关于大型超大型矿床的概念问题

关于大型超大型矿床的概念，当前还存在着不同的理解和认识，为例于国际对比和协同攻关，作者对有关问题提出：简化分级，统一名称和推行国际国内双轨制，根据成矿的普遍性和特殊性与具体地质条件相结合的原则，建议因地制宜处理好个体与群体，“有兄弟”与“独生子”、单一类型与复杂类型，贫矿与富矿，以有点，线，面的分布形式等问题。     

用离子交换法或与碲共沉淀法后用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定岩石矿物中...

本文介绍了矿石，精矿，锍和硅酸盐与铁系岩石中１０＾－６与１０＾－９含量的贵金属的两种测定方法。用氢氟酸和王水分解试样后，随即把任何不溶渣与过氧化钠一起熔化，用阳离子交换法或与碲共沉淀法，使贵金属与脉石元素分离。     

云南省寻甸先锋盆地中新世褐煤与硅藻土沉积特征

同沉积构造和盆缘古地貌，控制沉积盆地的分布与沉积物的性质。先锋盆地的同沉积断裂与盆内的冲积扇，控制褐煤与硅藻土的分布，也决定着煤与硅藻土的矿物质含量与组分。古气体和水体营养程度的变化，导致出现不属种的硅藻组合带，进一步影响硅藻土的品位。     

矿业开发与生态环境一体化

概述了矿业开发与生态环境的关系，矿业开发与生态环境一体化的原则和组织，国内外现状和发展趋势，对河南省矿业生态环境存在问题及其原因进行了综合分析，论述了矿业开发与生态环境一体化的准则与前景，提出今后工作建议。     

经验勘查与理论勘查的发展趋势

经验勘查与理论勘查相互依存，互为补充，二者都会促进实际观测和资料收集，促进矿产勘查。建立模型是这2种勘查战略固有的工作，是指导资料收集和资料解释的手段，而不是目的，或者说建模是勘查工作中深化资料收集和认识的运行过程，而不是终结。理论勘查与经验勘查的交叉与融合，是通向矿产勘查的成功之路。成矿理论研究正步入第三个里程碑阶段，形成了以地球动力学为核心的众多生长点，如岩石圈构造不连续面、流体作用、超大陆旋回、地幔柱与成矿作用等，它们都处于快速发展时期，不断产生新的成矿理论和认识。新方法和新技术的不断出现和发展为经验勘查注入了活力，极大地促进了找矿工程学的发展。     

卤素在银成矿中的作用—以额仁磁勒盖大型银矿床为例

通过对额仁套勒盖银矿床卤素和Ag的研究，发现卤素在银矿床中具有明显的水平和垂直分带现象，地表和近地表矿石相对富C1和I，深部矿石相对富F；矿体中相对富C1和I，近矿围岩中相对富F。卤素与Ag有密切的关系，但是矿石类型不同，卤素与Ag的关系也不同，F与Ag多为负相关，C1与Ag，I与Ag多为正相关。表明卤素在银的活化、溶解、长距离迁移和沉淀富集过程中可能起着非常重要的作用。     

文化新张力——株洲国土资源“和”文化调查——解码株洲国土资源“和”文化

有关“和”字，《说文解字》口部书作“味”，解为“相应也”，系与入口之饮食有关；“禾”乃是“和”的观念的基本喻象，“和”同“禾”一起诞生于土地之上。而如今，“和”又被株洲国土资源文化引用为核心价值观。 《孙子兵法》曰：“道者，令民与上同意者也，可与之死，可与之生，民不诡也。”文化建设即可理解为传“道”途径之一。株洲国土资源文化通过以“和”为“道”，“令民与上同意”，从而“上下同欲者胜”。     

