台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”(0505)移动路径影响的数值试验研究

利用非静力模式MM5模拟台风“海棠”（0505）穿过台湾岛再次登陆的移动路径，分析了“海棠”登陆台湾岛前后结构特征变化。结果表明：台风自身的非对称结构与台风异常移动路径密切相关。另外，就台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”登陆台湾前打转和在台湾海峡出现“V”型移动异常路径影响进行数值试验表明：台湾岛地形不但可以直接影响台风移动路径，而且通过影响台风非对称结构来改变台风移动路径，因此，登陆台湾前逆时针打转异常路径是在弱引导气流中台风自身非对称结构和台湾岛地形共同作用的结果；台湾岛地形有使台风东北-西南向非对称增大趋势，而在台风进入台湾海峡前后对东南。西北向非对称有明显不同影响。     

台风“莫拉克”(0908)过台湾岛缓慢西行成因分析

0908号台风"莫拉克"（Morakot）在台湾岛引发了24 h超过1000 mm的强烈降水,与其缓慢西行过岛密切相关。本文利用NCEP-GFS实时分析场资料（0.5°×0.5°）、中央气象局台风资料库关于我国台湾地面气压场资料和中尺度数值模式WRF模拟结果,分析了台风Morakot在台湾岛附近缓慢西行成因。结果表明:（1）西太平洋副热带高压减弱东退、与台风"天鹅"（Goni,0907）的"藤原效应"是Morakot在台湾岛附近移速减慢的环境因素,而台风结构变化也是其缓慢过岛西行的一个主要原因;（2）台风过岛过程中,由于地形作用,Morakot环流内诱生低压活跃,先后或同时出现在岛屿东西两侧,使台风环流出现非对称松散结构;（3）在台湾岛西侧诱生低压中心取代东侧原台风中心形成不连续路径过程中,台风经历了低层环流从分裂到重组,正垂直涡度柱从垂直到倾斜再恢复垂直的变化过程,这是Morakot过台湾岛缓慢西行的一个重要原因;（4）Morakot西行登岛过程中环境引导气流主要是偏南气流,而包含诱生低压的扰动引导气流则为偏东气流。扰动引导气流虽是小量,但其纬向分量占环境引导气流纬向分量的比率从7%增至26%,较好地指示了Morakot的西行趋势,也说明地形诱生低压导致的台风结构变化是其过岛西行和缓慢移动的一个重要原因。     

台风"莫拉克"暴雨特征

利用常规气象资料和卫星、雷达、区域自动站等资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对2009年闽东北地区"莫拉克"台风的降水特征做初步分析.结果表明:台风"莫拉克"暴雨具有明显的"空心化"特征,有利的环境场条件、螺旋雨带上对流单体的不断影响、台风移动缓慢是此次台风暴雨的主要原因,而地形也有明显增幅作用.通过雷达回波基本反射率因子强...     

台湾地形对1011号台风“凡亚比”影响的数值试验

利用WRF-ARW 3.2.1模式,对台湾岛地形对2010年第11号超强台风"凡亚比"的路径、降水及结构的影响进行了数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明:台风登陆台湾岛前,迎风坡地形低压作用使台风中心南落并出现逆时针打转;背风坡地形低压和台风西北侧台湾海峡出现弧状正涡度带,使台风进入台湾海峡时出现"V"型异常路径;台湾岛地形作用使台风西北侧水汽辐合和正涡度减小,而使其东侧、南侧水汽辐合和正涡度增加,台风出现西北弱、东南强的不对称结构和降水不均匀分布;台湾中部山脉地形对台风低层流场的阻挡抬升作用对台风降水具有明显的增幅作用,造成台湾岛降水分布呈南部、东部强而西北部弱的不对称分布。     

近年来台风登陆台湾岛后路径偏折的若干统计特征

利用中央气象台逐小时的台风中心定位资料,对2007—2016年共10 a登陆台湾岛后的台风移动路径特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)10a间登陆台湾岛后台风移动路径发生左折最多,比右折和直行之和多25%,右折最少。左折平均偏折37.73°,主要集中在15°～45°,占折角总数的80%。2)一般台风移动缓慢时折角大,移动快时折角小。一般台风强度较弱时折角大,强度较强时折角小。3)登陆台湾岛后台风的突变路径主要分为西折、打转且北折两类,其中西折最多。西折分西北行西折和北上西折,其中西北行西折最多。其余为打转且北折,主要为西北行打转后北折路径。突变折点主要分布在台湾北部,且多为左折突变。4)台湾岛地形诱生偶极涡与台风环流相互作用是台风路径发生偏折的重要原因。     

