On the seismic regime network method

In this paper, based on the previous study of practical use of seismic regime windows and seismic regime belts, the problem of establishing a “seismic regime network” consisting of “windows” and “belts” is further posed and discussed according to the observed fact that many “windows” and “belts” make responses to one earthquake. For the convenience of usage, the “seismic regime network” is divided into two classes, the first class and the second one. The former can be used in tendency prediction for long-term seismic activity in a large area, the latter used in short-term prediction in a small area. In this paper, after briefly discussing the physical significance of “seismic regime network”, it is pointed out that this simple and easily used method can be used to observe and extract seismic precursory information from a large area before a great earthquake, thus it can provide a reliable basis for the analysis and judgement of seismic regime tendency in time and space. No doult, this method is of certain practical significance. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 161–169, 1991. The English version of this paper is improved by Prof. Shaoxie Xu.     

地震综合效应场函数及其在地震预报中的应用──（一）地震综合效应场函数及其计算方法

在系统地分析了目前各种测震学地震预报方法科学思路的基础上,认为测震学地震预报方法基本上可以分为两大类。一类是以已经发生的一些地震作为未来可能发生的地震的“因”,即由于已经发生的地震对区域应力场的影响,导致未来发生较强地震。这一类包括的预报方法较多,如空区、条带、ｂ值、地震迁移、相关地震等等及其由此衍生出来的各种方法。另一类是把已经发生的一些地震作为区域应力场增强的“果”,即已经发生的地震是区域应力场增强过程中的一种反映,而未来地震不一定是已经发生的地震所导致的结果。这一类包括“地震窗口”、小震群活动等方法。针对第一类方法,各种预报方法都是力图从地震三要素中提取未来地震的信息,而具体作法又都是利用地震三要素这个多维空间的某个剖面。为了从地震活动诸要素的多维空间提取综合信息,我们对每个地震加入了破裂面方位,构成了地震第四要素,并依据地震４要素建立了地震综合效应场函数。地震综合效应场函数概括了多种测震学地震预报方法的科学思路和预报经验,从而可以形成测震学的综合预报方法。     

A fast automatic identification method for seismic belts based on distance correlation and its earthquake case*

Earthquake prediction practice and a large number of earthquake cases show that anomalous images of small earthquake belts may appear near the epicenter before strong earthquakes. Through the research of earthquake cases, researchers have a relatively consistent method to determine the clarity of an identified seismic belt, but there is still a lack of method on seismic belt identification from the distribution of scattered points. Due to the complexity of exhaustive algorithm, the rapid automatic identification technique of seismic belts has been progressing slowly. Visual recognition is still the basic method of seismic belt identification. Based on the algorithm of distance correlation, this paper presents a fast automatic identification method of seismic belts. The effectiveness of this method was proved by 100 random earthquakes and an example of seismic belts of magnitude 4.0 before the 2005 Jiujiang M5.7 earthquake. The results show that: ① the automatic identification of seismic belts should first identify the “relational earthquake”, then identify the “suspected seismic belt”, and finally use the criterion of seismic belt clarity to determine; ② random earthquakes and real earthquakes identification results show that the distance correlation method can realize the fast automatic identification of seismic belts by computer.     

中国地震预报中地震学异常的统计研究

根据 198 8年以来全国地震趋势会商会 (NMSC)所提出的各类地震学异常资料 ,研究每一年异常与下一年大陆地震的对应关系 .9a内 46种地震学方法所提出的93 2项异常资料表明 :在 1989～ 1993年间 ,用地震学预报地震方法的数量有一个增大过程 ;各种方法所提出的异常对应地震的比率在 0～ 48%之间 ,平均为 2 8%左右 ,这也与我国地震预报中预报区数的成功率相当 ;统计预报、区域应力场增强、地震条带、小震调制比和b值等方法有较高的地震对应率 ,而地震活动异常平静、分数维、异常震群、c值和地震窗等方法要差一些 ;用地震学方法预报地震最成功的年份为1989年 ,最差年份为 1990年 ;与预报区数的成功比率一样 ,其地震的对应比率并未随时间的推移而有所提高 .各种地震学方法的物理内涵及其与地震孕育的内在联系及各种地震学方法间相互关联问题是今后用地震学方法预报地震的研究课题 .     

