Salinity mapping model and brine chemistry of Mishrif reservoir in Basrah oilfields,Southern Iraq

Cation and anion concentrations and boron isotopic ratio of brines in the Mishrif Formation (U. Campanian-Tuoronian) from North Rumaila, South Rumaila, Majnoon, Zubair, and West Qurna oilfields southern Iraq were investigated. The aims of this study are to define the type, origin of the oilfield waters, and its flow model in the subsurface oil traps. Mishrif brines are characterized by having higher concentrations of sodium (50,500–84,200 ppm), chlorine (102,100–161,500 ppm), and boron (21.9–31.1 ppm) with lower sulfate contents (187–1350 ppm) relative to the modern seawater. Samples have slightly depleted in δ ¹¹B (35.4‰) relative to seawater fall near the seawater intrusion of the diagram Cl/Br Vs δ ¹¹B and occupied the field of evaporated seawater on the diagrams of Cl vs B and 1/Br vs δ ¹¹B. The brine of Na-chloride type is characteristics of the Mishrif reservoir in all oilfields except WQ which defined by facies of Na-Ca-chloride type. A weak acidic brine of a salinity six-time greater than seawater plays a role in generating the formation pressure and controlling the fluid flow. The reservoir rock-fluid interactions were interpreted using boron isotopes which eventually reveal an ongoing dilution process by the present seawater intrusion and injection water used for the secondary production under conditions of high-temperature digenetic reactions. The ¹¹B in the oilfield water is resulted from uptake of the tetrahedral borate after precipitation of calcium carbonate, while ¹⁰B is sourced from the thermal maturation of organic matters.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Depositional environments and porosity distribution in regressive limestone reservoirs of the Mishrif Formation,Southern Iraq

Eight subsurface sections and a large number of thin sections of the Mishrif Limestone were studied to unravel the depositional facies and environments. The allochems in the Mishrif Formation are dominated by bioclasts, whereas peloids, ooids, and intraclasts are less abundant. The sedimentary microfacies of the Mishrif Formation includes mudstone, wackestone, packstone, grainstone, floatstone, and rudstone, which have been deposited in basinal, outer shelf, slop followed by shoal reef and lagoonal environments. The formation displays various extents of dolomitization and is cemented by calcite and dolomite. The formation has gradational contact with the underlying Rumaila Formation but is unconformably overlain by the Khasib Formation. The unconformity is recognized because the skeletal grains are dominated by Chaophyta (algae), which denotes the change of environment from fully marine to lacustrine environment. Thus, the vertical bioclast analysis indicates that the Mishrif Formation is characterized by two regressive cycles, which control the distribution of reservoir quality as well as the patterns of calcite and dolomite cement distribution. Mishrif Formation gradationally overlies Rumaila Formation. This was indicated by the presence of the green parts of Chaophyta (algae) as main skeletal grains at the uppermost part of well Zb-47, which refer to lacustrine or fresh water environment. Petrographical study shows that the fossils, peloids, oolitis, and intraclasts represent the main allochem. Calcite and dolomite (as diagenetic products) are the predominant mineral components of Mishrif Formation. Fossils were studied as an environmental age and facial boundaries indicators, which are located in a chart using personal computer programs depending on their distributions on the first appearance of species. Fifteen principal sedimentary microfacies have been identified in the Mishrif Formation, which includes lime mudstone, mudstone–wackestone, wackestone, wackestone–packstone, packstone, packstone–grainstone, grainstone–floatstone, packstone–floatstone, packstone–rudstone, and wackestone–floatstone. Markov chain analysis has been used to study the transitional pattern of different microfacies types vertically in each well and laterally in all wells as a composite section. The vertical analysis indicates that the Mishrif Formation characterized by two regressive cycles, the main one started with basinal or outer shelf environment, slop environment followed by shoal or reefal environment, and ended with a lagoonal environment. The lateral analysis shows the same regressive cycle, and by using the lithofacies association concepts, we built the depositional model of the Mishrif Formation environment.     

