破裂机制的研究,开展了岩石破裂过程中管道-裂隙水流动可视化试验,基于岩石块体尺度试验结果定量分析管道流体向裂隙流体过渡的流态演化过程,研究多级荷载对管道-裂隙水流动特性的影响。试验结果表明:碳酸盐岩流态稳定性与破裂状态相关,管壁破坏初期管道流主要以层流为主,局部管壁劈裂造成管道流体时域性流态交替,管道流体向裂隙流体转变的前兆特征主要表现为过渡流态临界转换点。碳酸盐岩破裂过程中管道流体向裂隙流体过渡过程具有分数演化特征,分数指数能够定量刻画管流和裂隙流的临界过渡过程。      

单一裂隙动水注浆扩散模型

通过理论推导建立了单一裂隙动水注浆扩散模型,用计算机对单一裂隙动水注浆扩散模型进行编程和分析,试验验证该注浆扩散模型是合理的。研究结果表明,单一裂隙动水注浆在注浆前期浆液扩散面积呈圆形而在注浆后期浆液扩散面积呈椭圆形;浆液扩散半径与浆液黏度成反比,与裂隙开度和注浆压力成正比;水流流动有利于浆液沿顺水流方向扩散而抑制浆液沿逆水流方向扩散;水流流速增大或减小到一定程度时浆液扩散半径受水流流速的影响程度将逐渐减小;水流流动对逆水流方向扩散半径的影响程度大于顺水流方向扩散半径的影响程度;浆液扩散半径受水流流速影响最大,受裂隙开度影响次之,受注浆压力和浆液黏度的影响相对较小     

Youngs方法在自膨胀浆液移动界面追踪中的应用

数值模拟是研究浆液在岩体裂隙中扩散规律的重要途径之一。对浆液运动界面进行准确地追踪,是建立浆液流动扩散仿真分析方法需要解决的一个关键问题。以自膨胀浆液在平板裂隙中流动扩散过程为对象,考虑浆液扩散过程中两相流特征,引入VOF函数描述两相介质分布,采用基于几何学原理的Youngs方法求解VOF方程,以实现对浆液移动界面的追踪。利用已知密度随时间变化规律的自膨胀浆液在平板裂隙中自由扩散算例对该方法进行测试,结果表明,不同时刻求解得到的浆液移动界面位置和轮廓与解析解吻合较好,显示了较高的计算精度和良好的界面追踪效果,为开发自膨胀浆液流动扩散仿真程序奠定了基础。     

悬浮颗粒的浓度对其在饱和多孔介质中迁移和沉积特性的影响

多孔介质中悬浮颗粒迁移和沉积特性的研究对地下污染物净化、石油开采、核废料处置、水土保持等有很重要的意义。对4种不同浓度的悬浮颗粒在3种不同的渗流速度下进行室内试验,研究悬浮颗粒的浓度对其迁移和沉积特性的影响。结果表明,在一定的悬浮颗粒浓度下,随着渗流速度的增加,穿透曲线中的悬浮颗粒的相对浓度也增大。同时,渗流速度一定时,悬浮颗粒的浓度存在一个临界值,小于该临界值,穿透曲线中的相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而增大;大于该临界值时,相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而减小。另外,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度是与渗流速度相关的,随着渗流速度增加,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度也逐渐增大     

石膏、氯化钙速凝水泥堵漏浆液的初步应用

在我队金刚石钻进复杂地层护壁堵漏工作中，钻孔漏失已成为主要矛盾。加强堵漏技术的研究，是搞好我队复杂地层综合治理的一个重要方面。我队施工的地层，大多为花岗岩地层。在成矿有利地段，节理、裂隙十分发育，并因而产生程度不等的漏失。针对这种裂隙性的渗漏地层，我们通过大量室内试验工作，配制出了由普通硅酸盐水泥、减水剂、氯化钙、石膏粉等组成的速凝堵漏浆液。这种浆液具有良好的触变性，早期流动度大，有一定的可泵期。浆液静止后，流动度很快变小，凝结成冻胶状，并逐渐固化，产生强度。     

烧变岩体特性及其注浆扩散行为研究

烧变岩是煤层自燃引起周围围岩变质而形成的特殊类岩石。通过现场取样,在实验室对烧变岩试样进行了物理力学性质测试,试验结果表明：烧变岩的含水率略有降低,而力学强度普遍增强,泊松比略变小,烧变岩体裂隙发育。注浆压力作用下,分析了裂隙尖端的劈裂情况,在此基础上,利用宾汉浆液扩散模型编制了浆液在裂隙网络中的流动扩散程序,可以模拟浆液在非贯通裂隙网络内的流动扩散范围。最后对柠条塔井田烧变岩体进行注浆试验,利用浆液流动模拟程序进行了注浆压力的优化选择,并将实际浆液扩散范围与程序模拟浆液扩散范围进行对比,二者结果较吻合,该程序可以用来指导现场注浆工程参数设计和施工,同时烧变岩体注浆试验也为类似工程注浆施工提供一定的参考依据。     