东南沿海地震带的地震丛集窗及震级结构特征分析

基于东南沿海地震带的地震活动特点和构造背景, 确定了若干个地震活动特别集中的区域, 并引入地震丛集窗和震级结构的概念分析这些区域的局部特点。结果表明, 这些地震丛集窗的地震活动水平变化反映了所属大区的应力状态, 当某个地震丛集窗发生震级结构异常, 具备前兆震群特征的地震密集事件时, 该地震丛集窗内或其相关部位的介质性状可能发生了变化, 这对以后可能对应发生中强地震或强震具有一定的中期预测效能。     

地震时序记录数据在强震前的关联特征

对强震前的时序数据进行统计计算研究，发现若以特定地震带的时序数据为样本集，在强震前无标度区的跨度会相应地变长，反映出自组织程度的变化，以川滇地震带历史记录数据分析为例，若无标度区出现持续增长的征兆，则标志着地震活跃期的到来，同时可能伴有7级左右的地震，对于有的地震带关联维数出现变化不平缓的情况，也预示着地震活跃期的到来。但如果以地理区域划分如台湾省及全国的发震情况作为研究对象则无此规律。该结论在一定程度上可以提供一个强震发生中期预测的参考指标。     

基于PI算法的青藏块体强震回溯性研究

利用中国地震台网中心提供的1970—2019年8月全国地震目录,在分析青藏块体最小完备震级的基础上,应用PI算法,选取空间网格尺度0.2°×0.2°,截止震级为M_L3.0,目标震级≥M_S6.0,预测时间窗设定为10 a、5 a、3 a不同时间尺度进行回溯性研究,并对预测结果进行ROC检验。结果表明,预测时间窗内的强震基本发生在PI算法所得异常区域附近,且预测结果明显优于随机概率法;PI算法对青藏块体中长时间尺度的强震具有一定的预测效能,而且将预测时间窗设定为3 a时,预测效能较好。此外,定性分析了活动块体边界带“目标”地震与地震热点丛集间的关系,发现青藏块体M_S≥6.0地震与活动块体边界带地震热点间的对应关系较好。在实际应用中,将PI算法计算结果与活动块体边界带结合起来考虑强震相对危险区域时,该研究结果具有一定的参考价值。     

近二十年四川中短期地震预报工作的进展和问题

近二十年来四川地区地震和前兆观测台网得到了较大的发展，获得了丰富的各类连续观测资料，积累了一批宝贵的震例；在中短期地震预报方法和指标的研究，包括观测前兆，地震活动图象，地震波分析，综合预报和现场工作方面取得了多项成果；在９次中强地震前作出了一定程度的中短期预报；同时也存在不足和诸项困难有待解决。     

强震前地震活动图象与震源机制类型的相关性分析

在对1966年以来63次强震前中等地震活动图象全时空扫描的基础上,讨论了大陆不同构造区域、不同震源机制强震前中等地震活动图象异常演化特征及其主要活动图象与震源机制节面的相关性. 研究表明:强震前中等地震活动图象显现出应力集中和减弱两个阶段性特征,第一阶段（中期阶段）的活动图象以条带、空区和集中活跃为主;第二阶段（中短期）以持续平静为主. 走滑和正断层机制震前显示出较好的特征图象;逆冲断层震前的活动图象与其它两种机制的图象不同,没有明显的特征图象,两个阶段都有平静现象出现. 强震前中等地震条带走向与震源机制的两个节面走向一致性较好,但空区的一致性较差.      

On correlation between seismic activities and focal mechanisms of subsequent strong earthquakes

Introduction Earthquakes are direct results from tectonic deformation and crustal movements, which usu- ally contain abundant information of crustal stress status and medium property in the deep lithosphere. Seismic activities might reflect accumulation and concentration of crustal stress in the seismogenic process. And different mechanisms of rock ruptures lead to different precursory phe- nomena prior to earthquakes (ZHANG, et al, 2001). Therefore, seismic activities before a strong earthq…     

基于遗传算法地震短期综合预报分类系统在天山地震带的应用

应用“基于遗传算法的地震预报分类系统”建立天山地震带8个区的地震短期综合预报模型。在前人研究基础上对此分类系统的应用方法做了以下改进：以半年或一年样本窗内的地震活动资料预报未来3个月最大地震;采用阈值划分异常,区分高值和低值异常两类参数,再用异常持续时间进行地震环境信息编码;在研究区内,根据一年和半年样本窗和震级错半级的分档形式,形成4种地震环境信息编码方式。计算机自动运行此系统程序,寻找各自的预报模型。对预留样本的检验按震级区间进行规则对应率、虚报率和地震对应率、漏报率的效能评价,结果表明南天山各区检验情况好于北天山;对北天山预测出5级以上、南天山6级以上地震以及能给出有效重叠震级区间的模型加权后认为南天山中西段、柯坪块体区检验情况较好。结果还表明半年样本窗检验效能普遍高于一年窗,对较低震级的检验情况一般要好于较高震级。     

