Anisotropic UH model for soils based on a simple transformed stress method

A simple method called anisotropic transformed stress (ATS) method is proposed to develop failure criteria and constitutive models for anisotropic soils. In this method, stress components in different directions are modified differently in order to reflect the effect of anisotropy. It includes two steps of mapping of stress. First, a modified stress tensor is introduced, which is a symmetric multiplication of stress tensor and fabric tensor. In the modified stress space, anisotropic soils can be treated to be isotropic. Second, a TS tensor is derived from the modified stress tensor for the convenience of developing anisotropic constitutive models to account for the effect of intermediate principal stress. By replacing the ordinary stress tensor with the TS tensor directly, the unified hardening model is extended to model the anisotropic deformation of soils. Anisotropic Lade's criterion is adopted for shear yield and shear failure in the model. The form of the original model formulations remains unchanged, and the model parameters are independent of the loading direction. Good agreement between the experimental results and predictions of the anisotropic unified hardening model is observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种适用于各向异性土体的破坏准则

自然界的土体通常具有各向异性的特点,而传统的破坏准则大多只适用于各向同性的土体。结合应力张量和反映材料各向异性状态的组构张量,定义了修正偏应力及其不变量,提出了适用于各向异性土体材料的破坏准则。给出了共轴条件下正交各向异性和横向各向异性材料在一般应力空间的破坏曲线以及不同应力区中主应力系数b与摩擦角的关系曲线,并分析了它们的特性以及与各向同性材料相应曲线的区别。通过与真三轴试验数据的比较,表明该准则能很好地描述各向异性土体材料的强度特点。     

横观各向同性土的简明破坏机制解释

由于沉积等作用使得天然土材料内部颗粒排列表现为各向异性。土材料的各向异性使得材料内各平面滑动的内摩擦角不同。因此,在分析各向异性土的破坏问题中,除了考虑来自外部的应力分布以外,还需考虑土材料内部的强度分布。以横观各向同性土为例,阐述了同时考虑材料外部应力分布与材料内部强度分布下各向异性土的破坏机制。为说明,文中假定横观各向同性土内部各平面的内摩擦角正切值随空间方向而线性分布。外部加载进行时,横观各向同性土材料内部各处的应力不断变化,当其内部某处首次出现的应力达到该处的强度时,土材料发生破坏。进一步通过类比得出：区别于金属,各向同性土不是在最大剪应力面而是在最大剪压比面发生破坏;区别于各向同性土,各向异性土不是在最大剪压比面而是在最大剪压强比面发生破坏。     

非均质各向异性黏土光滑条基承载力上限解

黏土地基中土体强度的非均质和各向异性是比较突出的现象。在已有工作的基础上,根据目前常用的不排水条件下饱和黏土非均质和各向异性强度模型,采用已被证实计算光滑条基极限承载力相当高效的多块体离散模式,编制了考虑强度非均质和各向异性时黏土地基上光滑条基地基承载力计算的多块体上限解计算程序,实现了非均质各向异性黏土地基上光滑条基地基极限承载力的多块体上限解法。为验证多块体上限解法的应用情况,将计算结果与已有的上限解、滑移线解等做了广泛的对比发现,该处计算非均质和各向异性黏土地基上光滑条基极限承载力的上限方法是相当有效的。为方便应用,基于多块体上限方法给出了非均质和各向异性条件下地基承载力系数 的计算曲线。探讨了 随土体强度非均质和各向异性的变化规律。通过分析非均质条件对地基破坏面的影响,揭示了非均质对地基承载力影响的内在原因。     

结构性土的微观破损机理研究

在前人研究的基础上,针对凸多面体相互接触的性质,推导了三维状态下的微观接触力和宏观应力的关系,并应用于结构性土的研究中。对结构性土,采用以土颗粒之间的胶结和组构为基本研究对象的研究方法,在二元介质理论框架内推导出结构性土破损规律及迭代公式,提出3种破损方式（剪碎、压碎、混合型）,同时推导了宏观的柔度张量;对各向同性的结构性土,在球应力加载条件下的破损规律以及变形规律进行了研究,得到了解析解,简单分析的结果与实际相符。     