高水力梯度条件下颗粒堆积型多孔介质渗流规律试验研究

煤矿开采面临的水文地质条件越来越复杂,尤其是遭遇承压含水层的水压力越来越大,突水灾害发生时必然会带来高水力梯度引起的破碎岩体突水通道内高速非线性渗流问题。据此,研制高水力梯度（最大600）条件下堆积型多孔介质中高速非线性渗流试验装置,采用堆积型钢球模拟破碎岩体,对粒径为1、2、3、4、5、6 mm共6种光滑钢球分别开展了一维均质圆柱渗流试验。试验结果表明：对于由1～6 mm钢球堆积而成的孔隙率为0.44～0.45的多孔介质,当水力梯度大于145时,通过分析水力梯度-平均流速（J-v）曲线和水力梯度-雷诺数（J-Re）关系曲线,将流动状态划分为3个模式：线性层流、非线性层流、紊流,并获得了从线性层流过渡到非线性层流的临界流速为0.23～0.78 cm/s、临界水力梯度为3～8;从层流到紊流转捩的临界流速为1.6～4.8 cm/s、临界水力梯度为90～145。从小粒径多孔介质到大粒径多孔介质的渗流过程中,临界流速越来越大,而临界水力梯度逐渐减小。 渗透率与粒径的平方、非达西流影响系数与粒径的倒数均呈线性正相关,非达西流影响系数随着渗透率的增加呈指数减小。该研究对多孔介质非线性渗流的理论研究以及实际工程中高承压含水层突涌水问题有重要借鉴意义。     

泥石流浆体与大颗粒冲击力特征的试验研究

开展了密度为1 400～2 200 kg/m3的泥石流浆体、浆体与大颗粒混合流体的冲击力试验,获取了流速为2.8～4.9 m/s条件下31组冲击力试验数据。采用小波分析方法有效地去除了冲击力数据中的噪声信号,依据离散傅里叶变换（FFT）为基础的频谱分析结果,将低频泥石流浆体冲击和高频大颗粒冲击的临界频率值界定为2 Hz,实现了浆体和大颗粒冲击信号的分离。目前水动力学公式中待定系数α缺乏统一的确定方法,以不同地区157组泥石流观测和试验数据为基础,建立了待定系数?与流体Fr数的幂函数关系,形成可表征不同流态,且弱化尺度效应的浆体动压力计算公式。与泥石流浆体平滑信号相比,大颗粒冲击压力具有一定随机性。泥石流大颗粒冲击次数与频率随大颗粒的质量比增加而增大,其质量比从0.05增至0.21时,冲击总次数从1 305次增至2 838次,冲击频率从82次/s增至195次/s,且龙头段大颗粒的冲击频率高于后续泥石流体。测得大颗粒的压力约为60 kPa,是相同密度和流速下浆体动压力的3倍。随着大颗粒比例的增加,上部1#和2#传感器测得大颗粒冲击频率增加量明显高于下部3#～6#。说明随着流体中大颗粒比例上升,颗粒物质多集中于泥石流上部或表层运动,也佐证了泥石流运动中大颗粒多集中在龙头顶部的认识。对大颗粒和浆体冲击规律的分析可为固液两相流运动机制研究和防治工程设计以及承灾体易损性定量评估提供合理参数。     

黏性泥石流对球型大颗粒启动的临界条件分析

泥石流是一种破坏力巨大的地质灾害,其破坏力主要来源于浆体中裹挟的大颗粒。相近速度情况下,相同体积的大颗粒比液相浆体拥有更大的冲击力。本文针对黏性泥石流沟内大颗粒的滚动启动,建立了合理并且较为简洁的计算模型。水流条件是泥石流爆发的关键因素,通过分析计算球型大颗粒在浆体冲击下受到的上举力、推移力、有效重力等,考虑支承颗粒和启动颗粒相对位置的随机分布问题,求解大颗粒临界启动时的力矩平衡方程,得到对应的上游来流临界条件。临界启动流速公式符合普适性规律,并且通过计算流体软件FLUENT对3个典型算例的数值模拟,得到的数值解与理论解吻合得较好。本文结论对黏性泥石流沟的防治工程设计,特别是水石分流中排水流量的计算具有一定借鉴意义。     

Damage to Rocks and Cementitious Materials from Solid Impact

Summary The erosion of four rock types and two cementitious materials by solid particle impact is investigated. The experimental set-up used to perform the erosion tests is briefly described. The materials are eroded predominantly by intergranular and intercrystalline fracture. For the cementitious materials, the interface between cement matrix and aggregate is of decisive importance. The power exponents for the particle velocity are estimated and found to vary between 2.59 and 3.65. A statistical fracture model is derived to discuss deviations in the particle velocity power exponent. It is further shown that the experimental results of this study confirm the erosion model of Finnie and Oh (1966); an exception is schist which shows features of plastic deformation and radial cracking during the Hertzian indentation test.     

