倾斜基岩上的边坡破坏模式和稳定性分析

应用离心模型试验对工程中被颇为关注的带有与边坡走向一致的倾斜基岩面,且在该基岩面存在软弱夹层的边坡的稳定性和破坏模式进行了比较详细地研究,并用极限平衡分析方法对试验结果进行了计算分析。模型试验结果表明,该类边坡失稳时,紧贴岩面的软弱夹层就成为滑动破坏面,因而边坡整体沿基岩面向下滑动,且侧向水平位移各处基本一致,表现出典型的平移滑动破坏模式。将稳定安全系数的实测结果与按平移滑动破坏模式的极限平衡分析方法的计算结果相比较后发现,两者相当地吻合,证实了按平移滑动破坏模式所作的极限平衡分析,能良好地预测边坡平移滑动破坏情形下的稳定安全系数。     

Probabilistic parameter estimation and predictive uncertainty based on field measurements for unsaturated soil slope

A key issue in assessment of rainfall-induced slope failure is a reliable evaluation of pore water pressure distribution and its variations during rainstorm, which in turn requires accurate estimation of soil hydraulic parameters. In this study, the uncertainties of soil hydraulic parameters and their effects on slope stability prediction are evaluated, within the Bayesian framework, using the field measured temporal pore-water pressure data. The probabilistic back analysis and parameter uncertainty estimation is conducted using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. A case study of a natural terrain site is presented to illustrate the proposed method. The 95% total uncertainty bounds for the calibration period are relatively narrow, indicating an overall good performance of the infiltration model for the calibration period. The posterior uncertainty bounds of slope safety factors are much narrower than the prior ones, implying that the reduction of uncertainty in soil hydraulic parameters significantly reduces the uncertainty of slope stability.     

强降雨条件下基岩型层状边坡入渗模型及稳定性研究

强降雨作用下基岩型层状边坡易发生失稳破坏,给人们生命财产造成重大损失。为探索基岩型层状边坡的降雨入渗过程,以Green-Ampt入渗模型为基础,考虑了边坡几何特征及饱和带渗流作用,得到了边坡不同入渗阶段入渗率和湿润峰深度的计算式,建立了适用于基岩型层状边坡的降雨入渗计算模型;在分析基岩型层状边坡稳定性时,考虑了饱和带的渗流作用,联合降雨入渗模型与极限平衡法,分析了基岩面与湿润峰面稳定性的变化规律,得到了计算基岩型层状边坡安全系数的解析表达式;结果表明,该模型的计算与试验结果具有一致性。利用该计算模型与传统计算方法对张家湾滑坡进行了强度为30 mm/h的降雨入渗与稳定性分析,得到了不同计算方法下张家湾滑坡湿润峰深度及安全系数随降雨历时增加而发生的变化规律,结果表明该计算模型在分析基岩型层状边坡稳定性时优于传统分析方法。     

岭澳核电站二期工程基岩爆破安全阈值分析

核电站基础爆破开挖过程中必须严格控制岩体爆破损伤深度,确保建基面安全。以广东岭澳核电站二期工程基础爆破开挖为例,通过现场爆破振动监测、岩体声波试验以及数值模拟,综合分析了岩体爆炸振动衰减规律和损伤特征,研究了距爆源一定距离处岩体振动速度与损伤特征的关系,提出了岭澳核电站二期工程岩体爆炸损伤深度的控制方法,确定了相应的安全阈值。分析结果表明,岭澳核电站二期工程基础爆破开挖时,当距爆源30 m处的岩体质点振动速度不超过5 cm/s时,可保证下卧基岩的损伤深度小于2 m,确保建基岩完整性。     