The effect of strength anisotropy on the bearing capacity of spudcan foundations

The vertical bearing capacity of spudcan foundations in strength anisotropic soils is investigated numerically using the MIT-S1 model implemented in the AFENA finite element package. The model in AFENA is validated against existing laboratory test data of normally consolidated soil. The bearing capacities of spudcans in soils with isotropic and anisotropic strengths are compared. Soil with isotropic strength is simulated using an elasto-plastic model. It is found that the bearing capacity of a spudcan in an anisotropic soil is reduced by about 9% for a rough spudcan and 3% for a smooth spudcan on average. There is a combined effect of soil anisotropy and spudcan roughness on the spudcan bearing capacity. Moreover, the effect of the pressuremeter strength of an anisotropic soil on foundation capacity can’t be ignored.     

土体强度各向异性基坑的抗隆起稳定性分析

天然土体通常为非均质、各向异性土体,目前常用的基坑抗隆起计算方法多是针对均质各向同性土体的。采用非均质非线性各向异性岩石破坏准则,考虑土体原生各向异性,假定Prandtl破坏模式,采用地基承载力模式进行基坑的抗隆起稳定性分析。根据滑移线理论计算承载力,利用有限差分法结合边界条件编制出相关计算程序,并定义基坑抗隆起稳定性系数。研究表明,各向异性比的提高会降低安全系数;内摩擦角和插入比的增大可有效提高基坑的稳定性。     

A lattice Boltzmann model for noble gas diffusion in solids: The importance of domain shape and diffusive anisotropy and implications for thermochronometry

Thermochronometry based on radiogenic noble gases is critically dependent upon accurate knowledge of the kinetics of diffusion. With few exceptions, complex natural crystals are represented by ideal geometries such as infinite sheets, infinite cylinders, or spheres, and diffusivity is assumed to be isotropic. However, the physical boundaries of crystals generally do not conform to ideal geometries and diffusion within some crystals is known to be anisotropic. Our failure to incorporate such complexities into diffusive models leads to inaccuracies in both thermal histories and diffusion parameters calculated from fractional release data. To address these shortcomings we developed a code based on the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method to model diffusion from complex 3D geometries having isotropic, temperature-independent anisotropic, and temperature-dependent anisotropic diffusivity. In this paper we outline the theoretical basis for the LB code and highlight several advantages of this model relative to more traditional finite difference approaches. The LB code, along with existing analytical solutions for diffusion from simple geometries, is used to investigate the affect of intrinsic crystallographic features (e.g., crystal topology and diffusion anisotropy) on calculated diffusion parameters and a novel method for approximating thermal histories from crystals with complex topologies and diffusive anisotropy is presented.     

岩土材料的各向异性强度准则

岩土材料的强度往往表现出很强的各向异性,而已有的各向同性强度准则不能够描述这一特性。提出一个岩土材料的各向异性强度准则。为了描述材料的各向异性,引入了一个由应力张量和组构张量的联合不变量表达的各向异性参数。该参数可以描述加载方向和材料组构方向的夹角。强度准则是基于材料在子午面和偏平面上的破坏特性而建立的,这为描述广义的材料强度各向异性提供了方便。与原各向同性强度准则相比,各向异性强度准则只引入了两个新的模型参数,而且所有的模型参数都可以通过常规的室内试验结果确定。该准则的预测结果与砂土、黏土、天然黏土和岩石的试验结果比较表明,它能够很好地描述岩土材料强度的各向异性     

Numerical simulation of the undrained stability of slopes in anisotropic fine-grained soils

The undrained stability of slopes in anisotropic fine-grained soils is studied in this paper using the finite element method (FEM). A constitutive model is presented, able to account for the observed variation of undrained strength with loading direction. The model is able to encompass the different strength distributions observed in normally, slightly overconsolidated and heavily overconsolidated soils. A series of stability analyses have been performed to explore the effect of the type of undrained strength anisotropy on the stability and failure mechanisms of slopes of different inclinations. In addition, a real case study of the failure of an underwater slope is analysed with the numerical approach presented. It suggests that, by considering undrained strength anisotropy, the failure can be satisfactorily explained.     

