全球电离层对2015年3月17日强地磁暴的响应分析

强地磁暴会引起电离层剧烈扰动,这对卫星导航定位精度有严重影响。文中采用空基-地基观测数据分析了全球电离层对2015-03-17强地磁暴的响应特征。结果表明,在地磁暴期间电离层扰动明显,且各地响应特征并不一致。从纬度上看,中低纬地区电离层TEC和foF2有明显增加趋势,而高纬地区电离层TEC和foF2明显小于背景值。从经度上看,电离层扰动主要分布在欧洲-非洲扇区和美洲扇区,该区域TEC高于背景值30 TECU,foF2高于背景值5 MHz。表明此次电离层对地磁暴的响应与热层O/N_2比的变化有关。     

地磁暴期间电离层扰动监测及GNSS定位性能分析

为分析磁暴期间电离层扰动规律及GNSS定位性能变化，基于国际GNSS服务(International GNSS Service,IGS)全球观测数据及全球电离层图(global ionospheric map,GIM)，对2018年8月26日地磁暴事件引发的北半球地区电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)异常变化和GPS定位性能进行分析.结果表明：北半球TEC异常存在纬度差异，高纬地区响应快，低纬地区异常值变化大，达12 TECU；磁暴期间高纬地区观测数据周跳变化明显，周跳比数值与磁静日相比最大下降61.84%；磁暴期间所有测站数据完整率下降，高纬地区下降响应快，下降严重，达38.65%，研究区所有测站数据完整率下降出现在磁暴恢复相，数据质量与TEC异常变化规律较为一致；对GPS双频动态精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)结果进行分析发现，磁暴期间高纬地区测站定位误差显著增大，水平和垂直方向均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)增至约0.7 m及1.8 m.     

磁暴期全球电离层电子含量变化分析研究

电离层电子含量(TEC)受太阳活动影响较大,磁暴发生时,TEC变化在全球范围内变化不一,研究该时期的TEC扰动变化情况对电离层的研究至关重要．本文以2015年3月特大磁暴为研究对象,利用包括北斗系统在内的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）TEC数据和中国区域的电离层测高仪f _oF2数据,对此次电离层磁暴的扰动特性进行研究并讨论其可能的物理机制．      

GEO卫星区域电离层监测分析

由于GEO卫星的静地特性,由双频观测数据获取的穿刺点垂直总电子含量(VTEC)可以充分反映电离层的时域变化,而根据地面监测站的分布,可以进一步获取VTEC的空域变化.分析根据区域卫星导航系统观测数据计算VTEC的精度,理论分析表明VTEC精度优于2 TECU.根据实测数据计算分析我国高、中、低纬度不同穿刺点电离层平时、磁暴期间的周日变化特性和2011年全年变化特性,并与IGS全球电离层图(GIM)的穿刺点插值结果进行分析比较.结果表明,两者在电离层周日和全年变化趋势上具有很好的一致性,但磁暴期间我国低纬度地区GIM误差的峰值可达29TECU,2011年全年评估结果GIM误差标准差为2～8 TECU.根据2011年的观测结果,电离层VTEC呈现出明显的半年异常现象.区域卫星导航系统为我国的电离层监测尤其是空间天气期间的电离层监测提供了新的支持.     

磁暴事件对高精度TEC二维分布的影响

电离层总电子含量(TEC)是电离层探测与研究工作的重要特征参量之一．利用地基GPS接收站台网,可以获得大量的垂直TEC数据．本文提出一种高精度TEC地图重构方法,基于Kriging法对垂直TEC进行插值处理,实现了亚大区域高分辨率TEC二维分布的重构,并与实测数据对比验证了本方法的精度和有效性．基于此二维分布,分析了区域TEC值随时间、纬度的变化情况;重点分析了磁静日与磁暴期间南北半球不同纬度TEC值的不同表现特征,并给出了磁暴期间不同纬度TEC的变化趋势所存在的差异及其解释,相关研究成果可为区域高分辨率电离层监测系统的建立提供方法支撑．      