榆神矿区基岩顶面土层缺失机理分析及其防治水意义

为研究榆神矿区局部基岩顶面中新世-中更新世土层缺失的机理及其与矿井涌水灾害的关系,采用地质钻探、野外观测、数理统计的方法分析了基岩顶面标高与残留土层厚度的关系,运用"将今论古"的方法分析了土层成因及剥蚀机理。结果表明:榆神矿区土层剥蚀是降水、风和线状流水地质营力共同作用的结果,线状流水是土层颗粒冲蚀以及土层纵向剥蚀直至缺失的主要因素。榆神矿区基岩顶面标高与残留土层厚度呈正相关线性耦合关系,土层缺失可以作为古河流发育的直接标志,据此恢复了与基岩顶面连通的古河流形态、分布范围及古分水岭。基岩顶面古河床充填的含水层是煤矿涌水的主要充水来源,将对煤矿安全生产构成威胁。      

土壤饱和导水率空间预测的不确定性分析

当土壤转换函数应用于土壤水力性质估计时,对于预测值的不确定性往往容易被忽视。为了有针对性地提出减少这种不确定性的方法和措施,提高土壤转换函数的实际应用能力,以两种现有的土壤转换函数(Vereecken和HYPRES模型)为例,将其应用于山东省平度市土壤饱和导水率的空间预测,并利用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)方法对预测结果的不确定性进行了分析。结果表明,饱和导水率空间预测的不确定性主要来源于土壤基本性质的空间插值误差和土壤转换函数自身的预测误差。当Vereecken模型应用于饱和导水率空间预测时,预测结果的不确定性主要由土壤基本性质空间插值误差所决定,土壤转换函数预测误差的影响较小,而HYPRES模型则是受二者的双重影响。     

Erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village,Puding county,Guizhou, China

Carbonate rocks distribute widely in China. The total area of the carbonate rocks is about 3,430,000 km², and the exposed area of the carbonate is approximately 13 % of China’s territory. In 2003, soil loss in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces reached 179,600 km², which is almost 40.1 % of the total area, causing rocky desertification. In this study, the erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village, Puding county, Guizhou province is proposed. The mechanism occurs under the following geological environment: slope surface undulation, underlying bedrock surface fluctuation and thin and inhomogeneous soil overlying, overlying soil generation by bedrock weathering, underground karst development, and large groundwater depth and lying water table under the bottom of soils. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss in the karst slopes is explained as follows: power loss due to human cultivation activities that destroy the soil structure, hydraulic force formed by rainfall infiltration, wet–dry cycle generated by rainfall, erosion effect caused by rainfall penetration, creeping and flowing of plastic-stream soil, and collapse. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss has seven steps: disturbance of soils filled in underground karst cave by human activities, internal soil erosion and partial collapse caused by hydraulic power, internal free surface formation within the soil in the filled karst cave, internal soil creeping, soil pipe formation, soil pipe collapse, and ground surface collapse and filling. Soil loss develops slowly, and sudden transportation occurs by collapse. Soil loss can be explained by the proposed mechanism, and soil loss can be prevented by controlling soil collapse.     

Variation with time of the factor of safety of slopes excavated in unsaturated soils

While the evolution with time of the factor of safety against slope failure is well understood for excavations performed under fully saturated conditions, this evolution has not been extensively studied for excavations carried out in unsaturated soils. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the factor of safety and time for an excavation performed in an unsaturated silty soil, employing the finite element method. A hypothetical boundary value problem is considered and two types of analyses performed; in the first one, unsaturated soil behaviour is modelled through appropriate constitutive and soil–water retention curve models, whereas in the second one full saturation is assumed. The effect that the saturated soil permeability, its variation with suction, the increase of apparent cohesion due to suction, the depth of the groundwater table and the hydraulic hysteresis have on the results of the unsaturated analysis is examined in a parametric study. The analyses results demonstrate that for unsaturated soils the factor of safety may increase with time, in contrast to what is commonly accepted to be the case in fully saturated soils. Furthermore, it is not possible to know in advance which one of the two types of analysis performed (i.e. the saturated or the unsaturated) will produce conservative results. It is, therefore, advisable to perform unsaturated analysis in geotechnical practice, when dealing with excavations in such soils.     