信息流因果理论在分析双台风相互作用中的应用

利用上海台风研究所热带气旋最佳路径数据以及ERA5再分析资料,以台风天鹅(0907)和莫拉克(0908)为例,应用Liang-Kleeman信息流因果理论分析了双台风的相互作用机理。结果表明:(1)台风天鹅强度的变化是造成莫拉克强度变化以及经向移动的部分原因,而台风莫拉克强度的变化在一定程度上造成了天鹅的南北移动;(2)台风天鹅主要是通过双台风间的"连体"通道向莫拉克输送位涡以及水汽,进而影响后者强度的变化,影响时段主要在莫拉克的发展初期以及登陆阶段;(3)台风莫拉克对天鹅移动路径变化的贡献不仅包括双台风互旋的直接作用,还包括其调整大尺度环流形势的间接影响。     

“莫拉克”异常路径分析及预报

分析了0908号台风"莫拉克"路径复杂多变的原因。3个热带气旋相互作用,是导致"莫拉克"移速缓慢、路径多变的重要原因。与西侧0907号热带气旋"天鹅"的互旋效应使"莫拉克"移速减慢,同时东侧的热带涡旋——0909号热带气旋"艾涛"的前身切断了副高西南侧的东南气流、南海西南急流的增强、大陆高压东移这些共同因素使引导气流势均力敌,导致"莫拉克"移速缓慢。风场结构的不对称及强风速区的逆时针旋转推动了台风路径的突变,使"莫拉克"在靠近大陆时路径北折。海温对台风的发生、发展有重要作用,前一天海表温度的高温中心对后期台风的移动路径有指示意义。还分析了各家对"莫拉克"的路径预报误差和登陆地点误差,结果表明,中央台预报的台风路径有较高的参考价值。浙江省气象台业务运行的中尺度模式WRF在所有数值模式中表现出最佳的预报性能。比较欧洲中心、日本两个国外数值预报中心对"莫拉克"的路径预报误差,总体来看,欧洲中心表现出较好的预报性能和稳定性,特别是长时效预报有较高的参考价值。T213,T639对登陆地点的预报较好,但是路径预报存在较大的误差,与其他模式存在差距,有待进一步改进。GRAPES区域模式无论是路径误差还是登陆地点的预报都与其他模式存在较大差距,有较大的改进余地。     

0908号台风“莫拉克”登陆过程中海表温度变化特点及其对“莫拉克”的影响

以2009年台风“莫拉克”为例,利用AVHRR/AMSR卫星数据和WRF模式,分析台风登陆过程中台湾岛周围海域SST变化特点及其对台风的影响。结果表明,由于海岸线的阻挡以及台风之前存在的冷涡的影响,“莫拉克”引起近海海域的最大降温位置出现在路径附近偏左或者离台风中心较远的海域。宽阔洋面上,台风活动导致的SST变化虽然减弱了台风强度,但对路径的影响小。沿海的SST梯度加强了台风的非对称结构,使得台风向非绝热加热大值区(台风北部)偏移。考虑近海SST梯度的海峡试验与定常SST试验相比,沿海路径向北偏差最大可达134 km,与2009年中央气象台台风路径24小时的综合预报误差119 km相当。这说明为进一步提高我国近海海域的台风路径预报水平,需要考虑近海SST非均匀分布的特征。      

台风“天鹅”对“莫拉克”强度维持影响的模拟分析

为探究重灾台风0908号莫拉克(Morkot)成灾的内在原因,利用NCEP/NCAR1°×1°资料和WRF数值模式,以及观测分析和数值模拟方法,对"莫拉克"过台湾岛强度始终维持在960hPa不减的现象进行研究。观测分析发现"莫拉克"强度不减与其西南方向的0907号台风天鹅(Goni)相互作用有关,物理量诸如水汽、散度、涡度等持续从"天鹅"输入"莫拉克",如水汽输入层次主要集中在950～850hPa,600hPa以上很少;涡度(垂直速度)也存在低层正涡度(负散度)输送,高层负涡度(正散度)输送。利用WRF数值模式作控制试验和抹掉台风天鹅的敏感试验,试验结果表明有涡度、水汽通量、散度等物理量从天鹅向莫拉克输送卷入,从而对莫拉克过台湾岛强度的维持不减存在一定的支持作用。     