伊拉克哈勒法耶油田Mishrif组滩相储层特征及其成因分析

伊拉克哈勒法耶油田Mishrif组滩相储层发育,是研究区内最主要的产油层位。利用岩心、薄片、测井资料对Mishrif组沉积相进行了研究,结果表明该组发育局限台地、开阔台地、台内洼地和台地边缘4种沉积相,滩相储层主要发育在开阔台地和台地边缘相带。并综合利用铸体薄片、物性实验数据及压汞曲线等资料对滩相储层特征和成因进行了分析。滩相储层岩石类型多样,发育生屑灰岩、生屑泥粒/粒泥灰岩、砂屑灰岩等多种岩石类型,岩石颗粒较粗。孔隙类型多样,主要以铸模孔、粒间孔、溶孔和体腔孔为主,其中以粒间孔和铸模孔发育最为广泛。各类滩相储层孔隙度较高,渗透率差异明显,平均渗透率为(2.35~139.17)×10~(-3)μm~2。整体孔隙结构较好,排驱压力较低,大喉道较为发育。滩相储层发育受沉积环境控制和成岩作用改造程度影响,有利的沉积条件是滩相储层原生孔隙发育的基础,同生期溶蚀作用的改造形成大量次生孔隙,从而提高了储层的储集性能。     

Quantitative Method of Classification and Discrimination of a Porous Carbonate Reservoir Integrating K-means Clustering and Bayesian Theory

Reservoir classification is a key link in reservoir evaluation. However, traditional manual means are inefficient,subjective, and classification standards are not uniform. Therefore, taking the Mishrif Formation of the Western Iraq as an example, a new reservoir classification and discrimination method is established by using the K-means clustering method and the Bayesian discrimination method. These methods are applied to non-cored wells to calculate the discrimination accuracy of the reservoir...     

Characterization of the Tertiary reservoir in Khabbaz Oil Field,Kirkuk area,Northern Iraq

Tertiary reservoir represented by Jeribe, Anah, Azkand, and Azkand/Ibrahim formations has been studied from reservoir characterization point of view in Khabbaz Oil Field/Northern Iraq. Examined thin sections prepared from core rock samples which are selected from the wells Kz-8 and Kz-9 revealed the existence of different microfacies in which are varies types of porosity such as interparticle, intraparticle, moldic, vuggy, and fractures have been noticed. In addition to these different types of diagenetic features are represented mainly by cementation, dolomitization, recrystallization, and dissolution. The available log data for the wells Kz-11, Kz-14, and Kz-16 have been used in characterizing the reservoir properties of the studied formations. The detected lithologies from porosity logs showed domination of limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomites in addition to few thin beds of anhydrites in Jeribe Formation and thin beds of sand dominated lithologies in Azkand Formation. Clay content has been calculated from gamma ray log along the studied sections and appeared to be mostly of dispersed clay type as shown from density-neutron porosity crossplot of Thomas-Stieber. Correction from the effect of clay content has been done for all the measured sonic, density, and neutron porosities. The available porosity and permeability values which are measured from core tests in the well Kz-9 for the formations of Jeribe, Anah, and Azkand have been adapted to formalize the best equation for calculating permeability in the other studied wells which have no core test measurements but only log data (Kz-11, Kz-14, and Kz-16 wells). Depending on porosity, permeability, and shale content, the studied sections have been subdivided into seven reservoir units in the wells Kz-11 and Kz-16, and for eight reservoir units in the well Kz-14.     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组沉积特征及控储机理

为明确伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层成因,基于岩芯观察、铸体薄片、物性分析及测井资料,通过沉积微相分析确定研究区沉积环境,系统分析不同沉积相储层特征。结果表明:M油田Mishrif组为带障壁的缓坡环境,包括潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、台内滩、滩后、潮道、浅滩、滩前及开阔浅海。中、高渗储层主要发育于浅滩和滩前等高能沉积环境,储集层以粒间孔和粒间溶孔为主,发育大孔喉,生屑滩储集层和滩前储集层物性分布区间较大。潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、台内滩及滩后等低能沉积环境以低渗和特低渗储集层为主,孔隙度跨度大,孔隙类型主要为基质微孔、颗粒微孔、铸模孔和粒间孔,以微喉和中喉为主,喉道分选较好。综合分析认为:沉积相通过控制沉积物的结构组分控制了岩石的成岩演化。高能沉积型储集层以溶蚀作用和胶结作用为主,储集层物性是胶结物对孔隙和喉道充填封堵程度的函数;低能沉积型储层是生物多样性和差异成岩作用的结果,选择性溶蚀作用、与生物扰动相伴生的白云化作用、泥晶化作用、胶结作用、非选择性溶蚀作用和混合白云化作用形成的复杂孔隙控制了储集层物性。     