新太古—古元古代华北陆块构造演化的研究进展

在过去的二十年里，华北克位通早期陆块形成和演化的研究会是展是中国固体地球科学研究领域最为显著的成果之一，第一个十年代表性的工作包括深变质变形的层状岩系与块状岩系的误与成因研究，高级区与绿岩带的划分，构造样式与变形序列研究，变质历史与变质动力学，年代学与地质事件的研究等，第二个十年的研究重点是如何认识和理解早期在陆地壳的性质和它们的形成与演化过程，代表性的进展包括均匀域与地质体的划分，古老微陆块的识别，残留洋壳与早期陆壳形成，下地壳组成和性质，大陆拼贴机制，古地幔柱构造与前Rodinia超大陆旋回等，其中高压麻粒岩地体和退变质榴辉岩的发现，是华北早前寒武纪研究中最重要的进展，它为早期大陆的拼合机制，地壳的深部结构和古老下地壳与现代的对比等多个领域打开了新的研究思,对新太古-古元古代的重大地质事件的厘定已表明，华北主要的地壳生长期是在29－27亿年，但25和18亿两期事件是重大的事件，虽然对其性质尚存争议,但越来越多的证据把它们与超大陆和地幔柱构造相联系。     

驱动板块动力源之一—地磁斥、引力初探

板块运动驱动力是当代全球动力学研究的核心问题这一。通过地磁斥，引力生产与板块运动密切关系的总结，地磁斥力与地磁引力驱使板块运动的同时效应，古－今和深－浅地磁斥，引务相对大小的计算，板块俯冲深处与地幔前缘间冷接触关系的确定，板块体磁针式转动，全球构造运动与磁暴和地磁斥，引力联合效应的讨论，初步提出地磁斥，引力可作为驱动板块动力源之一，驱动板块运动是地球自转力，重力，地幔对流和地磁力综合作用的结果。     

从"全球冰川"到"雪球假说"——关于新元古代冰川事件的最新研究

新元古代冰期地层不同于显生宙冰期地层，近年来，一些学者提出了雪球假说，掀起了关于新元古代冰期环境特征与因演化的研究热潮，成为当前地学前沿的一个热门课题。本轮研究的一个突出特点，是它的高度综合性，涉及岩石圈，水圈，大气圈和生物圈，此外还牵攫到天体运行等学科。研究重点有新元古代冰川作用的低纬和低海拔特征。与Rodinia超大陆裂解的关系，冰室效应和温室效应的矛盾运动，海洋封冻的探索，碳酸盐岩岩帽的成因，碳，硫，锶等同位素的峰谷变化的环境含义，冰期地层中铁矿的成因，新元古代冰期的次数争议，雪球理论的数值模拟和冰期环境特征及其变化与生物演化，特别是与早寒武世生物大辐射的关系等。我国南方已成为研究新元古代冰期地层及其与寒武系生物大辐射关系的重要地区之一。     

岩土流动势的存在性及解耦性

基于不可逆热力学岩土损伤理论的流动势理论存在两个基本问题：（1）岩土材料是否存在流动势;（2）流动势可否分解为塑性势和损伤势,即塑性、损伤两种机制可否解耦,给出了流动势存在的充分必要条件并加以严格证明,结合岩土的基本变形性质,证明了岩土不存在流动势。进一步考察流动势的解耦性,给出了流动势的塑性流动与损伤流动可解耦的充分必要条件,并进行了严格论证,结合土体的基本变形性质,证明了岩土塑性流动和损伤流动机制不可解耦,从而也为其他固体材料流动势的存在性和解耦性提供判别依据。     