罗莎（0716）异常路径的分析及其预报诊断思路的探讨

采用台风流场非对称结构参数的计算方法,分析罗莎移动路径各时段台风流场结构变化和台湾岛地形对罗莎移动路径的影响。通过与海棠异常路径的对比分析以及历史相似个例的统计分析,阐明在弱引导场中,台风非对称结构变化和台湾地形的共同作用使罗莎移动发生路径异常,而其中台风非对称结构变化可能是主要因素,并从中探讨弱引导场中台风穿越台湾岛异常路径的预报思路。     

高空冷涡影响台风Meranti(1010)北翘路径的集合预报分析

路径突变是台风路径预报中的一个难题。2010年第10号台风Meranti（1010）在台湾岛南部海域西移过程中突然北折,而欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）集合预报对其北翘路径存在较大分歧。选取预报成功与不成功两组集合成员各8例,对比分析台风Meranti路径变化的主要原因。结果表明:（1）一个来自热带对流层上部槽的切断高空冷涡（UTCL）是该台风路径变化的一个重要影响系统。Meranti北翘路径跟它与UTCL的南北向耦合有关;（2）UTCL通过改变台风上层的环境气流影响台风引导气流。在UTCL移至台风北部过程中,台风的偏南风引导气流明显加强,有利于其路径北翘;（3）UTCL对台风Meranti北翘路径的影响还与其自身结构有关。水平环流宽且气旋性涡旋向下垂直伸展更深的UTCL对台风路径变化影响更明显;（4）位涡倾向方程的诊断分析表明,在TC与UTCL南北向耦合过程中,台风北部的正位涡水平平流项输送显著,有利于台风向北运动,且UTCL影响下产生的非对称风场在其中起主要作用。     

IMPACTS OF UPPER-LEVEL COLD VORTEX ON THE RAPID CHANGE OF INTENSITY AND MOTION OF TYPHOON MERANTI (2010)

Typhoon Meranti originated over the western North Pacific off the south tip of the Taiwan Island in 2010.It moved westward entering the South China Sea,then abruptly turned north into the Taiwan Strait,got intensified on its way northward,and eventually made landfall on Fujian province.In its evolution,there was a northwest-moving cold vortex in upper troposphere to the south of the Subtropical High over the western North Pacific(hereafter referred to as the Subtropical High).In this paper,the possible impacts of this cold vortex on Meranti in terms of its track and intensity variation is investigated using typhoon best track data from China Meteorological Administration,analyses data of 0.5×0.5 degree provided by the global forecasting system of National Centers for Environmental Prediction,GMS satellite imagery and Taiwan radar data.Results show as follows:(1)The upper-level cold vortex was revolving around the typhoon anticlockwise from its east to its north.In the early stage,due to the blocking of the cold vortex,the role of the Subtropical High to steer Meranti was weakened,which results in the looping of the west-moving typhoon.However,when Meranti was coupled with the cold vortex in meridional direction,the northerly wind changed to the southerly at the upper level of the typhoon;at the same time the Subtropical High protruded westward and its southbound steering flow gained strength,and eventually created an environment in which the southerly winds in both upper and lower troposphere suddenly steered Meranti to the north;(2)The change of airflow direction above the typhoon led to a weak vertical wind shear,which in return facilitated the development of Meranti.Meanwhile,to the east of typhoon Meranti,the overlapped southwesterly jets in upper and lower atmosphere accelerated its tangential wind and contributed to its cyclonic development;(3)The cold vortex not only supplied positive vorticity to the typhoon,but also transported cold advection to its outer bands.In conjunction with the warm and moist air masses at the lower levels,the cold vortex increased the vertical instability in the atmosphere,which was favorable for convection development within the typhoon circulation,and its warmer center was enhanced through latent heat release;(4)Vertical vorticity budget averaged over the typhoon area further shows that the intensification of a typhoon vorticity column mainly depends on horizontal advection of its high-level vorticity,low-level convergence,uneven wind field distribution and its convective activities.     

