Evaluating the effect of spatial subsetting on subpixel unmixing methodology applied to ASTER over a hydrothermally altered terrain

This study investigates the effect of spatial subsets of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) L1B visible-near infrared and short wave-infrared (VNIR-SWIR) data on matched filtering results at the central part of Kerman magmatic arc, where abundant porphyry copper deposits exist. The matched filtering (MF) procedure was run separately at sites containing hydrothermal minerals such as sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, and jarosite to map the abundances of these minerals on spatial subsets containing 100, 75, 50, and 25 percent of the original scene. Results were evaluated by comparing the matched filtering scores with the mineral abundances obtained by semi-quantitative XRD analysis of corresponding field samples. It was concluded that MF method should be applied to the whole scene prior to any data subsetting.     

Mapping alteration minerals using sub-pixel unmixing of ASTER data in the Sarduiyeh area,SE Kerman,Iran

This paper is an attempt to introduce the role of earth observation technology and a type of digital earth processing in mineral resources exploration and assessment. The sub-pixel distribution and quantity of alteration minerals were mapped using linear spectral unmixing (LSU) and mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF) algorithms in the Sarduiyeh area, SE Kerman, Iran, using the visible-near infrared (VNIR) and short wave infrared (SWIR) bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument and the results were compared to evaluate the efficiency of methods. Three groups of alteration minerals were identified: (1) pyrophylite-alunite (2) sericite-kaolinite, and (3) chlorite-calcite-epidote. Results showed that high abundances within pixels were successfully corresponded to the alteration zones. In addition, a number of unreported altered areas were identified. Field observations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of field samples confirmed the dominant mineral phases identified remotely. Results of LSU and MTMF were generally similar with overall accuracy of 82.9 and 90.24%, respectively. It is concluded that LSU and MTMF are suitable for sub-pixel mapping of alteration minerals and when the purpose is identification of particular targets, rather than all the elements in the scene, the MTMF algorithm could be proposed.     

一种改进均值的自适应中值滤波算法

针对自适应中值滤波算法在滤除高浓度椒盐噪声和保留图像边缘细节中的不足，提出了一种改进均值的自适应中值滤波（IMAMF）算法。该算法采用扩充图像边界的方式，使得原图像的边界点能在自适应的滤波窗口下参与噪声检测和滤波处理，并在检测噪声和信号时，增加了噪声阈值判定，将存在噪声的像素点用修正后的均值滤波器值输出，信号点则用原始灰度值输出。为了验证算法的可行性，采用了5种不同的算法进行仿真对比分析，并从主观角度和客观指标上进行效果评价。试验结果表明：该算法能有效滤除浓度为10%~90%范围内的椒盐噪声，且图像细节和边缘信息得到了更好的保留，滤波性能明显优于其他算法。     

基于可分解马尔科夫网的极端椒盐噪声图像滤波

提出了一种基于可分解马尔科夫网(decomposableMarkovnetworks,DMN)的极端椒盐噪声的均值滤波方法,指出其网络节点的阈值衰减特性和网络节点的连接特性具有很好的对椒盐噪声污染图像的噪声定位的作用,并提出一种在该网络控制下,只对与噪声相关的像素进行均值计算以替代噪声像素的亚均值滤波算法,实现了图像的较强自适应滤波。实验表明,本文方法具有良好的滤波性能。     

基于SVM的高光谱遥感图像亚像元定位

提出了基于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）的高光谱遥感图像亚像元定位方法。全变分（total variation,TV）模型是经典的保边缘平滑滤波器,本文将其引入作为预处理,来提高混合像元分解及亚像元定位的精度;本文方法在训练和检验样本的构建过程中,依据空间相关性理论,同时考虑了中心像元及其邻近像元丰度值对亚像元类别归属的影响;在监督分类训练和检验过程中,通过剔除纯净像元来缩减样本数量,在保证算法准确性的同时提高了效率。对真实高光谱遥感数据进行了实验,主观评价和定量分析验证了本文方法的有效性。     