Probabilistic analysis of reinforced slopes using RFEM and considering spatial variability of frictional soil properties due to compaction

Probabilistic stability analyses of constructed wrapped-face reinforced slopes (or embankments) using frictional soils were carried out using the random finite element method (RFEM). Soil properties reported in the literature for unsaturated frictional fills compacted to different densities were used in the simulations. Bar elements were added to the RFEM code to simulate extensible geosynthetic reinforcement layers and the Davis approach was used to improve numerical stability for purely frictional soil slopes at collapse. The influence of isotropic and anisotropic spatially variable soil strength was investigated and shown to have a large influence on the variation of maximum mobilised tensile forces in reinforcement layers for the steep 5 m-high slopes in the study. The influence of fill placed at different layer thickness and compacted to different levels was simulated by adjusting the soil strength and unit weight, and the vertical strength correlation length in the anisotropic spatially variable strength field used in each slope realisation. Numerical results showed that vertical strength correlation lengths approaching the magnitude of fill lift heights can control the probability of failure for reinforced slopes constructed with weak fills placed in lift heights close to but less than the wrapped reinforcement spacing used in the study.     

Improvement of a hypoplastic model to predict clay behaviour under undrained conditions

A shortcoming of the hypoplastic model for clays proposed by the first author is an incorrect prediction of the initial portion of the undrained stress path, particularly for tests on normally consolidated soils at isotropic stress states. A conceptually simple modification of this model, which overcomes this drawback, is proposed in the contribution. The modified model is applicable to both normally consolidated and overconsolidated soils and predicts the same swept-out-memory states (i.e., normal compression lines) as the original model. At anisotropic stress states and at higher overconsolidation ratios the modified model yields predictions similar to the original model.     

Formulation of a three‐dimensional constitutive model for unsaturated soils incorporating mechanical–water retention couplings

Wheeler, Sharma and Buisson proposed an elasto‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils that couples the mechanical and water retention behaviours. The model was formulated for isotropic stress states and adopts the mean Bishop's stress and modified suction as stress state variables. This paper deals with the extension of this constitutive model to general three‐dimensional stress conditions, proposing the generalized stress–strain relationships required for the numerical integration of the constitutive model. A characteristic of the original model is the consideration of a number of elasto‐plastic mechanisms to describe the complex behaviour of unsaturated soils. This work presents the three‐dimensional formulation of these coupled irreversible mechanisms in a generalized way including anisotropic loading. The paper also compares the results from the model with published experiments performed under different loading conditions. The response of the model is very satisfactory in terms of both mechanical and water retention behaviours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of inherent anisotropy on the strength of natural granite residual soil under generalized stress paths

It is universally known that residual soils behave very differently from sedimentary soils. While the latter is widely known as cross-anisotropic, little is known regarding the strength anisotropy of residual soils. This study presents how the inherent anisotropy affects the strength of natural granite residual soils under generalized conditions, where intact specimens were carefully prepared and sheared under triaxial compression, extension, simple shear, and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests. The strength of natural residual soil, in terms of ultimate stress ratio M and undrained shear strength S_u, is found to be significantly anisotropic in a different way from normally consolidated clays with the maximum strength obtained under triaxial compression and the minimum under simple shear or at intermediate principal stress direction. As a result, the existing method failed to measure the anisotropy degree of the studied soil. Two parameters were proposed accordingly to quantify the anisotropic strength under general conditions, taking the special strength anisotropy pattern and cohesive-frictional nature of GRS into account. The proposed parameters enable the direct comparison of strength anisotropy among soils. This study serves as a data set to better understand residual soils regarding their anisotropic behaviors under generalized conditions. Although specific to granite residual soils in China, this study is expected to be more widely applicable to other weathered geomaterials.