全球电离层TEC格网时空变化特性分析

卫星导航定位中,电离层延迟是影响用户实时定位精度的重要因素之一。利用全球电离层格网(global ionosphere maps,GIM)提供电离层延迟改正是较为常用的方法,而GIM格网的精度受限于地面GNSS(global navigation satellite system)跟踪站的分布密度。利用区域内少量或1个GNSS跟踪站建立实时区域电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)模型,生成高精度的实时区域电离层格网,为用户提供区域电离层延迟改正显得尤为重要。基于CODE(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe)分析中心2016—2018年995 d的GIM格网数据,分析了相邻格网点TEC的变化范围以及不同时间间隔同一格网点TEC的变化范围。结果表明,GIM在经度方向上分辨率为5°变化的均值范围为0.2～1.0 TECU,在纬度方向上分辨率为2.5°变化的均值范围为0.4～1.4 TECU,在经度和纬度分辨率均小于1°时,电离层TEC的变化小于1.0 TECU;1 h内同一格网点电离层TEC的变化均值约为1.28 TECU,30 min内同一格网点电离层TEC的变化小于1.0 TECU。该研究为小范围内(半径小于100 km)实时区域电离层TEC模型的建立及电离层格网的时间适用范围提供了有效的数据支撑和理论验证,同时对区域电离层TEC时空变化的研究、电离层TEC预报、电离层异常监测和磁暴监测等具有一定的参考意义。     

基于地基GPS研究台风引起电离层TEC的变化特征

利用GPS研究电离层,具有其他探测技术所没有的全天候、高分辨率、大范围等优点.本文采用双频GPS数据提取区域电离层电子浓度总含量（TEC）,并结合全球电离层地理（GIM）数据,借助滑动四分位距法建立TEC背景值.研究了台风“莫兰蒂”对其经过区域及登陆地点电离层TEC的影响.分析表明,台风登陆厦门前一天,厦门地区电离层TEC发生了较强的正扰动,登陆后第二天,TEC发生了小尺度的负扰动;台风临近台湾岛前,东南沿海和台湾岛区域电离层出现了大范围的正异常扰动,其值为15～20 TECU,持续时间10 h.结合厦门和台湾岛的地形,推测此次TEC异常原因是由于台风所激发的声重力波传播到电离层高度,造成了电离层的异常扰动.      

Linux Shell在电离层TEC格网数据提取和分析中的应用

电离层延迟误差是卫星导航和定位中不可忽略的重要误差,全球电离层总电子含量(TEC)格网数据因其将全球按规则的经纬度格网化,并给出了相应格网点的电离层TEC值,从而为用户使用提供了极大的便利．本文基于Linux Shell脚本编写简单、快速和容易维护等优点,利用Shell脚本对电离层TEC格网数据进行提取和分析处理,主要包括全球和自定义区域电离层TEC数据提取、均值计算、格网经纬度互差计算、最值提取等应用,可为基于全球电离层格网(GIM)数据对全球或区域电离层TEC周年变化、季节变化、周日变化规律以及时空变化特性等相关规律的分析研究提供一定的参考.      

利用GNSS数据结合NeQuick模型优化磁暴期F2层临界频率参数估计

F2层临界频率foF2是高频通信的重要参数,目前获取F2层临界频率(foF2)最有效的手段是电离层测高仪,但磁暴期间电离层自身剧烈变化会造成测高仪foF2数据严重缺失。经验模型如NeQuick虽能给出foF2估计值,但磁暴期精度却不及磁静日水平。本文选取2015年12月19日至2015年12月22日磁暴期中国地壳运动监测网GNSS双频数据进行区域建模并估算出电子总含量(total electron content,TEC),利用实测区域TEC对NeQuick模型有效电离参数Az进行估计,得出NeQuick模型优化后TEC总含量和F2层临界频率foF2,并反演出磁暴期初相,主相及恢复相阶段变化过程。以中国地区台站实测数据作为参考对比,结果表明:GNSS数据优化后的NeQuick模型TEC精度大概提升了20%~40%,foF2的实时精度提升了10%~25%。GNSS优化后NeQuick模型能准确反演出电离层的由正相暴转为负相暴演化过程,而原始模型由于仅依赖于输入的太阳活动水平,只能反映出与磁静日水平相当的日变化趋势值。利用该方法可以有效提高磁暴期TEC和foF2的经验模型的计算精度,特别是弥补磁暴期foF2数据缺失的不足,可以作为磁暴期电离层垂直探测仪的有益补充或者有效参考。     

基于实时Kalman滤波的电离层建模及精度分析

文中使用CORS实时数据,基于Kalman滤波建立区域电离层TEC球谐函数模型。使用CORS相位平滑伪距电离层观测值,逐历元滤波求解电离层模型参数,分离卫星与接收机硬件延迟,并应用于单双频PPP定位中。实验结果表明,区域电离层模型精度约为1.9 TECU,较IGS发布的电离层格网数据(GIM)提高58.8%;采用区域电离层模型改正后单频PPP定位精度约为0.2 m,较GIM提高60.3%;模型提供的高精度电离层改正信息能够有效提升双频PPP收敛速度及初始定位精度。     