加权空-谱联合保持嵌入的高光谱遥感影像降维方法

高光谱遥感影像数据量大、波段数多，容易导致"维数灾难"。传统流形学习方法一般仅考虑其光谱特征，忽略了空间信息。为此提出一种非监督的基于加权空-谱联合保持嵌入（WSCPE）的维数约简算法。首先采用加权均值滤波（WMF）方法对高光谱影像进行滤波，以消除噪点和背景点的干扰。然后根据遥感影像地物分布的空间一致性，通过采用加权空-谱联合距离（WSCD）来融合像素点的光谱信息和空间信息，有效选取各像素点的空-谱近邻，并根据像素点与其空-谱近邻点之间的坐标距离来有区别的利用其近邻点进行流形重构，提取低维鉴别特征进行地物分类。在PaviaU和Indian Pines数据集上的分类结果表明，总体分类精度分别达到了98.89%和95.47%。该方法在反映影像内部流形结构的同时，有效融合了影像的空间-光谱信息，故能提高影像特征的鉴别性，并提升分类性能。     

Remote sensing of Carhuarazo volcanic complex using ASTER imagery in Southern Peru to detect alteration zones and volcanic structures – a combined approach of image processing in ENVI and ArcGIS/ArcScene

A combined approach to detect hydrothermal alteration zones and their mineral distribution is proposed for a relatively remote area around the Carhuarazo volcanic complex in southern Peru encompassing 2222 km². In this region, tertiary volcanic structures associated with hydrothermal alteration are well known to host epithermal ore deposits. We make an attempt to detect and to quantify alteration minerals based on spectral analysis using ASTER reflectance data product provided by LP-DAAC. Besides commonly used ratio images, mineral indices (MI) and relative band depth images (RBD), we also extracted endmember spectra using Pixel-Purity-Processing preceded by minimum noise fraction transformation. These spectra are thought to represent the spectrally purest pixel of the image and show the typical absorption features of the main constituents. Based on this assumption, we used different spectral analysis methods in order to extract the most important alteration minerals for such an environment. These minerals were then used for matched filter processing in areas showing high values in MIs and RBDs. Using this method, we detected and mapped argillic alteration and variations in the distribution of important minerals like alunite, kaolinite or nacrite. There were no indications for the presence of propilitization at ASTER spatial resolutions. Our method can be applied easily to any ASTER scene and provides information about the intensity of alteration and the character of alteration zones. The intensity is highest in the centre of the Carhuarazo volcanic complex and is mostly argillic with a high content of alunite, dickite and other clay minerals.     

单视数SAR图像Speckle滤波方法的研究

在分析单机数SAR影像的Speckle局部统计特性和现有的空间滤波算法的基础上,提出了一种新的Speckle滤波方法,该方法采用特殊的滤波窗口邻域划分方法,根据窗口相对标准差自适应地调整窗口尺寸和窗口内的滤波区域。该方法被用于多幅单视数ERS-1/2SAR图像去Speckle处理,并与以往的典型算法进行了比较,取得了较好的实验结果。     

显著性权重RX高光谱异常点检测

高光谱图像异常点检测中,传统RX异常点检测算法忽略了空间相关性,背景估计不准确。本文提出了一种基于图像局部邻域光谱显著性分析的加权RX算法。该算法通过引入图像显著性分析,对基于概率密度为权重的图像背景建模进行改进,建立光谱显著性权重图,重新定义RX算法中的均值向量和协方差矩阵,并给不同的目标赋予不同的权值,达到优化背景估计的目的。利用合成高光谱数据和真实高光谱数据进行异常点检测实验,结果表明,对于同一组数据,本文算法检测到的异常点数比传统算法多,虚警率较低,有效地提高了检测率。     

Two-Dimensional Spectrum Matched Filter Banks for High-Speed Spinning-Target Three-Dimensional ISAR Imaging

In this letter, a 3-D inversed synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithm for targets in high-speed spinning is proposed based on 2-D spectrum matched filter (MF) banks. Each spectrum MF bank yields a focused slice for its corresponding scatterers. By extracting the spatial parameters from all slices, the 3-D image of the target can be constructed. Numeric simulation confirms the validity of the algorithm.      

基于ASTER数据的蚀变矿物信息提取——以哈密黄山铜镍矿区为例

在分析哈密黄山铜镍矿区典型地物波谱特征的基础上,设计了基于ASTER数据的蚀变信息提取流程,详细论述了对4组含不同离子或基团的常见蚀变矿物应用主成分分析(PCA)进行蚀变信息提取、采用光谱角制图法(spectral angle mapper,SAM)进行干扰异常筛选的“SAM去干扰异常主分量门限技术”.4组(9种)蚀变矿物包括:含Fe离子的矿物(针铁矿、赤铁矿)、含CO23-基团的矿物(方解石、白云石)、含Al - OH基团的矿物(白云母、蒙脱石、高岭石)以及含Mg - OH基团的矿物(绿泥石、绿帘石).蚀变矿物信息提取结果表明,“SAM去干扰异常主分量门限技术”方法可行,对ASTER数据的应用效果与实际情况比较吻合,充分证明ASTER在短波红外范围内具有很强的矿物刻画能力.     