应用遗传神经网络研究碎屑岩储集层流动单元

应用遗传神经网络模式识别方法,以文72块沙三中为例,在取芯关键井流动单元聚类分析的基础上,选用流动层指数、孔隙度、渗透率、粒度中值、泥质含量、最大孔喉半径6项参数,将取芯井流动单元划分为4类,采用神经网络模式识别方法,通过建立遗传神经网络的学习及预测模型,对文72块沙三中油藏进行了流动单元识别,阐述了各类流动单元的特征,并应用序贯指示模拟,获得了流动单元的时空展布.流动单元与沉积微相空间分布的对比表明,物性和储集能力都较好的流动单元大部分位于水下分支水道微相中部及河口坝微相,水道和河口坝沉积是控制物性较好流动单元的主要沉积微相.储集层流动单元比沉积微相更精细地刻画了影响储集层流体流动的地下结构,通过流动单元研究可以预测剩余油的可能分布.     

松辽盆地营城组火山岩储层流动单元特征和控制因素

根据孔隙度、渗透率、储层品质指数(RQI)、流动层带指数(FZI)4个参数对XS1井区白垩系营城组火山岩的388个样品进行聚类分析,通过对聚类结果与各井产气情况的对比将储层流动单元划分为4类,所占比例依次为39.2%(Ⅲ类)、33.2%(Ⅱ类)、25.0%(Ⅰ类)、2.6%(Ⅳ类)。Ⅰ类储层流动单元多为高孔高渗、高孔中渗和中孔高渗储层,厚度范围为10～20m;Ⅱ类储层流动单元多为中孔高渗、高孔中渗和低孔高渗储层,厚度范围为10～47m;Ⅲ类储层流动单元多为中孔高渗、中孔低渗和低孔中渗储层,厚度范围为11～86m;Ⅳ类储层流动单元为低孔低渗和特低孔特低渗储层,厚度小于10m。火山岩储层流动单元发育和分布受火山机构相带和火山岩亚相的控制,表现为火山口-近火山口相带成为Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层流动单元的机率最大,近源相带成为Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层流动单元的机率最大,远源相带成为Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类储层流动单元的机率最大。原生气孔发育的上部亚相和粒间孔发育的热碎屑流亚相形成Ⅰ类储层流动单元的机率最大,原生孔隙不发育的空落亚相和下部亚相形成Ⅲ类储层流动单元的机率大。实现了火山岩储层流动单元的单井识别,为其三维模型的建立提供依据。     

岩溶热储井间连通性的示踪研究

岩溶热储储层的不均匀性强,采灌井之间的连通性不易确定。示踪技术可以将运移参数量化,有效刻画储层流体的特征,研究回灌井和开采井之间的水力联系,包括导水通道,流体流速等信息,对长期回灌可能引起的开采井的冷却进行预测,是岩溶热储井间连通性研究十分有效的技术。本文以华北牛驼镇地热田雄县地区为例,针对蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶热储,采用荧光素钠示踪剂,进行了1口井注入,10口井观测的群井示踪试验。采用裂隙介质溶质运移模型,对示踪试验数据进行了解释,得到优势通道的长度、渗透流速、纵向弥散度、回收率等储层性质,获得了试验区内采灌井之间的连通特征。对调整采灌井布局提出了建议。     

Flow units delineation of multiple hydrocarbon reservoirs using hydraulic zonation technique via cluster analysis algorithm,Zeit Bay Field,Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Investigation of hydraulic units in drilled wells through multiple reservoirs in Zeit Bay Field is the main target of this paper. Karim Limestone and Nubian Sandstone are target reservoirs in this study. Hydraulic zones provide a fundamental unit for subsequent reservoir characterization and simulation and also prove to be helpful in defining future well completion and work over practices. Hydraulic zonation by means of cluster analysis has been utilized to achieve this target. Hierarchical cluster analysis, elbow method, and k-means clustering are the main steps of this analysis. Petrophysical properties obtained from cores are utilized to perform this zonation. These properties are permeability and porosity data. Results have been validated by comparing the geological behavior of each zone against the measured permeability curve. Finally through this zonation, flow units which have the potential to extract fluids are determined more accurately. Petroleum geologists and engineers are more interested in these results. The cluster analysis flow suggesting in this paper is cost-effective due to lack of need for any commercial software.     