普通硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐复合水泥浆液流变特性试验

普通硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐复合水泥浆液在地质灾害快速治理工程中具有广阔的应用前景,但复合浆液的流变特性直接影响到应用效果。采用理论分析与试验相结合的方法对不同配合比的普通硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐复合水泥浆液的流变特性进行了研究。根据试验结果绘制了复合水泥浆液的剪切应力-剪切速率变化曲线;通过测定浆液的表观粘度随时间的变化情况分析了水泥浆液粘度的时变特性。试验结果表明,水灰比对复合水泥浆液的流型有较明显的影响,减水剂对浆液的流型无明显影响,但对浆液的流变参数的数值影响较大,研究结果对于工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

不同粒度颗粒在非恒定管流中跟随性试验

管道中固液两相流水击对管道和输送系统可能产生严重的破坏,而固液两相在这种非恒定流中的运动特性是计算最大水击压力变化的重要依据。采用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）,通过试验研究水击发生时,水平圆管中不同平均流速、颗粒粒径条件下,流体介质和粗颗粒在管道断面的速度分布以及粗颗粒跟随性的变化规律。研究结果表明:①在水击发生的不同时刻,圆管流中粗颗粒的流速在管道断面分布呈不规则的抛物线型分布,主要表现为靠近管道壁面底部的颗粒流速略小于靠近管道顶部流速,当颗粒粒径大于1.5 mm,平均流速小于2.5 m/s时,粗颗粒表现出明显的沉降特性;②粗颗粒的跟随性与颗粒受力有密切关系,其中颗粒速度与流体速度的变化量是影响颗粒受力的重要参数;③基于试验数据拟合得到了水击条件下粗颗粒跟随性系数k的经验公式,并分析了颗粒粒径、管道直径、两相流平均流速以及水击发生时间等不同参数对粗颗粒跟随性系数的影响,公式计算值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内。     

Sand grain threshold, in relation to bed 'stress history': an experimental study

Besides particle size, density and shape, the erodibility of a sediment bed depends also upon the exposure to prethreshold velocities in the overlying flow. Such flow effectively rearranges the grains (at and below the bed surface), causing them to become more resistant to subsequent erosion. The effects of the ‘stress history’, leading up to the critical condition for sediment movement, are investigated for unidirectional flows generated in a recirculating laboratory flume. The sediment beds investigated consisted of cohesionless quartz sand grains, with mean grain diameters of 0·194 mm (fine sand), 0·387 mm (medium sand) and 0·774 mm (coarse sand), with narrow particle-size distributions. The critical (threshold) shear velocity (target value) for the three beds was established, within 2·5 min of increasing the flow from zero velocity. The subsequent experiments were performed under prethreshold velocities at 70% (for 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 min exposure duration), 80% (for 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 min exposure duration), 90 and 95% (for 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 min exposure duration) of the target value. Following exposure to these different prethreshold conditions, the flow was increased then to reach actual critical conditions, within a period of 2·5 min. The critical condition for the initiation of sediment movement was established using visual observation (supplemented by video recordings), according to the Yalin criterion. The results show that if the exposure duration to prethreshold velocities remains constant, then the critical shear velocity increases with increasing prethreshold velocity. Likewise, if the prethreshold velocity remains constant, then the critical shear velocity increases with increasing exposure duration. In some circumstances, the critical shear velocity was found to increase by as much as 27%. An empirical formula is proposed to account for the exposure correction to be applied to the critical shear velocities of sand-sized sediment beds; this is prior to their inclusion into bedload transport formulae, for an improved prediction of the magnitude and nature of transport.     

Modelling fluid flow through a single fracture with different contacts using cellular automata

The representation of the surface of a rock fracture and a numerical method to simulate fluid flow in single fractures are the keys to understanding the hydraulic behaviour of rock fractures. In this paper, a cellular automaton (CA) approach is used to generate the single fracture structure, which is assumed to be composed of contacts and voids. We develop a CA evolution rule to produce a contact area, and randomly model a single rock fracture with different contact ratios to reflect natural fracture properties such as dead voids, islands and tortuous flow path. Then, based on the localisation theory of a CA, a numerical method to simulate fluid flow in single fractures with contacts is developed. In this method, the fracture is discretised into a system composed of cell elements. Different apertures, i.e., zero for contacts and non-zero for voids, are assigned to each cell element. Therefore, the contribution of the cell elements in a contact on a cell’s transmissivity can be ignored completely. The local transmissivity is assumed to conform to the cubic law. The fluid flow in a fracture with different contact situations is then modelled using the method established in this paper. The fluid flow path, flow velocity and fluid head distributions as well as the channel flow in the fracture are well-modelled. The flow behaviour of the fracture strongly depends on the effective fluid flow path.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.