基于统计比值差值排序滤波器的SeaWiFS图像椒盐噪声检测与消除

由于多种原因 ,部分SeaWiFS卫星图像数据中存在比较严重的椒盐噪声。该文在分析SeaWiFS椒盐噪声特征的基础上提出一种基于窗口内均值与均方差比值序列差值的统计比值差值排序滤波器 (StatisticalRatioRankOrderedDifferencesFilter,SRROD) ,并讨论如何使用该滤波器技术有效地对椒盐噪声进行白点噪声、黑点噪声检测和消除。与常用的中值滤波和其他滤波器比较 ,该方法能在有效消除椒盐噪声的同时 ,保持图像数据中其他位置的点不受影响。通过灵活地调整不同的阈值可以获得不同的滤波效果。最后 ,讨论了如何从有效峰值信噪比 (EffectivePeakSignalNoiseRatio,EPSNR)分布图上提取最优阈值对的方法     

小样本的高光谱图像降噪与分类

在样本数目稀少情况下实现高光谱图像精细分类是个挑战性的问题。高光谱图像信噪比提高比较困难,噪声大小对分类结果有最直接的影响。利用高光谱图像相邻波段之间的相关性和相邻像素之间的相关性,提出多级降噪滤波的高光谱图像分类方法,通过改进的两阶段稀疏与低秩矩阵分解方法,去除高光谱图像中能量较高的噪声,利用主成分分析方法去除高光谱图像中能量较低的噪声,引导滤波方法去除分类结果图中的"椒盐噪声"。选取两幅真实高光谱图像进行实验,结果表明,两阶段稀疏与低秩矩阵分解法和主成分分析法两种降噪方法具有较强的互补性;引导滤波方法使得分类图更加平滑且分类精度更高。与其他光谱空间分类方法相比,本文方法分类精度更高,且在样本极少时能获得很高的分类精度。     

SAR图像斑点噪声的小波软门限滤除算法

本文介绍利用小波分析和软门限对合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）图像斑点噪声（Ｓｐｅｃｋｌｅ）进行抑制与滤除的算法。首先选择合适的小波基对合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）图像进行小波分解,应用Ｄａｖｉｄ Ｌ．Ｄｏｎｏｈｏ软门限理论,并且将其推广到２维信号。针对ＳＡＲ图像斑点噪声的特殊性,即在小波变换域内图像和斑点噪声的奇异性不同,选取合适的门限在小波域内滤波。最后进行小波反变换得到去噪后的ＳＡＲ图像。实验证明,该算法能     

高分辨率遥感影像的车道级高精地图要素提取

高精地图是城市道路场景下自动驾驶必不可少的基础设施之一。针对目前高精地图静态层在生产和更新中存在的采集成本高、周期长、数据处理复杂等问题,本文提出了一整套基于高分辨率遥感影像的高精地图静态层的车道级要素提取方案。首先,通过SURF算法对多时相影像进行配准,同时结合影像的光谱信息对像元进行判断,实现了对车道中动态车辆的检测和去除;然后,基于面向对象的方法提出了一种要素对象的特征选择方法,并结合统计学理论对各要素进行阈值分析,实现了对虚线车道线、人行横道等车道级要素的检测和提取;最后,结合试验数据,验证了本文所提出的基于遥感影像的车道级要素大范围快速提取方案的有效性。     

A fuzzy topology-based maximum likelihood classification

Classification is one of the most widely used remote sensing analysis techniques, with the maximum likelihood classification (MLC) method being a major tool for classifying pixels from an image. Fuzzy topology, in which the set concept is generalized from two values, {0, 1}, to the values of a continuous interval, [0, 1], is a generalization of ordinary topology and is used to solve many GIS problems, such as spatial information management and analysis. Fuzzy topology is induced by traditional thresholding and as such gives a decomposition of MLC classes.Presented in this paper is an image classification modification, by which induced threshold fuzzy topology is integrated into the MLC method (FTMLC). Hence, by using the induced threshold fuzzy topology, each image class in spectral space can be decomposed into three parts: an interior, a boundary and an exterior. The connection theory in induced fuzzy topology enables the boundary to be combined with the interior. That is, a new classification method is derived by integrating the induced fuzzy topology and the MLC method. As a result, fuzzy boundary pixels, which contain many misclassified and over-classified pixels, are able to be re-classified, providing improved classification accuracy. This classification is a significantly improved pixel classification method, and hence provides improved classification accuracy.     