巨厚沉积土夹火山岩场地非线性地震反应特性

地震基岩深度和土体动力本构模型的选取对核岛场地地震效应评价结果的合理性具有重要影响。以拟建某沿海核电厂深度470 m沉积土夹火山岩层场地的3个钻孔剖面为研究对象,采用一维等效线性波传分析（ELA）法、基于Matasovic本构模型和Davidenkov-Chen-Zhao（DCZ）本构模型的一维非线性分析（NLA）法,选取不同剪切波速的5个岩土层作为地震基岩,研究了输入地震动特性、地震基岩深度和土体动力本构模型的选取对巨厚沉积土夹火山岩层场地非线性地震反应特性的影响。结果表明：（1）以浅层硬岩夹层或深部土层作为地震基岩,NLA法计算的5%阻尼比的地表谱加速度SA的短周期部分较之ELA法的计算值大,但两者计算的地表SA谱的长周期部分几乎一致;（2）基于Matasovic模型和DCZ模型的NLA法计算的地表SA谱谱形和峰值加速度随深度的变化趋势基本一致;（3）从NLA法计算的地表峰值加速度和累积绝对速度而言,以剪切波速约2 500 m/s的浅层硬岩夹层作为地震基岩是适宜的。     

土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定影响分析

岩土体参数取值对于工程设计意义较大,为更好地评估土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定的影响,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟方法,分析了土体参数变异性及样本容量水平对掌子面稳定特性的影响,提出了掌子面设计安全系数的确定方法。结合工程实例评估了设计安全系数的合理性,分析结果表明,样本容量较大时,土体参数的不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定特性影响较小;小样本条件下,土体参数不确定性影响随着样本容量的降低逐渐增大。研究成果可为临时性的隧洞掌子面支护设计提供依据。     

分层土中水泥土围护结构抗倾覆验算方法的改进

推导了分层土中水泥土围护结构抗倾覆稳定系数计算公式,提出了改进的计算方法,研究了土层分层结构对水泥土围护结构抗倾覆稳定系数的影响。土层上软下硬时,水泥土围护结构抗倾覆稳定系数分别随着墙体宽度与入土深度的增加而增加。土层上硬下软时,增加墙体宽度对于提高抗倾覆稳定系数具有较好的效果,而增加墙体入土深度对于提高抗倾覆稳定系数作用不大,因为分层土中,水泥土围护结构抗倾覆稳定性主要依靠下部土体的被动土压力来维持,即抗倾覆稳定性主要受下层土体强度的影响。如将分层土参数按厚度加权平均取值后作为均匀土对待,对上软下硬土层,该方法计算的抗倾覆稳定系数比分层方法得到的小,偏于保守;而对上硬下软土层,该方法计算的抗倾覆稳定系数比分层方法得到的大,存在安全隐患。改进方法与常规计算方法对比表明,其计算结果更为安全合理     

Hydraulic geometry change of a large river: a case study of the upper Yellow River

Study on hydraulic geometry can reveal the response of river systems to basin attributes, and the trends in channel change. Based on 35 years of data collected at 10 hydrological stations (cross-sections), the hydraulic geometry relations between cross-sectional variables and discharge were established, and the derived parameters were analyzed. The channel behavior of the mountainous bedrock reach (from riverhead to Xunhua cross-section) and the alluvial reach (from Xunhua to Toudaoguai cross-sections) differed significantly over the past decades in response to dramatic water and sediment changes. The hydraulic geometry quasi-equilibrium was achieved through equally adjusting water depth and flow velocity in the mountainous bedrock reach; while primarily through flow velocity in the alluvial reach. The change rate of river width with varying discharge was relatively small in the whole upper Yellow River. Compared with the lower Yellow River and other rivers in the world, both similarity and differences existed, indicating the general adjustment direction of hydraulic quasi-equilibrium and also the importance of considering other influencing factors in hydraulic geometry studies. In addition, dams played an important role in affecting the changes of hydraulic geometry exponents.     