     

The Shear Strength Behavior of Two Peaty Soils

This paper presents experimental research concerning the shear behavior of two types of Italian peat, one normally, the other over consolidated. Organic soils are characterized by very high compressibility and high fiber content; two features that give rise to several problems during laboratory tests. Under consideration here are the effects of fibers and over consolidation on friction angle and stress–strain behavior. These are evaluated by means of undrained compression triaxial tests, with isotropic and anisotropic (K_o) consolidation being performed on natural and remolded samples. The experimental results are also analyzed by means of a bilinear failure criterion based on soil-reinforcement interaction mechanisms.     

人工制备初始应力各向异性结构性土方法探讨

通过对结构性黏土的研究可以掌握天然土受荷过程中的变形破坏过程,从而为考虑土结构性的结构物的设计、地基加固等提供依据。近年来随着高、深和大型建筑的兴建,结构性黏土的研究变得尤为重要。天然土都具有结构性和各向异性。发展了一种能够考虑初始应力各向异性影响的结构性土的人工制样方法。通过对原料粉质黏土中添加水泥形成颗粒之间的胶结作用,添加盐粒并溶解后形成大孔隙组构分布和在水化过程中的侧限应力状态的结构性土样的端部施加竖向荷载,从而人工制备了具有初始应力各向异性的结构性土样。然后对初始均质结构性土样、初始应力各向异性结构性土样和重塑土样进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,初步分析了初始应力对结构性土样的应力-应变特性的影响和初始应力各向异性结构性土的破损机制。     

基于状态曲面的非饱和土强度准则及其验证

考虑体变对非饱和土土-水状态的影响,将状态曲面函数引入传统的Vanapalli强度公式得到与孔隙比相关的抗剪强度准则,新准则使用饱和土的强度参数和两条不同孔隙比对应的土-水特征曲线。选择一种尾矿砂和高岭土的混合土料为研究对象,进行一系列的土-水特征曲线试验、吸力控制的等向压缩和三轴剪切试验。试验结果表明,新准则能更准确地预测非饱和土的强度,证明了传统强度预测的误差主要来源于忽略了体变导致的土-水状态变化,并提出在不同应力空间内精确地获得抗剪强度包线的方法,合理地解释了强度包线斜率在净应力-强度平面内随吸力增大、强度包线形状在吸力-强度平面内随净应力发生变化的特性。     

基于微观力学机制的各向异性结构性砂土的本构模型研究

在岩土破损力学基础上,基于微观破损机制,提出了考虑各向异性的结构性砂土本构理论。采用Lade-Duncan强度准则考虑中主应力对抗剪强度的影响;采用考虑颗粒排列组构的各向异性状态变量A反映各向异性对土体强度和变形的影响;通过相似扩大重塑土的屈服面反映结构性对土性的影响;通过引入非相关联流动法则考虑各向异性和结构性对土体塑性变形的影响。同时,将基于微观力学机制的损伤演化规律引入结构性土的硬化规律;该硬化规律同时考虑了塑性体积应变和剪切应变对各向异性结构性土强度的影响。然后将该模型用于模拟室内三轴压缩试验,初步验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。     

An analytical approach for cased borehole stress calculation in general anisotropic formations

We present an explicit analytical approach for calculating the distribution of stress around a circular cased borehole in a general anisotropic formation. This approach is developed based on a pure elastic cased borehole model, which can include multiple cemented concentric casing strings that are surrounded by a homogeneous anisotropic medium. The wall of the innermost casing is under the compression of borehole internal fluid pressure, and the formation can be subjected to arbitrary far‐field stresses. Every casing–cement boundary is assumed to be welded, so as the cement–formation boundary. The derived analytical solution can be applied to an arbitrary wellbore trajectory in an arbitrary anisotropic formation and is also applicable to degenerate isotropic formations. Accuracy and robustness of the analytical solution is validated through comparing its results with those calculated from the classical Kirsch solution for an isotropic example that has identical elastic properties for all materials and from a finite element method for an anisotropic cased borehole example.     

A dual-mechanism tensile failure criterion for transversely isotropic rocks

Acta Geotechnica - We propose a tensile failure criterion for transversely isotropic rocks that distinguishes tensile fracturing mechanisms either through the anisotropic rock matrix or along the...