台风“海葵”（2012）登陆后西折蜗行诊断分析

利用地面高空常规探测资料、NCEP再分析资料、数值模式预报资料,针对2012年第11号台风“海葵”登陆后移动路径的突然西折蜗行和陆上的长久维持机制两大预报难点,从大尺度环流特征和物理场两方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明：（1）“海葵”登陆后由西北方向移动转为西折,是由于其北部东、西两环副高未能因低槽东移而完全断开形成北上的通道,西环副高对其西行又形成阻挡作用,使得“海葵”低压环流西折并在安徽省南部蜗行。（2）“海葵”移动方向前侧有正涡度平流中心,正、负涡度平流中心的连线与未来移向基本吻合,其中心沿着不稳定区域和高能区域移动,存在趋暖运动。（3）“海葵”登陆后大风速区呈逆时针旋转,低压环流的风场分布出现明显不对称,东风分量比西风分量大,风场结构中不对称的强风速区转移使西北移动的路径减速并西折。（4）西南风低空急流是“海葵”在陆上久留不消的重要水汽输送带。“海葵”高层与中纬度急流靠近,高空急流出口区的强辐散也有助于其在陆上的维持。（5）“海葵”登陆后较长时间位于对流层风速垂直切变经向梯度大值区中,其中心附近垂直风切变很小,这使得其衰减缓慢,维持时间长。此外,“海葵”登陆后经过较大水面及前期大降水区为其长久维持提供了潜热能源。     

ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE UNUSUAL TRACK OF TYPHOON MORAKOT (0908) AND THE UPPER WESTERLY TROUGH

In this paper,by carrying out sensitivity tests of initial conditions and diagnostic analysis of physical fields,the impact factors and the physical mechanism of the unusual track of Morakot in the Taiwan Strait are discussed and examined based on the potential vorticity(PV)inversion.The diagnostic results of NCEP data showed that Morakot’s track was mainly steered by the subtropical high.The breaking of a high-pressure zone was the main cause for the northward turn of Morakot.A sensitivity test of initial conditions showed that the existence of upper-level trough was the leading factor for the breaking of the high-pressure zone.When the intensity was strengthened of the upper-level trough at initial time,the high-pressure zone would break ahead of time,leading to the early northward turn of Morakot.Conversely,when the intensity was weakened,the breaking of the high-pressure zone would be delayed.Especially,when the intensity was weakened to a certain extent,the high-pressure zone would not break.The typhoon,steered by the easterly flow to the south of the high-pressure zone,would keep moving westward,with no turn in the test.The diagnostic analysis of the physical fields based on the sensitivity test revealed that positive vorticity advection and cold advection associated with the upper-level trough weakened the intensity of the high-pressure zone.The upper-level trough affected typhoon’s track indirectly by influencing the high-pressure zone.     

超强台风“天鹅”（2015）路径突变过程机理研究

本文采用中国气象局的最佳台风路径数据和美国国家环境预报中心1°×1°每6 h再分析资料作为研究工作的基本场,运用了分部位涡反演方法探讨影响2015年第15号超强台风“天鹅”路径突变的物理机制,得到以下结论:（1）就天气系统而言,“天鹅”整个移动过程中都受到周围环境场及引导气流的影响,主要的影响系统包括西北太平洋副热带高压、季风涡旋、邻近台风“艾莎尼”及台风外围反气旋;（2）定量分析了与各影响系统扰动位涡相关的引导气流矢量,发现整个过程中超强台风“天鹅”的移动始终受西北太平洋副热带高压的影响,其次是来自季风涡旋及台风外围反气旋的贡献,而当“天鹅”有向北转向趋势时,与外围反气旋相关的东北向引导气流导致了台风的路径北折;（3）进一步定量分析了总扰动位涡在不同高度层上相关引导气流的贡献,结果表明在垂直方向上对流层中层系统的引导气流矢量与“天鹅”的移动最为吻合,而形成于低层系统的偏南风气流与“天鹅”向北突然转向有着密切的联系,并在转向后逐渐向中高层发展增强。     

INTERACTIONS OF MULTIPLE TYPHOONS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL VORTICITY

Three typhoons, Goni, Morakot and Etau which were generated in Western Pacific in 2009, are successfully simulated by the WRF model. The horizontal and vertical vorticity and their interaction are analyzed and diagnosed by using the simulation results. It is shown that their resultant vectors had a fixed pattern in the evolution process of the three typhoons: The horizontal vorticity converged to the tropical cyclone (TC) center below 900 hPa level, flowed out from it at around 900 to 800 hPa, and flowed in between 800 hPa and 700 hPa. If multiple maximum wind speed centers showed up, the horizontal vorticity converged to the center of the typhoon below the maximum wind speed center and diverged from the TC center above the maximum wind speed center. At low levels, the three typhoons interacted with each other through vertical circulation generated by the vortex tube. This circulation was mainly generated by the eastward or westward horizontal vorticity vectors. Clouds and precipitation were generated on the ascending branch of the vertical circulation. The vortex tubes often flowed toward the southwest of the right TC from the northeast of the left TC. According to the full vorticity equation, the horizontal vorticity converted into the vertical vorticity near the maximum wind speed center below 850 hPa level, and the period of most intense conversion was consistent with the intensification period of TC, while the vorticity advection was against the intensification. The vertical vorticity converted into the horizontal vorticity from 800 hPa to 600 hPa, and the wind speed decreased above the maximum wind speed region at low levels.     