Conformal analysis of seepage below a hydraulic structure with an inclined cutoff

Conformal mapping techniques are used to obtain an exact solution for seepage flow below a hydraulic structure founded on permeable soil of infinite depth for a flat floor with an inclined cut-off at the downstream end. Results are presented for different values of b/s and θ. The exit gradient decreases considerably along a distance beyond the floor end with an increase in cut-off inclination. The maximum exit gradient decreases for θ = 10, 20 and 30° and starts increasing for θ = 45°. The uplift pressure decreases as θ increases. It is concluded that using an inclined cut-off increases the factor of safety in design against uplift and piping.     

母岩类型对土壤和沉积物镉背景的控制: 以贵州为例

镉是土壤和沉积物中最受关注的重金属污染物之一,合理确定其自然背景对于环境管理具有重要意义。然而,由于不同基岩中该元素含量差异很大,且在风化成壤过程中元素也可能发生富集或贫化,造成该元素具有很大的空间变异,甚至可以超出筛选值和管制值。本文从基岩-土壤地球化学元素迁移规律出发,以基岩类型较复杂、镉空间变异较大的贵州省为例,基于土壤和沉积物调查数据,建立基岩与土壤或沉积物中镉含量的对应关系,筛选合理的岩性类型端员和背景区域划分方法,为环境管理确定基础背景。研究结果显示,岩性类型是造成土壤镉空间变异的重要因素,石灰岩(排除白云岩)、玄武岩、辉绿岩和碳质页岩等是造成土壤高镉背景的重要岩石类型。相对母岩类型,岩石所在地层时代对土壤镉背景的影响不太明显。本文通过大量数据统计,给出了相对较纯的岩性发育土壤的镉背景值和变异区间,不纯岩性或地质单元发育土壤的镉背景值可能受多个岩性端员的影响。     

Geophysical Surveys over Karst Recharge Features,Illinois,USA

Karst aquifers supply a significant fraction of the world's drinking water. These types of aquifers are alsohighly susceptible to pollution from the surface with recharge usually occurring through fractures and solution openings at the bedrock surface. Thickness of the protective soil cover, macropores and openings within the soil cover, and the nature of the weathered bedrock surface all influence infiltration. Recharge openings at the bedrock surface, however, are often covered by unconsolidated sediments, resulting in the inadvertent placement of landfills, unregulated dump sites, tailing piles, waste lagoons and septic systems over recharge zones. In these settings surface geophysical surveys, calibrated by a few soil cores, could be employed to identify these recharge openings, and qualitatively assess the protection afforded by the soil cover. In a test of this hypothesis, geophysical measurements accurately predicted the thickness of unconsolidated deposits overlying karstic dolomite at a site ab     

Field variability of landslide model parameters

 A data set of parameters (slope, soil depth and soil shear strength) relevant to spatially distributed modelling of shallow landslides triggered by rain and snowmelt events was determined from field measurements in 250 grid elements of dimensions 25 m (downslope)×10 m (across slope) in an area of 250 m×250 m on a hillslope in Scotland. These data provide an unusually detailed basis for the evaluation of spatial variability and uncertainty in model parameterisation. The variations in slope and soil strength are represented adequately by normal distributions; a Weibull distribution is suggested for the soil depth data. The factor of safety calculated at each point in the grid was shown partially to identify observed landslides, with a number of false predictions of occurrence. Trend analysis and semivariogram analysis of the data set suggest that the use of kriging could improve upon this approach to landslide prediction by providing areal estimates of parameters at the grid element scale with associated error bounds. Received: 30 October 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997     

Surface soil assessment in the Ubhur area,north of Jeddah,western Saudi Arabia,using a multichannel analysis of surface waves method