RIPPLE MARK INDICES AND THEIR USES

The following dimensionless parameters (two of them well-known and five of them new) are defined for determination of ripple mark geometry: ripple index (RI), ripple symmetry index (RSI), continuity index (CI), bifurcation index (BI), straightness index (SI), and two different parallelism indices (PI₁ and PI₂). In general, RI = 15 or less indicates wave or water current origin; RI = 17 or more indicates wind or swash origin. RSI = 1.5 or less indicates wave or swash types; RSI = 3 or more indicates wind or water current types. CI = 15 or more suggests wind or wave origin; CI = 10 or less suggests water current origin. BI = 10 or more suggests wave varieties; BI = 1 or less suggests wind varieties. SI = 10² or more indicates wind or deep-water wave types; SI = 15 to 10² indicates wind or wave types; SI =4 or less indicates current types. PI1 = 7 or more suggests wave origin; PI1 = 1 or less suggests water current origin. PI2 = 0.4 or more is probably the result of swash or water current action. PI2 = 0.2 or less is probably the result of wind or wave action. Longitudinal ripple marks (such as rib-and-furrow) and deformed or modified varieties (such as flat-topped tidal-flat ripple marks and nearly- flat-topped intermittent creek ripple marks) have been excluded, inasmuch as (1)they are commonly easy to identify from their appearance, and (2)they are difficult to measure with ordinary methods. Plots of two indices against each other on coordinate paper can be particularly useful; the best combinations are RI vs. RSI, and RI vs. PI1, although several other pairs are almost as good. Where all seven parameters can be obtained, the confidence one can have in the interpretation is close to 98%. The effects of current bias, or depth bias, on wave-type ripple marks, extend to both the symmetry (RSI) and to sediment-transport interpretations. Unless the investigator is reasonably sure that no such bias is present (i.e., RSI = 1.0 instead of some significantly higher value such as 1.5), wave-type ripple marks cannot be used to determine direction of either wave approach or sediment transport. If no such bias is present, wave-type ripple marks still cannot be used to determine precise sediment transport direction. If RSI = 1.0 precisely, it is not even necessary that the ripple crests parallel the waves that formed them. The same restrictions apply to the interpretation of micro-crossbedding (that is, ripple mark internal structure). Despite these seemingly severe limitations, general geometry commonly permits a reliable interpretation, and hence ripple marks can provide a great deal of useful data for paleogeographic interpretations. The swash-zone variety of ripple marks includes two sub-types: those modified by a small but unmistakeable hydraulic jump, and those not so modified. The RI can be used to distinguish between these two, even when they were not observed to form.     

Two Artifacts of Probability Field Simulation

Probability field simulation is being used increasingly to simulate geostatistical realizations. The method can be faster than conventional simulation algorithms and it is well suited to integrate prior soft information in the form of local probability distributions. The theoretical basis of probability field simulation has been established when there are no conditioning data; however, no such basis has been established in presence of conditioning data. Realizations generated by probability field simulation show two severe artifacts near conditioning data. We document these artifacts and show theoretically why they exist. The two artifacts that have been investigated are (1) local conditioning data appear as local minima or maxima of the simulated values, and (2) the variogram model in range of conditioning data is not honored; the simulated values have significantly greater continuity than they are supposed to. These two artifacts are predicted by theory. An example flow simulation study is presented to illustrate that they affect more than the visual appearance of the simulated realizations. Notwithstanding the flexibility of the probability field simulation method, these two artifacts suggest that it be used with caution in presence of conditioning data. Future research may overcome these limitations.     

Potentialité d'utilisation d'argiles marocaines de Jbel Kharrou dans l'industrie céramique

The Ordovician clays of Jbel Kharrou (Rehamna, Morocco) have been studied for their use in ceramic industry. The realised studies were carried out on two samples B1 and B2, the most representative, taken from a clay dominated formation that outcrops 25 km east of the Skhour Rehamna city. The chemical analyses, mineralogical studies and advanced technological tests undertaken on the two samples indicate that these clays can be considered as non-refractory material, so they can be used to the manufacturing of ceramic products: soil and wall tiles, sanitary, pottery, etc. The tested briquettes, cooked at 1040?°C, remain flat, without deformation or defects; they are of cream white dye. These briquettes show a high mechanical resistance to the flexion, the loss in weight remains tolerable with cooking, lightly elevated (12% ); it can be corrected by the addition of a grease-remover. To cite this article: N. El Yakoubi et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

中国恐龙蛋研究的历史与现状

本文对我国恐龙蛋研究历史作了简略回顾, 大致分为三个研究阶段：形态分类、半自然分类和自然分类阶段。本文根据中国江西赣州晚白垩世南雄组产出的两枚含胚胎恐龙蛋的研究, 认为这两枚恐龙蛋处于不同的发育阶段, 蛋体形态和蛋壳显微结构表明它们同属于以往在广东发现的瑶屯巨型蛋(Macroolithus yaotunensis), 骨骼学研究表明它们可能是黄氏河源龙(Heyuannia huangi)或与其亲缘关系相近的窃蛋龙所产。江西赣州晚白垩世含胚胎恐龙蛋的首次发现标志着我国恐龙蛋研究已进入自然分类阶段     

Potential particles: a method for modelling non-circular particles in DEM

Options for defining non-circular (or non-spherical) particles in DEM codes are briefly reviewed before introducing a new concept: potential particles. This method can be used to define convex particles with a wide variety of shapes, from almost polygonal to circular. It is readily applicable in both two and three dimensions. Although contact detection and overlap calculations are not as fast as for circular particles, they can nevertheless be made sufficiently simple and fast for implementation in DEM codes.     