Impact of the Halloween 2003 ionospheric storm on kinematic GPS positioning in Europe

Using dual-frequency data from 36 GPS stations from the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN), the influence of the October 30, 2003 Halloween geomagnetic storm on kinematic GPS positioning is investigated. The Halloween storm induced ionospheric disturbances above the northern part of Europe and Scandinavia. It is shown that kinematic position repeatabilities for this period are mainly affected for stations in northern Europe with outliers reaching 12 cm in the horizontal, and 26 cm in the vertical. These magnitudes are shown to be possibly due to the second-order ionospheric delays on GPS signals, not accounted for in the kinematic GPS positioning analysis performed. In parallel, we generate hourly TEC (Total Electron Content) maps on a 1° × 1° grid using the dense EPN network. These TEC maps do not use any interpolation but provide a high resolution in the time and space and therefore allow to better evidence small structures in the ionosphere than the classical 2-hourly 2.5° × 5° grid Global Ionospheric TEC Maps (GIM). Using the hourly 1° × 1° TEC maps, we reconstruct and refine exactly the zones of intense ionosphere activity during the storm, and we show the correlation between the ionospheric activity and assess the quality of GPS-based kinematic positioning performed in the European region.     

2017年9月磁暴期间电离层TEC变化分析

为了进一步研究磁暴对电离层总电子含量变化的影响,基于2017年9月6日太阳爆发X93级特大耀斑并引发磁暴现象,文中将iGMAS提供的全球电离层总电子含量格网数据与中国科学院空间环境预报中心(SEPC)提供的磁暴环电流指数进行相关性分析,并重点分析了磁暴过程中不同阶段环电流指数与全球不同纬度带电离层总电子含量变化的相关性及影响,结果表明:1) 此次特大耀斑爆发13小时后发生大磁暴,磁暴主相阶段环电流指数与滞后1 h的电离层总电子含量相关系数为-0999 7,即随着磁暴加剧电离层总电子含量迅速增加,恢复相阶段迅速减少并趋于稳定;2) 电离层总电子含量变化随磁暴环电流指数变化而变化,两者变化趋势一致,磁暴强度与电离层总电子含量变化呈强负相关性,磁暴对不同纬度带的电离层总电子含量影响趋于一致,影响程度大小由高纬至低纬逐渐递减;3) 磁暴对不同纬度带的电离层总电子含量变化影响不同步,其影响存在由高纬逐渐延伸至低纬,磁暴主相阶段对不同纬度带的影响时延约为1 h,恢复相阶段时延逐渐消失,电离层电离层总电子含量变化趋于稳定;[JP2]4) 此次磁暴恢复相阶段出现的电离层总电子含量异常变化,还有待进一步研究分析。      

顾及经纬度方向异性的电离层TEC IDW插值及精度分析

反距离加权（inverse distance weighting，IDW）是一种简单实用的插值方法。以全球电离层格网（global ionospheric map，GIM）产品为样本，考虑电离层总电子含量（total electron content，TEC）经纬度方向异性，引入经纬度方向异性调节因子，设计了包含等权在内的6种电离层距离计算方案，分析表明，电离层TEC与经度方向相关性高于纬度方向，不同电离层距离计算方案均能有效提高IDW插值精度。采用最优方案IDW插值分析长期插值精度，结果表明，电离层活动剧烈区域（南北纬度20°）连续12 a“两分两至”日前后全球电离层格网（global ionospheric map，GIM）产品插值，最优方案比普通IDW插值精度提升约25%；2014年太阳活动高年“两分两至”日GIM产品插值，地方时14 h后3~5 h电离层活动剧烈时，最优方案插值精度提升明显，插值均方根误差（root mean square，RMS）最大不超过4.0 TECU。     

Global ionosphere map constructed by using total electron content from ground-based GNSS receiver and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS occultation experiment

Effects of rapidly changing ionospheric weather are critical in high accuracy positioning, navigation, and communication applications. A system used to construct the global total electron content (TEC) distribution for monitoring the ionospheric weather in near-real time is needed in the modern society. Here we build the TEC map named Taiwan Ionosphere Group for Education and Research (TIGER) Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) from observations of ground-based GNSS receivers and space-based FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) GPS radio occultation observations using the spherical harmonic expansion and Kalman filter update formula. The TIGER GIM (TGIM) will be published in near-real time of 4-h delay with a spatial resolution of 2.5° in latitude and 5° in longitude and a high temporal resolution of every 5 min. The F3/C TEC results in an improvement on the GIM of about 15.5%, especially over the ocean areas. The TGIM highly correlates with the GIMs published by other international organizations. Therefore, the routinely published TGIM in near-real time is not only for communication, positioning, and navigation applications but also for monitoring and scientific study of ionospheric weathers, such as magnetic storms and seismo-ionospheric anomalies.     

