东天山康古尔塔格金矿带两类的成矿流体地球化学特征及流体来源

东天山古尔塔格金矿带位于塔里木地块东北部晚古生代阿齐山－雅满苏岛孤带的北缘。金矿庆主要类型有与脆韧性剪切带有关的蚀变岩型金矿、岩浆热液石英脉型金矿和浅成热液石英脉型金矿,从矿物流体包裹体的类型,均一温度、流体盐度、压力及气液相成分等资料,可将该金矿流体类型划归为浅成热液和中深成热液两类。浅成热液类表现为流体包裹体类型简单,低盐度,低压力,低ＣＯ２／Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｎａ＾＋／Ｋ＾＋比值,中深成热液类表现为包     

第十三届地质流体及流体包裹体学术研讨会会议纪要

第 13届地质流体及流体包裹体学术研讨会于 2 0 0 2年10月 14～ 17日在南京大学召开。会议由中国矿物岩石地球化学学会矿物包裹体专业委员会、南京大学内生矿床成矿机制国家开放实验室、中国科学院地球化学研究所矿床地球化学开放实验室主办 ,国际矿物学会包裹体专业委会、中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院天然气成藏重点实验室协办。12 0余名与会者代表了全国各地质院所、高等院校地质院校、中国三大石油公司。三位国际著名地质学家专程来华参加会议并作重要报告 ,参加会议的众多的年轻代表给会议带来了活力 ,反映地质流体研究新人辈出 ,后…     

VMS矿床成矿流体的组成,来源及作用机制

ＶＭＳ矿床是一类非常重要的有色金属矿床，其成因与火山岩及海水密切相关。流体包裹体成分及氢氧同位素特征表明成矿流体主要为加热的海水，可能有岩浆水的参与。渗入火山岩层的海水在深部热源作用下发生对流，并萃取了火山岩中的金属。成矿流体在海底喷溢，与海水混合反应，造成矿石沉淀。整个成矿演化过程经历了复杂的流体—岩石反应和流体—流体反应，这些反应在成矿中起着非常重要的作用。     

华南花岗岩岩浆期后热液与铀成矿热液的初步对比

以华南两个复式岩体中的中生代（主要是燕山期）花岗岩为例,通过对石英中原生流体包裹体类型、分布特征、均一温度、盐度、压力、形成深度的确定,结构包裹体成分分析,并与华南部分铀矿床成矿流体进行对比,认为高温高压、低ＣＯ２和ＨＣＯ３＾－,低ｆｏ２,是制约华南含铀花岗岩体在成岩过程中分异出的岩浆流体不能活化自身携带的铀,而形成与花岗岩侵入同期铀矿的主要原因。     

流体成矿系统与成矿作用研究

对几乎所有金属矿床类型来说，其形成过程均与金属从源岩的活化、原始渗滤、矿质运移和金属沉淀富集成矿关系密切，这些过程主要是由流体的运动和作用完成的。因此，识别金属和流体的来源，追溯流体从源区将金属运载至最终成矿部位所经过的路径，以及查明金属和流体沿运移通道发生的物理、化学和时间上的各种变化及其特殊性质，可以为矿床评价与勘查提供很有价值的定量成矿信息。成矿流体的来源－运移－沉淀（－堆积）过程会以流体成矿系统的形式保留下来。对流体成矿系统和作用的全面了解可通过调查活动的和古代的两种系统获得。活动流体成矿系统是目前正在进行原始矿质搬运的系统，调查这些系统可对运移通道中的含矿流体进行取样和监测研究。古流体成矿系统包括各时代从含金石英脉到铅－锌矿脉系统的所有热液脉型矿床以及沉积喷气型和所谓层控矿床。对含矿矿物和岩石的广泛岩石学、化学、流体包裹体和同位素研究将为定量评价与预测矿床的分布和变化提供至关重要的资料。流体成矿系统内具有一些重要特征，如各种地质要素的方向性、相关性和指示性变化。     

流体晶、流体晶矿物组合、流体岩及其研究意义

流体是地球各圈层之间相互作用的纽带,在成岩、成矿过程中起着十分重要的作用。目前,流体的研究主要集中在流体对先存矿物岩石进行的交代作用方面,而对流体直接结晶形成的矿物领域研究较少。文中根据作者近几年的研究成果对从流体直接结晶而成的矿物——流体晶以及流体晶矿物组合、流体岩等的定义、特征进行了归纳总结。最新的研究结果显示：岩浆中可以含有大量的流体,这些流体来源既可以是岩浆演化富集、岩浆与围岩相互作用产生,亦可以是外部来源。因此,流体晶矿物、流体岩在自然界应该是普遍存在的。流体晶矿物的提出将深化人们对地质过程的理解,发展岩石学及矿床学的研究新领域,有利于矿床勘探和成矿预测。     

内生金矿床的成矿流体

流体具有媒介和作用剂的双重属性,流体作用贯穿于整个内生金矿成矿作用过程.不同地区、不同类型金矿床具有相似的原始成矿流体——来源于上地幔或下地壳的、富含SiO₂、挥发份、成矿元素的C-H-O体系.在从深部至浅部的运移过程中受岩石建造性质、岩石(层)中流体成分的混入以及水-岩反应等因素作用,原始的成矿流体物理化学性质、组成成分等发生了不同程度的改变,最终形成直接导致金矿化的成矿流体.造成成矿流体中金等成矿物质发生沉淀的主要原因是流体的沸腾作用、流体中挥发份的逸失、流体相的分离作用、不同类型流体之间的混合作用以及热液蚀变(水-岩反应)作用等.     

一门新兴地质学科——流体地质学

一门新兴地质学科──流体地质学徐学纯（长春地质学院地质系长春１３００６１）关键词流体地质作用，流体地质学流体是地质作用过程中不可缺少的重要因素，一直受到地质学家们的关注。但是，由于其复杂性和研究难度较大，而未象固体地球科学的岩石学、矿床学等那样受重视...     

右江盆地成矿-成藏流体特征

右江盆地是在杨子板块南缘早古生代基底之上发育起来的晚元古代-中生代沉积盆地,晚古生代以来盆地成矿-成藏流体的广泛活动,一方面形成了以微细浸染型金矿床为代表的一系列低温热液矿床,另一方面保留了众多的油气、油气苗和沥青显示[1-2].本文通过对若干具代表性的古油藏和金矿床流体包裹体的对比研究,探讨了右江盆地成矿-成藏流体的地球化学特征.     

成矿流体及成矿机制

根据成矿流体样品——流体包裹体研究资料，目前已知的成矿流体主要有下列四种类型：（１）硅酸盐熔融体＋Ｍ（金属）；（２）Ｈ２Ｏ＋ＮａＣｌ＋Ｍ；（３）Ｈ２Ｏ＋ＣＯ２＋Ｍ；（４）Ｈ２Ｏ＋有机质＋Ｍ。这里所说的Ｈ２Ｏ，实际上是含有一定溶质的盐水；ＣＯ２则还包含有ＣＨ４、ＣＯ、Ｎ２、Ｈ２、Ｈ２Ｓ等等其它组分。不同的矿种、不同成因的矿床与一定种类的成矿流体有关，也就是说，成矿流体具有一定成矿专属性。通过成矿流体研究，我们认为成矿作用主要有下述几种形成机制：（１）不同种类流体混合成矿机制；（２）单一流体不混溶分离成矿机制；（３）流体＋有机质成矿机制；（４）水—岩交换成矿机制；（５）流体物－化条件改变成矿机制。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。