Effect of hydrocarbon production on reflection amplitude properties of reservoirs—a case study of Kov Field,Niger Delta,Nigeria

A better understanding of how hydrocarbons and other fluids such as brine move in the reservoirs within the Kov Field will enable the improved application of secondary recovery methods such as water and gas injections and also highlight areas within the field that have remaining hydrocarbons. This work focuses on the two major sandstone reservoir intervals, the AG-I and the AG-II all within the Agbada Formation, since they showed prominent amplitude changes. In the AG-I Formation, the results obtained from the production data and rock physics modeling show an increase in the amplitude impedance (AI) contrast around injection wells and a decrease in AI contrast around production wells due to fluid replacement, and it also deals with the pressure changes in correlation to the water injection performed to maintain the reservoir pressure, while in the AG-II Formation, the effect of hydrocarbon production serves to visualize and map the oil-water contact (OWC) as it evolves with the production time; the OWC is not observable on later seismic vintages because the reservoir drops below the OWC. Conclusively, the effect of hydrocarbon production throughout the reservoir and across the entire Field would be beneficial in mapping fluid changes in the Kov Field, which can be utilized for enhanced oil recovery and improved reservoir management.     

无固相KCl聚合物钻井液体系在伊拉克鲁迈拉油田的应用

伊拉克鲁迈拉油田三开地层存在大段的泥页岩,易发生剥落坍塌,储层砂岩段长,渗透性好,易发生渗漏和形成小井眼。钻井液体系从一开始单纯追求井下的稳定性,到兼顾井壁稳定、储层保护、S型和J型井的摩阻降低,最终形成了无固相KCl聚合物钻井液体系。主要从室内实验和现场应用方面详细阐述了体系的形成和现场应用效果。     

榆科油田东营组河流相储层构型与油藏单元研究

为解释榆科油田榆108和榆24断块东营组存在的油水关系复杂、注采不对应、注水开发效率差等问题.通过采用地质、地球物理及开发动态资料,开展沉积微相、单河道及点坝砂体储层构型研究,提出2类河流相砂体连通模式;结合生产动态,在研究区内河流相储层中,划分出4类油藏单元和5类油藏单元组合.给出3个实例,证明基于沉积微相和储层构型研究划分出的油藏单元,可用于解释油藏勘探开发中暴露的矛盾.该研究可为下一步油藏精细开发调整、提高油藏开发水平提供依据.      

华池油田长33低渗油藏流动单元研究

流动单元的研究,其目的在于对油藏的非均质性有进一步的认识,为提高油藏描述的精度提供依据。本文根据流动单元的理论,选取适合该区实际的参数,应用聚类判别分析的方法,对华池油田陇东地区长33低渗储层进行分类研究,并且分析各类流动单元的特征及其控制因素,得出结论:该区储层可分为三类流动单元,各类流动单元的判别公式,不同的类型在动态、静态上有不同的表现;其分布的差异,宏观上受沉积微相的控制,微观上受成岩作用、岩石自身储集空间特征的限制。     

秦家屯油田松南142 区块储层流动单元研究

秦家屯油田松南142 区块经多年开采已经进入高含水阶段,为分析注采关系、预测剩余油分布和提高原油采收率,在本区开展了储层流动单元研究。结合岩心、录井、测井资料,确定本区主要发育扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、河口坝、席状砂4 种沉积微相,农Ⅷ ～农V 整体表现为一套扇三角洲前缘的进积式沉积。运用多参数模糊聚类分析将本区储层划分为由好至差的A、B、 C、D、E5 类储层流动单元,并依此确定了研究区储层流动单元类型的回判标准。在储层流动单元展布特征研究的基础上,对区内油、水井之间的注采关系进行了分析,并对剩余油分布的有利区带进行了预测。利用研究区生产动态资料对该研究成果进行检验,证明分析结果与油田实际生产状况吻合。     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组层序构型及储层展布