Ten boreholes drilled in Ubhur area up to the depth of bedrock indicted the shallow depth of bedrock where the average depth ranges between 10 and 15 m. The standard penetration test N-values of these boreholes were measured and averaged. Based on N-values to the depth of bedrock, Ubhur area can be classified as site class C and D. Multichannel analysis of surface waves technique has been applied along seventy six profiles using 24-channel geophone array and 4.5Hz vertical geophones with 1m geophone spacing and sledgehammer and/or weight drop as seismic energy sources. Values of shear wave velocity to 30 m are calculated and then averaged (Vs30) where it ranges between 310.08 m/s and 1139.8 m/s. Therefore, Ubhur area can be classified into site class B, C and D based on site classification of the national earthquake hazards reduction program (NEHRP) recommendations. Accordingly, the greatest part of the study area falls in site class C while class B and D covered limited areas in the western and the eastern parts respectively. Depending on the shallow depth of bedrock in the study area, the Vs30 parameter is not applicable in the study area so the average values of Vs for the soil thickness, excluding the bedrock, have been calculated and mapped for site class C and D only. So Vs30 approach is not applicable for areas with shallow depth of bedrock which gives higher classification.     

苏州第四纪深厚沉积层一维等效线性和非线性地震反应对比分析

合理描述土体动力本构关系对场地设计地震动参数取值的准确性有显著影响。以苏州城区200 m深的钻孔剖面为研究对象,对比分析了一维等效线性波传分析法（ELA法）和基于修正Matasovic本构模型的多自由度集中质量非线性分析法（NLA法）给出的深厚场地地震反应,研究了基岩输入地震动特性和地震基岩面的选取对深厚场地地震反应的影响。结果表明：（1）随基岩地震动强度（PGA）的增大,ELA法给出的地表PGA呈单调递增的特征,而NLA法给出的地表PGA呈先快速增大后缓慢减小或几乎不变的趋势;（2）ELA法和NLA法给出的地表加速度反应谱（Sa谱）在短周期范围内存在明显差异,ELA法对基岩高频地震动具有显著的滤波效应,而NLA法对基岩高频地震动的影响表现为随基岩PGA的增大先放大后减小的特征;（3）随地震基岩面深度的增大,地表Sa谱的谱值呈现出稍许增大的趋势,但对周期T<0.1 s部分,NLA法给出的地表Sa谱的谱值则呈现出稍许减小的现象;（4）中、大震作用下,地表地震动持时不仅与基岩地震动特性有关,还与地震反应分析方法和地震基岩面的选取密切相关,NLA法能更合理地反映基岩地震动强度和上覆土层厚度对地表地震动持时的影响。     

Local site effect of a clay site in Shiraz based on seismic hazard of Shiraz Plain

Propagation of seismic waves through soil layers would drastically change the frequency content and amplitude-based features of ground motions at the surface. These alterations are known as seismic site effects. Computation of site effects of high-populated areas such as large cities is of great importance (e.g., it is used in development of seismic microzonation of a region). Shiraz is one of the most populous cities of Iran and is located in a high seismic hazardous region. A representative clay site in this city is selected to assess local site effects. The time series and random vibration theory procedure in the frequency domain are implemented to analyze the aforementioned site. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamic soil behavior is simulated by the equivalent linear method and the nonlinear method via DEEPSOIL program. Three types of soil column uncertainties such as shear wave velocity, modulus reduction, and damping ratio of soil layers as well as depth of underlying rock half-space (D _bed) are considered herein. The mean amplification and standard deviation of natural logarithm of amplification factors are computed for a variety of analysis types. The results of the current study show that the computed mean and standard deviation of amplification factor in ln units by considering only V _S uncertainty are in good agreement with the corresponding ones by considering V _S and modulus reduction and damping ratio variabilities simultaneously for the studied site. Furthermore, it seems that the effect of bedrock depth in definition of spectral shapes of the Iranian seismic building code should be taken into account.