Formation and Development of a Mountain-induced Secondary Center inside Typhoon Morakot(2009)

The structural evolution of Typhoon Morakot(2009) during its passage across Taiwan was investigated with the WRF model. When Morakot approached eastern Taiwan, the low-level center was gradually filled by the Central Mountain Range(CMR), while the outer wind had flowed around the northern tip of the CMR and met the southwesterly monsoon to result in a strong confluent flow over the southern Taiwan Strait. When the confluent flow was blocked by the southern CMR, a secondary center(SC) without a warm core formed over southwestern Taiwan. During the northward movement of the SC along the west slope of the CMR, the warm air produced within the wake flow over the northwestern CMR was continuously advected into the SC, contributing to the generation of a warm core inside the SC. Consequently, a well-defined SC with a warm core, closed circulation and almost symmetric structure was produced over central western Taiwan, and then it coupled with Morakot's mid-level center after crossing the CMR to reestablish a new and vertically stacked typhoon. Therefore, the SC inside Morakot was initially generated by a dynamic interaction among the TC's cyclonic wind, southwesterly wind and orographic effects of the CMR, while the thermodynamic process associated with the downslope adiabatic warming effect documented by previous studies supported its development to be a well-defined SC. In summary, the evolution of the SC in this study is not in contradiction with previous studies, but just a complement, especially in the initial formation stage.     

Improving the extreme rainfall forecast of Typhoon Morakot (2009) by assimilating radar data from Taiwan Island and mainland China

This study examined the impact of an improved initial field through assimilating ground-based radar data from mainland China and Taiwan Island to simulate the long-lasting and extreme rainfall caused by Morakot (2009). The vortex location and the subsequent track analyzed through the radial velocity data assimilation (VDA) are generally consistent with the best track. The initial humidity within the radar detecting region and Morakot’s northward translation speed can be significantly improved by the radar reflectivity data assimilation (ZDA). As a result, the heavy rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait can be reproduced with the joint application of VDA and ZDA. Based on sensitivity experiments, it was found that, without ZDA, the simulated storm underwent an unrealistic inward contraction after 12-h integration, due to underestimation of humidity in the global reanalysis, leading to underestimation of rainfall amount and coverage. Without the vortex relocation via VDA, the moister (drier) initial field with (without) ZDA will produce a more southward (northward) track, so that the rainfall location on both sides of Taiwan Strait will be affected. It was further found that the improvement in the humidity field of Morakot is mainly due to assimilation of high-value reflectivity (strong convection) observed by the radars in Taiwan Island, especially at Kenting station. By analysis of parcel trajectories and calculation of water vapor flux divergence, it was also found that the improved typhoon circulation through assimilating radar data can draw more water vapor from the environment during the subsequent simulation, eventually contributing to the extreme rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait.     

Improving the Extreme Rainfall Forecast of Typhoon Morakot(2009) by Assimilating Radar Data from Taiwan Island and China's mainland

This study examined the impact of an improved initial field through assimilating ground-based radar data from China's mainland and Taiwan Island to simulate the long-lasting and extreme rainfall caused by Morakot(2009). The vortex location and the subsequent track analyzed through the radial velocity data assimilation(VDA) are generally consistent with the best track. The initial humidity within the radar detecting region and Morakot's northward translation speed can be significantly improved by the radar reflectivity data assimilation(ZDA). As a result, the heavy rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait can be reproduced with the joint application of VDA and ZDA. Based on sensitivity experiments, it was found that, without ZDA, the simulated storm underwent an unrealistic inward contraction after 12-h integration, due to underestimation of humidity in the global reanalysis, leading to underestimation of rainfall amount and coverage. Without the vortex relocation via VDA, the moister(drier) initial field with(without) ZDA will produce a more southward(northward) track, so that the rainfall location on both sides of Taiwan Strait will be affected. It was further found that the improvement in the humidity field of Morakot is mainly due to assimilation of high-value reflectivity(strong convection) observed by the radars in Taiwan Island, especially at Kenting station. By analysis of parcel trajectories and calculation of water vapor flux divergence, it was also found that the improved typhoon circulation through assimilating radar data can draw more water vapor from the environment during the subsequent simulation, eventually contributing to the extreme rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait.