考虑墙-框连接刚度影响的填充墙框架结构抗震性能分析

历史震害表明,填充墙与框架的连接刚度对框架结构的抗震性能有重要影响。我国《建筑抗震设计规范》(2010)建议"框架结构中的砌体填充墙,宜与柱脱开或采用柔性连接",但对二者的具体连接刚度,规范并没有做出明确规定。运用ABAQUS软件,对前人开展的考虑填充墙与框架连接影响的框架结构拟静力试验进行数值模拟,对比分析填充墙框架结构破坏特征及滞回曲线等抗震性能指标,验证了有限元模型的可靠性。基于某典型框架结构,建立不考虑填充墙、考虑填充墙与框架不同连接刚度的框架结构有限元模型。模态分析表明,连接刚度对框架结构的频率影响较小,结构的动力特性趋于一致;多遇地震和罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析表明,合适的连接刚度可以提高结构的抗震性能。研究可为框架结构的抗震设计提供参考。     

填充墙RC框架结构地震破坏机理及关键抗震措施研究

汶川8.0级特大地震等震害调查结果显示,通常被认为其抗震设计问题已经解决且具有较强抗震能力的RC框架结构,却突出地表现出"强梁弱柱"、"薄弱层"、"短柱失效"等一系列超出抗震设计初衷的灾难性破坏形式。本文以汶川漩口中学倒塌的RC框架结构教学楼的典型震害为背景,通过典型双跨填充墙RC框架结构单元伪静力试验及框架结构模型地震模拟振动台对比试验,结合理论分析和数值模拟,研究了填充墙对RC框架结构破坏机理的作用机制,分析了现浇楼板对实现"强柱弱梁"破坏机制的影响规律,提出了可有效改善RC框架结构抗倒塌机制的技术措施及设计建议。论文主要完成了以下工作:(1)以汶川漩口中学倒塌的教学楼为原型,设计完成了考虑楼板及填充墙影响的4个1/2缩尺的单层两不等跨填充墙RC框架结构模型伪静力试验,研究了2类填充墙材料、3种布置方式对框架结构整体强度、刚度及延性的影响规律,揭示了填充墙及现浇楼板对框架结构不同地震破坏模式的作用机理。(2)基于填充墙RC框架结构伪静力试验结果,采用DIANA非线性有限元分析程序,实现了填充墙与框架间相互作用模拟;分析了填充墙与RC框架结构的相互作用机理,研究了填充墙对典型双不等跨RC框架结构破坏及倒塌模式的影响规律。(3)基于填充墙RC框架结构伪静力试验结果,结合理论分析及非线性有限元数值模拟,系统研究了填充墙RC框架结构中的"短柱"破坏机理。选取实际工程中常用的粘土砖、加气砌块、蒸压砖等3种砌体材料,定量研究了不同填充墙砌筑材料、墙-框界面刚度及填充墙布置高度对RC框架结构"短柱"破坏模式的影响规律,提出了可实现避免短柱破坏的理论判别公式及设计措施。(4)研究提出了可显著提升框架结构整体抗倒塌能力的现浇楼板四角与梁柱有限断开的抗震设计措施。按现行规范设计制作了2个2×2跨、1/5缩尺的4层填充墙RC框架结构模型,通过地震模拟振动台对比试验,验证了横向两不等跨RC框架结构中填充墙及现浇楼板对破坏模式的不利影响;通过振动台试验与伪静力试验及实际震害现象对比分析,揭示了现浇楼板以及填充墙对框架结构破坏模式的作用机理;通过两RC框架结构模型破坏模式对比试验及非线性数值模拟分析,进一步证实规范中试图提高柱端弯矩增大系数的设计方法并不能有效实现预期的"强柱弱梁"破坏机制,而现浇楼板四角与梁柱有限断开的措施可明显提高框架结构的整体抗震性能,有效延迟框架柱的破坏。     

阻尼填充墙优化布置对不规则框架结构抗震性能的影响

在不规则结构中,填充墙的表现对框架结构的局部以及整体抗震性能的表现显得非常重要。随着阻尼填充墙的深入研究,大大提高了框架填充墙结构的抗震性能。但由于阻尼填充墙施工工艺复杂、施工成本较高,很难得以大规模使用。为了实现既降低施工的难度和成本又提高框架结构的抗震性能,本文选取一座不规则框架结构对其地震表现进行分析。采用局部优化布置阻尼填充墙的方法,达到既提高结构抗震性能又降低施工难度和成本的要求,为框架填充墙结构的设计提供一定的建议。     

地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架-填充墙相互作用分析

对带填充墙的钢筋混凝土框架结构进行数值分析,研究填充墙体对框架结构抗震性能的影响。采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了填充墙框架结构模型,通过数值模拟分别分析了墙体开洞、墙体材料以及填充墙与框架的连接形式在多遇和罕遇地震下对填充墙框架动力响应及损伤的影响。分析结果表明:刚性连接下的填充墙对框架产生了刚度效应,使得其自振周期为纯框架的0.2~0.7倍,导致在地震作用下的响应增大,但填充墙对框架的约束效应限制了框架柱的变形,增大了结构的抗侧承载力;罕遇地震下填充墙与框架存在复杂的相互作用,开洞填充墙对框架柱产生了约束作用,减小了柱的计算高度,满布填充墙对框架产生斜压杆效应,导致柱端出现附加剪应力容易出现剪切破坏。柔性连接下的填充墙对框架的自振周期影响很小,在进行抗震验算时可不进行自振周期折减,在多遇和罕遇地震波作用下的动力响应以及损伤均与纯框架类似,与抗震规范的设计计算吻合,同时也可避免填充墙的破坏。     

近场地震作用下考虑二阶效应的混凝土框架抗震分析

利用钢筋混凝土柱的试验结果,验证OpenSees程序用于钢筋混凝土结构非线性分析的可行性。以此为基础,对钢筋混凝土框架结构在远场地震、近场非脉冲地震与近场脉冲地震作用的性能进行非线性时程分析,研究框架结构在三类地震作用下的反应以及二阶效应对结构反应的影响。针对近场脉冲地震对结构进行增量动力分析(IDA)和易损性分析,分别得到结构的IDA曲线、易损性曲线和近场脉冲地震作用下二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明,在三类地震作用下,近场脉冲地震导致的二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响最为显著,结构抗震设计中宜考虑二阶效应的影响。     

芦山地震框架结构震害分析

根据芦山地震现场考察结果,介绍了框架结构房屋填充墙、楼梯、柱、梁、板、玻璃幕墙、飘窗和吊顶的震害特征,并为增强框架结构房屋防震减灾能力提出建议:(1)经过抗震设计并且按照规范施工的钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋具有良好的抗震性能,值得推广应用;(2)框架结构楼梯间墙体震害相对较重,建议完善框架结构楼梯间的设计方法和抗震构造措施;(3)注意填充墙对整体结构的抗震贡献和影响,要加强填充墙与框架梁柱的构造连接措施,可以选用轻质材料与框架柔性连接,并避免填充墙倒塌伤人;(4)要重视玻璃幕墙与主体结构的连接构造,避免玻璃幕墙脱落伤人;(5)对吊顶和广告牌等非结构构件,要做好构造和连接,防止坠落造成人员伤害。     

框架结构填充墙影响和强梁弱柱成因研究

由于对填充墙影响研究的不足,以及又不属于主体结构的一部分,通常将填充墙作为非结构构件,在抗震设计中往往被忽略,然而在地震中填充墙表现为主体结构构件,决定着整体结构的抗震性能,布置不当往往会导致结构薄弱层或扭转破坏;而对于无填充墙的框架结构在地震中更多的表现为"强梁弱柱"破坏,并未实现预期的"强柱弱梁"延性破坏机制。上述震害现象引起了研究人员极大重视,并开展了广泛研究。本文在系统总结国内外相关研究和深入分析的基础上,结合试验和实际震害,就填充墙对整体结构抗震性能的影响以及"强梁弱柱"的成因进行了研究,主要工作如下:(1)总体上填充墙的存在明显提高了整体结构的抗震性能。在试验基础上,对填充墙框架和空框架结构计算模型进行多遇及罕遇地震下的动力时程分析,对比了两个计算模型的楼     

钢筋混凝土框架填充墙隔震建筑抗震性能影响因素分析

为探讨影响钢筋混凝土框架填充墙隔震建筑抗震性能的因素,以满布填充墙RC框架隔震结构为对象,基于Perform-3D软件,建立RC框架非隔震和隔震结构非线性分析模型,分析填充墙厚度、材料及砂浆强度等因素对隔震结构地震反应及减震控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:填充墙砂浆强度等级对隔震结构的影响不十分明显,而填充墙砌块材料和墙体厚度对隔震结构的影响十分显著。采用M7.5砂浆、24砖砌体填充墙对于减小隔震上部结构的地震反应、获得最优减震效果都很有利。此外,与传统隔震设计方法(纯框架、上部结构线性计算)得到的减震系数0.39相比,考虑上部结构非线性和填充墙的不同参数后,减震系数均有较大变化(0.45至0.67变化),说明现有隔震设计方法得到的减震系数偏小,按此设计上部结构会使其偏于不安全,隔震设计应考虑上部结构非线性和填充墙的影响。     

汶川地震震中某钢筋混凝土框架结构的非线性地震反应分析

2008年5月12日,四川省汶川县发生了里氏8.0级地震,造成了巨大的人员伤亡以及工程结构震害。位于震中映秀镇的漩口中学教学综合楼是按照《建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)》进行设计的,按7度进行抗震设防。在此次地震中,该建筑破坏严重,工程震害典型。为此,本文考虑了钢筋混凝土与砌体的材料非线性性质,建立了框架填充墙结构的非线性分析模型,进行了非线性有限元时程分析,分析了结构破坏的原因,讨论了填充墙体对结构抗震性能的影响,为该类结构的抗震设计提供了一定的依据。     

砌体填充墙框架结构抗震性能研究现状与展望

针对砌体填充墙框架结构在地震作用下的受力特点,分析了填充墙钢筋混凝土框架结构产生震害的主要原因。结合国内外砌体填充墙框架结构理论和试验研究成果,围绕填充墙的刚度退化规律和不同性能水平的层间位移角,评述了填充墙框架结构的研究现状。最后,结合基于性能的抗震设计理论背景和禁用黏土实心砖提倡节能的政策背景,指出了今后应以实现基于性能的抗震设计为目标,针对新型砌体填充墙框架结构开展系统研究。     

轻质砌块填充墙对钢框架地震反应影响分析

本文根据现有的填充墙钢框架结构试验和理论研究成果,提出了一种适用于结构整体分析的框架填充墙有限元模型。采用杆系模型并编制了相应的弹塑性地震反应分析程序。通过对空框架和带填充墙钢框架的地震反应分析,研究了轻质砌块填充墙的存在对钢框架顶层位移反应、底层柱弯矩及柱轴力反应的影响,得出了有益的结论。为进一步完善钢结构抗震设计提供了理论基础。     

Effect of URM infills on seismic vulnerability of Indian code designed RC frame buildings

Unreinforced Masonry(URM) is the most common partitioning material in framed buildings in India and many other countries.Although it is well-known that under lateral loading the behavior and modes of failure of the frame buildings change significantly due to infill-frame interaction,the general design practice is to treat infills as nonstructural elements and their stiffness,strength and interaction with the frame is often ignored,primarily because of difficulties in simulation and lack of modeling guidelines in design codes.The Indian Standard,like many other national codes,does not provide explicit insight into the anticipated performance and associated vulnerability of infilled frames.This paper presents an analytical study on the seismic performance and fragility analysis of Indian code-designed RC frame buildings with and without URM infills.Infills are modeled as diagonal struts as per ASCE 41 guidelines and various modes of failure are considered.HAZUS methodology along with nonlinear static analysis is used to compare the seismic vulnerability of bare and infilled frames.The comparative study suggests that URM infills result in a significant increase in the seismic vulnerability of RC frames and their effect needs to be properly incorporated in design codes.     

Implementation and verification of a masonry panel model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of infilled RC frames

The effect of infill panels on the response of RC frames subjected to seismic action is widely recognised and has been subject of numerous experimental investigations, while several attempts to model it analytically have been reported. In this work, the implementation, within a fibre-based Finite Elements program, of a double-strut nonlinear cyclic model for unreinforced masonry panels is carried out. The adequacy of the model in predicting the cyclic/seismic response of multi-storey infilled reinforced concrete frames is then verified through comparisons against experimental results.     

Assessing the effect of bi-directional loading on nonlinear static and dynamic behaviour of masonry-infilled frames with openings

In assessing the structural performance of infilled frames, in particular those with irregular and discontinuous infill panels, under bi-directional seismic excitation, the interaction effect of in-plane and out-of-plane lateral loads should be properly considered. This paper presents an investigation into the effect of bi-directional horizontal loading on the nonlinear static and dynamic behaviour of masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings in association with discrete-finite element modelling techniques. Out-of-plane loading and openings can significantly soften the bracing action provided by infill walls to the bounding frame. Under static load, the lateral strength of the infilled frames can reduce by 20–50 % when the applied out-of-plane load increase from 0.5 times to 2.0 times the unit weight of infills. The out-of-plane effects are intensified in dynamic loading cases. It is found that the peak base shears of the fully infilled frame under the bi-directional excitations are lower by 24.7 % under the Superstition Hill earthquake (PGA = 0.45 g) and 54.1 % under the Chi–Chi earthquake (PGA = 0.82 g) as compared with the uni-directional load cases. The displacement demands are also greater under bi-directional dynamic loading. For 2/3 height infilled frame, the displacement demands are significantly increased by 99.7 % under Kobe (PGA = 0.65 g) and 111.0 % under Chi–Chi earthquake (PGA = 0.82 g) respectively. For the fully infilled frame, the displacement demands are 84.1 % higher under Kobe and 53.1 % higher under Chi–Chi. Due to the incapability of developing continuous arching action, the infill panels with openings are particularly vulnerable to out-of-plane action and that often leads to progressive collapse of infill components. The worst scenario is that total collapse of infill panels takes place at the first storey, creating a soft-storey that jeopardise the overall structural stability.     

Procedures for calibration of linear models for damage limitation in design of masonry‐infilled RC frames

Recent earthquakes have confirmed the role played by infills in the seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings. The control and limitation of damage to such nonstructural elements is a key issue in performance‐based earthquake engineering. The present work is focused on modeling and analysis of damage to infill panels, and, in particular, it is aimed towards linear analysis procedures for assessing the damage limitation limit state of infilled reinforced concrete frames. First, code provisions on infill modeling and acceptance criteria at the damage limitation limit state are reviewed. Literature contributions on damage to unreinforced masonry infill panels and corresponding displacement capacity are reported and discussed. Two procedures are then proposed aiming at a twofold goal: (i) the determination of ‘equivalent’ interstory drift ratio limits for a bare frame model and (ii) the estimation of the stiffness of equivalent struts representing infill walls in a linear model. These two quantities are determined such that a linear model ensures a reliable estimation of seismic capacity at the damage limitation limit state, providing the same intensity level as that obtained from nonlinear analyses carried out on structural models with infills. Finally, the proposed procedures are applied to four‐story and eight‐story case study‐infilled frames, designed for seismic loads according to current technical codes. The results of these application examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

填充墙刚度影响的实测高层建筑增量动力分析

高层结构中的填充墙在地震作用下与周围结构构件之间的相互作用十分复杂,对建筑结构的整体抗震性能具有较大影响。然而我国规范在设计阶段通常不考虑填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响,统一采用周期折减系数来考虑其刚度变化引起的内力变化,因此准确评估填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响具有重要意义。本文在对一栋框-剪结构和一栋剪力墙高层建筑进行随机振动测试的基础上,利用Perform-3D对每栋高层分别建立了3种分析模型。其中对未考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,分别采取规范建议值和实测结果值两种方式进行周期折减。对通过添加斜撑单元来考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,利用环境激励测试识别获得的结构模态信息进行模型修正。对该3种模型进行了增量动力分析,探讨潜在危险性水平地震作用下填充墙对高层建筑抗震性能的影响。结果表明,填充墙增加了结构在弹性阶段的整体初始刚度,但随着地震动强度的增加逐渐丧失对结构刚度的贡献作用。相比考虑了填充墙作用的模型计算结果,规范建议的周期折减系数较为保守。同时研究发现,填充墙对高层框-剪结构的影响程度要比剪力墙结构大。     

Study on the effect of the infill walls on the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete frame

Motivated by the seismic damage observed to reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures during the Wenchuan earthquake, the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of a RC frame is studied in this paper. Infill walls, especially those made of masonry, offer some amount of stiffness and strength. Therefore, the effect of infill walls should be considered during the design of RC frames. In this study, an analysis of the recorded ground motion in the Wenchuan earthquake is performed. Then, a numerical model is developed to simulate the infill walls. Finally, nonlinear dynamic analysis is carried out on a RC frame with and without infill walls, respectively, by using CANNY software. Through a comparative analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn. The failure mode of the frame with infill walls is in accordance with the seismic damage failure pattern, which is strong beam and weak column mode. This indicates that the infill walls change the failure pattern of the frame, and it is necessary to consider them in the seismic design of the RC frame. The numerical model presented in this paper can effectively simulate the effect of infill walls on the RC frame.     

Multiplication factor for open ground storey buildings–a reliability based evaluation

Open Ground Storey(OGS) framed buildings where the ground storey is kept open without infill walls, mainly to facilitate parking, is increasing commonly in urban areas. However, vulnerability of this type of buildings has been exposed in past earthquakes. OGS buildings are conventionally designed by a bare frame analysis that ignores the stiffness of the infill walls present in the upper storeys, but doing so underestimates the inter-storey drift(ISD) and thereby the force demand in the ground storey columns. Therefore, a multiplication factor(MF) is introduced in various international codes to estimate the design forces(bending moments and shear forces) in the ground storey columns. This study focuses on the seismic performance of typical OGS buildings designed by means of MFs. The probabilistic seismic demand models, fragility curves, reliability and cost indices for various frame models including bare frames and fully infilled frames are developed. It is found that the MF scheme suggested by the Israel code is better than other international codes in terms of reliability and cost.