基于动态阈值的HJ-1B图像云检测算法研究

针对环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座1B星(HJ-1B)的传感器波段特征,通过对云检测阈值的年度波动性分析,提出了一种基于波谱标准差异常的“动态阈值云检测算法”.该算法的实现主要是采用图像配准、波段运算、线性回归和误差分析等方法,获取云异常区域,进而剔除图像中的云像元.研究结果表明,该算法可以很好地检测出不同时相、不同类型下垫面上空的云像元,为有效利用HJ-1B数据并提高其图像分类精度发挥作用.     

Automatic Road Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Image using Adaptive Global Thresholding and Morphological Operations

Road network extraction from high resolution satellite images is one of the most important aspects. In the present paper, research experimentation is carried out in order to extract the roads from the high resolution satellite image using image segmentation methods. The segmentation technique is implemented using adaptive global thresholding and morphological operations. Global thresholding segments the image to fix the boundaries. To compute the appropriate threshold values several problems are also analyzed, for instance, the illumination conditions, the different type of pavement material, the presence of objects such as vegetation, vehicles, buildings etc. Image segmentation is performed using morphological approach implemented through dilation of similar boundaries and erosion of dissimilar and irrelevant boundaries decided on the basis of pixel characteristics. The roads are clearly identifiable in the final processed image, which is obtained by superimposing the segmented image over the original enhanced image. The experimental results proved that proposed approach can be used in reliable way for automatic detection of roads from high resolution satellite image. The results can be used in automated map preparation, detection of network in trajectory planning for unmanned aerial vehicles. It also has wide applications in navigation, computer vision as a predictor-corrector algorithm for estimating the road position to simulate dynamic process of road extraction. Although an expert can label road pixels from a given satellite image but this operation is prone to errors. Therefore, an automated system is required to detect the road network in a high resolution satellite image in a robust manner.     

全方向自适应动态窗口SAR斑点噪声抑制算法

有效地抑制或消除斑点噪声是SAR图像地学应用的前提，通过基于单视数SAR图像的Speckle统计特性和已发展的空间滤波算法分析。发展了一种改进的全方向动态窗口自适应SAR噪声滤波算法，该算法对处理的每一个像元可按图像边界细节划分为需要的全方向子窗口，利用相对标准差判断滤波窗口及子窗口内斑点噪声及边缘信息的存在情况，可实现滤波窗口大小动态调整和窗口内参加滤波像素的自适应选择，对ERS SAR SLC图像试验结果表明，该算法对单视数SAR图像具有较强的Speckle抑制能力。且可较好地保持图像的纹理边界细节信息，有一定的实用价值。     

Utilization of ASTER Data and Spectral Analysis to Discriminate Hydrothermally Altered Areas over Rabor,South of Kerman,Iran

This study attempts to evaluate the capability of the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) and the advantages of ground knowledge for generating maps portraying hydrothermally altered areas in relation to porphyry copper deposits. The northern part of the Rabor area in the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt, containing some copper mineralization occurrences, was investigated as a case study. Several image processing techniques, namely minimum noise fraction, pixel purity index, and n-dimensional visualization, contributed to the extraction of pure pixels as endmembers. The spectra of some rock samples collected around the well-known altered zones of the study area were resampled to ASTER bands and used to identify the image-extracted endmembers. Spectral analysis of the endmembers and ground sample spectra led to the identification of three types of hydrothermal alterations: (1) phyllic, (2) propylitic, and (3) argillic. The identified endmembers were used as the specified targets for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones over the study area by using a mixture tuned match filtering algorithm. Results demonstrate that high abundances within pixels correspond closely to the altered areas. Field observations, thin section, and X-ray diffraction of collected samples confirmed the accuracy of the alteration maps prepared by the application of the proposed methods. The final classified hydrothermal alteration maps showed the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient values of 85.41 and 0.72%, respectively. These results ascertain that ASTER data that use suitable image processing techniques appear consistent in mapping out the distribution of hydrothermally altered areas. In addition, ground knowledge data can act as a valuable information source to increase the image classification accuracy and reliability.