云南寒武纪早期澄江生物群中原始海绵科似斜纹海绵属新种

本文报道澄江生物群似斜纹海绵属Paradiagoniella的两个新种：橄榄形似斜纹海绵P.oliviformis sp. nov. 和锥形似斜纹海绵P. conicasp. nov. 。两个新种具有似斜纹海绵属的基本特征：体壁薄;由排列不规则、分级的十字骨针为基底构成骨骼;除十字骨针外,还穿插排列有五射针、六射针、弯弓形和针形双尖单轴针等。然而与模式种不同,两个新种十字骨针分级不明显;同时,两个新种在外形、骨针组成、最大十字骨针射长比等方面,与本属的其他种都存在明显差异。新材料的发现增加了寒武纪早期原始海绵物种多样性,为研究海绵动物早期起源演化提供了新信息。     

Some problems associated with the analysis and interpretation of mixed carbonate and quartz beach sands,illustrated by examples from North-West Ireland

Mixes of carbonate and quartz sands, which are commonly encountered in Recent coastal sediments, require careful analysis if they are to be correctly interpreted. Grain-size data fall into multimodal or segmented zig-zag distributions which may require some kind of component separation if they are to be summarised by conventional statistics, and before they can be assigned to a particular hydrodynamic depositional process or environment. Unfortunately, separation techniques are only spasmodically applied, usually without due regard to the consequences. Such artificially filtered or truncated distributions are of little subsequent use. Using a range of samples from two beaches in NW Ireland, where carbonate proportions range from nearly zero to over sixty percent, the interrelationships of the two dominant components were examined. Where only a small carbonate proportion is incorporated into a large quartz one, predictable modifications of the size-curve are apparent. However, the components are more independent if mixtures are near equal. The occurrence of a number of distinctive combinations of simple straight lines and complex zig-zag curves probably reflects the relatively dynamic nature of the carbonate fraction.     

On synneusis

Synnneusis is the process of drifting-together and mutual attachment of crystals suspended in a melt. This process is episodic, is most characteristic of the earlier stages of consolidation, and appears to be related to magmatic turbulence. Union of crystals in synneusis relation normally occurs on their broader faces in preferred orientations which coincide with positions of low interfacial energy. Quantitative studies of several common igneous minerals indicate that crystals of a single mineral characteristically show a strong affinity for synneusis and typically unite in parallel or twinned orientation. Some pairs of unlike minerals join readily in synneusis relation, but most appear to be antipathetic.Synneusis structures have generally been overlooked or misinterpreted as epitaxial intergrowths, primary twins, irregular growth forms, or the random union of crystals which have grown into contact. These possibilities must be rejected where it can be shown that two or more distinct crystals are involved, that they were relatively large when they came in contact, and that they are oriented with prominent faces in common.Synneusis is responsible for three major features of the magmatic fabric: (1) the small scale segregation of minerals; (2) the systematic mutual orientation of adjacent crystals in synneusis relation; and (3) the morphology of their common boundary. Because synneusis structures are restricted to igneous rocks and are widespread and easily recognized, they provide a definitive and ready criterion of magmatic origin.     

A new approach to the estimation of analytical precision

Methods used for the estimation of analytical precision commonly suffer from two deficiencies which give rise to misleading results. These are: (1) the methods take no account of changes in absolute or relative error over the concentration range, and (2) they tend for other reasons to produce optimistically-biassed results. The difficulties can be avoided by the correct use of duplicate determinations. One method presented allows precision parameters to be estimated. The other gives rise to a simple control chart for use in geochemical analysis.