试论震情网络://c

本文在过去对震情窗口、震情地带作应用研究的基础上,根据一震有多窗、多带反应的观测事实,进一步提出并讨论了建立起结合窗、带而综合利用的震情网络的问题。为了方便,把它分成了一级和二级两个层次的网络,以便适用于长时间、大范围的大形势的趋势预报和短时间、小范围的短期预报。文中在简单讨论了震情网络的物理意义后认为,应用这种简便易行的办法来观察和提取大地震前面上的震兆信息,以便在时间和空间上为震情趋势的分析判断提供可靠的依据,无疑具有它一定的现实意义。      

The Study of Medium- and Short-term Prediction for Artux Earthquake (M_S=6.9) and Usunan Earthquake (M_S=5.8)

In this paper, the process of medium- and short-term prediction (submitted in special cards) of the Artux earthquake (MS=6.9) and the Usurian earthquake (MS=5.8) in Xinjiang area, is introduced. The imminent seismic risk regions are judged based on long- and medium-term seismic risk regions and annual seismic risk regions determined by national seismologic analysis, combined with large seismic situation analysis. We trace and analyze the seismic situation in large areas, and judge principal risk regions or belts of seismic activity in a year, by integrating the large area's seismicity with geodetic deformation evolutional characteristics. As much as possible using information, we study synthetically observational information for long-medium- and short-term (time domain) and large-medium -small dimensions (space domain), and approach the forecast region of forthcoming earthquakes from the large to small magnitude. A better effect has been obtained. Some questions about earthquake prediction are discussed.     

云南省中强震前气压场的特征分析

为探索地震的短期预报,普查了云南省1960—1974年期间发生的中强震震前气压场的时空变化,通过最优二分割方法,筛选出来了与云南三个地震带有关的若干气压相关区(站).文末给出的1975—1977年内符检验结果表明,气压异常可能是地震近期发生的一个征兆.      

在地脉动数据上应用分类算法的地震预测实验

以“红肿”假说为基础, 在由地脉动数据统计量和过往震例构成的样本集上应用数据挖掘中的分类算法开展地震预测实验。 筛选符合震级、 震中距、 发震时间间隔以及未受台风影响等要求的地震对, 并以其尾地震作为预测对象。 计算地震对时间范围内各时间窗中地脉动数据的标准差, 并采用z-score标准化方法对标准差数据进行标准化处理。 然后, 选取距震中最近三个台的最后一组标准化数据的中位数作为正样本数据, 选取各台站平静期数据的中位数作为负样本数据, 最后将上述正负样本数据构成样本集。 使用CART算法、 GBDT算法和SVM算法在此样本集上分别构建预测模型, 采用5折交叉验证方法对预测模型进行评估。 实验结果表明: ① 地震与地脉动变化存在一定的关系, 且地脉动异常现象更多地出现在6.0级以上地震发生前; ② 6.0级以上地震构成的正样本对预测模型的构建影响较大; ③ SVM算法更适用于小样本数据环境。     

Evidence for periodic seismicity in the inner Aegean seismic zone

The most complete and reliable data of strong (M _s6.5), shallow (h<70 km) earthquakes which occurred in the inner Aegean seismic zone have been utilized to describe its seismicity time variation during 1800–1986 by two independent statistical models. The first is a sequentially stationary model of seismicity rates which shows that intervals of low seismicity rate, lasting for some 37 years, alternate with high rate intervals of 8–12 years duration. The second model is a statistical model according which seismic energy released within 5-year time windows approximates a harmonic curve within a period of about 50 years. This model is in agreement with the notion that the time series of strong earthquake occurrences in the inner Aegean seismic zone consists of a random (shocks withM _s=6.5–6.8) and a nonrandom component (M _s6.9). Maxima and minima of the harmonic curve coincide with the high and low rate intervals, respectively. A model of regional stationary accumulation of thermal stresses along certain seismic belts and their cyclic relaxation may explain this periodicity.     

Analysis on the Characteristics of the Kalpin MS5.3 Earthquake Sequence of December 1, 2013 and Anomalies before the Earthquake

This paper introduces the basic parameters, focal mechanism solutions and earthquake sequence characteristics of the Kalpin M_S5.3 earthquake sequence of December 1, 2013, and analyzed seismic activity before the earthquake, the adjacent tectonic features and the precursory anomaly at fixed points within a range of 200km. Research indicates:(1) The earthquake occurred on Kalpin fault, the source rupture type is thrust faulting with sinistral strike-slip component. (2) The earthquake sequence is mainshock-aftershock type, with the aftershock distribution attenuating quickly and trending NE. (3) Abnormal seismic activity before the earthquake was characterized by seismically nesting quiescence of M_S2.0-4.0 earthquakes, seismic quiescence of M_S4.0 earthquakes and seismic belts of M_S3.0 earthquakes in the Kalpin block, abnormal enhancement zone of moderate earthquakes on Puchang fault and seismological parameters. (4) Anomalies of precursory observation data at fixed stations are mainly characterized by mutation. Apart from the borehole tiltmeter in Halajun, the spatial distribution of other abnormal precursors showed a phenomenon of migration from the near field to far field and from the epicenter to the peripheries.     

中国大陆地震条带统计特征分析

对中国大陆具备相对完整资料的327次M≥5.0地震,分5个工作区进行了统一要求的地震条带图像扫描,发现96次中强震前存在条带图像,约占研究地震总数的29％.其中震前有条带地震与研究地震的比例分别为:华北地区30％,华东南区29％,川滇地区41％,青藏高原西北缘24％,新疆地区16 ％.中强震前出现条带比例最低的是新疆,...     

鄂尔多斯块体北缘中强以上地震活动特征分析

从阴山地震带6.0级以上地震周期性规律等角度,着重研究了该区域中强以上地震活动特征。阴山地震带6.0级以上强震自公元849年以来,具有百年尺度的周期性特征,1900年之后进入第五活跃期,且当前应变处于较高状态,未来几年内该地震带发生6级以上地震可能性较大。临河—乌海—巴彦浩特地区是7.0级地震的主体空区。ML5.0以上地震具有以东经110°为轴东西对跳特征,东经110°以西地区是新一轮中等以上地震活动的主体区域。1970年以来,发生的6次5.9级以上地震前,均存在ML4.0级以上地震空区或条带。2000年1月1日至2011年9月30日,阴山地震带逐渐形成两条明显的ML4.0级以上地震条带,条带交汇部位所在临河—乌海地区可能是未来发生强震的区域。     

Precursory seismic quiescence: A preliminary assessment of the hypothesis

Numerous cases of precursory seismic quiescence have been reported in recent years. Some investigators have interpreted these observations as evidence that seismic quiescence is a somewhat reliable precursor to moderate or large earthquakes. However, because failures of the pattern to predict earthquakes may not, in general, be reported, and because numerous earthquakes are not preceded by quiescence, the validity and reliability of the quiescence precursor have not been established.We have analyzed the seismicity rate prior to, and in the source region of, 37 shallow earthquakes (M 5.3–7.0) in central California and Japan for patterns of rate fluctuation, especially precursory quiescence. Nonuniformity in rate for these pre-mainshock sequences is relatively high, and numerous intervals with significant (p<0.10) extrema in rate are observed in some of the sequences. In other sequences, however, the rate remains within normal limits up to the time of the mainshock. Overall, in terms of an observational basis for intermediate-term earthquake prediction, no evidence is found in the cases studied for a systematic, widespread or reliable pattern of quiescence prior to the mainshocks.In earthquake sequences comprising full seismic cycles for 5 sets of (M 3.7–5.1) repeat earthquakes on the San Andreas fault near Bear Valley, California, the seismicity rates are found to be uniform. A composite of the estimated rate fluctuations for the sequences, normalized to the length of the seismic cycle, reveals a weak pattern of a low rate in the first third of the cycle, and a high rate in the last few months. While these observations are qualitative, they may represent weak expressions of physical processes occurring in the source region over the seismic cycle.Re-examination of seismicity rate fluctuations in volumes along the creeping section of the San Andreas fault specified by Wyss and Burford (1985) qualitatively confirms the existence of low-rate intervals in volumes 361, 386, 382, 372 and 401. However, only the quiescence in volume 386 is found by the present study to be statistically significant.