GPS–TEC response to the substorm onset during April 5, 2010, magnetic storm

We consider disturbances of total electron content (TEC) of the high-latitude ionosphere provided by the GPS global navigation satellite system before and during the magnetic storm on April 5, 2010. Simultaneously, we examine magnetic data from all available magnetometer arrays in the northern hemisphere, augmented with data from scanning photometers and riometers. The substorm onset, during both non-storm and storm periods, is found to cause significant enhancement of TEC scintillations characterized by the TEC time derivative dTEC. Comparison of 2D maps of the spectral power of magnetic fluctuations in the Pc5 band (1–10 mHz) and dTEC during substorms shows a good spatial and temporal correspondence between them. Both magnetic and ionospheric fluctuations tend to concentrate inside the auroral oval, the boundaries of which are determined from the OVATION model. The time–space evolution of TEC scintillations is rather similar to that of ultra-low-frequency magnetic fluctuations, but not to that of the ionospheric electrojet. GPS signal phase slips, resulting in non-physical TEC jumps (>1 TECu/min), occur predominantly inside the auroral oval and in the vicinity of its equatorward boundary.     

The ionospheric impact of the October 2003 storm event on Wide Area Augmentation System

The United States Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for civil aircraft navigation is focused primarily on the Conterminous United States (CONUS). Other Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) include the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the Japanese Multi-transport Satellite-based Augmentation System (MSAS). Navigation using WAAS requires accurate calibration of ionospheric delays. To provide delay corrections for single frequency global positioning system (GPS) users, the wide-area differential GPS systems depend upon accurate determination of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along radio links. Dual-frequency transmissions from GPS satellites have been used for many years to measure and map ionospheric TEC on regional and global scales. The October 2003 solar-terrestrial events are significant not only for their dramatic scale, but also for their unique phasing of solar irradiance and geomagnetic events. During 28 October, the solar X-ray and EUV irradiances were exceptionally high while the geomagnetic activity was relatively normal. Conversely, 29–31 October was geomagnetically active while solar irradiances were relatively low. These events had the most severe impact in recent history on the CONUS region and therefore had a significant effect on the WAAS performance. To help better understand the event and its impact on WAAS, we examine in detail the WAAS reference site (WRS) data consisting of triple redundant dual-frequency GPS receivers at 25 different locations within the US. To provide ground-truth, we take advantage of the three co-located GPS receivers at each WAAS reference site. To generate ground-truth and calibrate GPS receiver and transmitter inter-frequency biases, we process the GPS data using the Global Ionospheric Mapping (GIM) software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This software allows us to compute calibrated high resolution observations of TEC. We found ionospheric range delays up to 35 m for the day-time CONUS during quiet conditions and up to 100 m during storm time conditions. For a quiet day, we obtained WAAS planar fit slant residuals less than 2 m (0.4 m root mean square (RMS)) and less than 25 m (3.4 m RMS) for the storm day. We also investigated ionospheric gradients, averaged over distances of a few hundred kilometers. The gradients were no larger than 0.5 m over 100 km for a quiet day. For the storm day, we found gradients at the 4 m level over 100 km. Similar level gradients are typically observed in the low-latitude region for quiet or storm conditions.     

Tridimensional reconstruction of the Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance around the time of 2015 Nepal earthquake

The Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance of the 2015 Nepal earthquake is analyzed in this paper. GNSS data are used to obtain the Satellite-Station TEC sequences. After removing the de-trended TEC variation, a clear ionospheric disturbance was observed 10 min after the earthquake, while the geomagnetic conditions, solar activity, and weather condition remained calm according to the Kp, Dst, F10.7 indices and meteorological records during the period of interest. Computerized ionosphere tomography (CIT) is then used to present the tridimensional ionosphere variation with a 10-min time resolution. The CIT results indicate that (1) the disturbance of the ionospheric electron density above the epicenter during the 2015 Nepal earthquake is confined at a relatively low altitude (approximately 150–300 km); (2) the ionospheric disturbances on the west side and east sides of the epicenter are precisely opposite. A newly established electric field penetration model of the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling is used to investigate the potential physical mechanism.