为明确伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层展布规律及控制因素,基于岩芯、测井和铸体薄片资料,在三级层序地层格架的控制下,通过岩相分析识别碳酸盐岩地层暴露面、岩性转换面和最大海泛面,将Mishrif组划分为6个四级层序（SQ1~SQ6）。结果表明:研究区发育浅滩暴露型、局限环境暴露型、浅滩非暴露型和长期暴露风化型4种层序构型,每种层序的沉积环境,体系域类型、层序界面特征、暴露时间及对储层的控制等存在差异。浅滩暴露型层序高位体系域晚期发育厚壳蛤滩、生屑滩及滩前等高能沉积型储层;局限环境暴露型层序界面以薄层炭质泥岩为特征,主要发育台内滩储集层,高位体系域顶部致密胶结带可作为物性隔层;浅滩非暴露型层序界面为岩性转换面,高位体系域发育潮道和生屑滩等高能沉积储层;长期暴露风化型层序高位体系域发育生屑滩储层,低位体系域形成的风化角砾岩带可作为良好的物性隔挡层。在深水沉积环境和潟湖沉积环境中,与生物扰动作用相伴生的白云化作用有效地改善沉积物的结构组分,形成了多套薄层低能成岩型储集层。     

Volatiles in basaltic magmas of ocean islands and their mantle sources: II. Estimation of contents in mantle reservoirs

In this paper, we address the average compositions (including the contents of H₂O, Cl, F, and S) and the compositional structure of oceanic mantle plumes on the basis of element contents and ratios in ocean island magmas. The average contents of incompatible volatile and nonvolatile elements were calculated for the material of mantle plumes using a thermal and a more plausible moderately enriched model. The following average contents were estimated for the plume mantle: 510 ppm K₂O, 520 ppm H₂O, 21 ppm Cl, 55 ppm F, and 83 ppm S. These values are significantly higher than those of the depleted mantle (except for S). The primitive mantle normalized average content of water in mantle plumes is similar to those of La and Ce but lower than those of K, Cl, and Sr. This is at odds with the hypothesis of “wet” mantle plumes. Three types of basaltic magmas distinguished in our previous study (Part I) characterize three types of plume sources (MI, MII, and MIII). Using the favored moderately enriched model, the average contents of H₂O, Cl, F, and S were estimated for the three sources (ppm): 130, 33, 11, and 110 for MI; 110, 12, 65, and 45 for MII; and 530, 29, 49, and 110 for MIII, respectively. The plume mantle is heterogeneous and its heterogeneity can be described by the presence of three main types of compositions, one of which (MI) is similar to the composition of the mid-ocean ridge mantle and the other two types (MII and MIII) are moderately enriched in K, Ti, P, F, and incompatible trace elements but depleted in Cl, H₂O, and sometimes S. The compositions of MII and MIII have different H₂O, Cl, and S contents: MII is significantly depleted in these components compared with MIII. The MII component is probably similar to the enriched mantle (EM). In addition to the aforementioned three main components, the plume mantle probably contains high-Cl and low-F materials, which are related to the recycling of the oceanic and continental crust. All the observed characteristics of the mantle plumes are in adequate agreement with the model of a zonal mantle plume including a central part hot and depleted in H₂O, Cl, and S; a periphery enriched in volatile components; and the enclosing mantle interacting with the plume material.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘湖湾区侏罗系油藏分布规律及评价

利用研究区835口井资料和8口取心井岩心观察分析,采用测井相分析手段,认为湖湾区齐古组和八道湾组属于辫状河沉积,储集砂体主要为心滩和河道微相,砂体呈北东向宽带状分布,属于中高孔高渗储层;根据两种油层定量识别模型在钻遇齐古组砂体的老井中重新识别出56个油层,描述了湖湾区侏罗系油气藏空间分布规律,认为齐古组油藏主要属于岩性油藏,八道湾组属于地层油藏,为断裂台阶式成藏模式和地层不整合成藏模式;八道湾组地层油气藏具有进一步勘探潜力,齐古组岩性油藏有望实现连片分布。     

四川盆地东部黄龙组古岩溶地貌研究

作为川东地区最重要的天然气储集类型之一的石炭系黄龙组古岩溶型储层,业已引起众多油气地质工作者的重视。通过古岩溶作用标志识别和成因分析,采用残余地层厚度法、地貌法和印模法等技术手段对川东地区黄龙组古岩溶地貌进行恢复,从中划分出岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地三个岩溶地貌单元和峰丛、溶沟、落水洞、坡地、谷地、浅洼、残丘和槽地等微地貌单元,在平面上细分出七个典型的古岩溶地貌分区,并对分区内的岩溶地貌特征进行了研究,认为不同古岩溶地貌分区所处的地理位置及微地貌单元组成特征具有明显差异,从而直接影响到天然气藏的发育。在此基础上,对川东地区古岩溶及储层发育控制因素进行了分析,认为构造、气候、岩性、层位、古地形、古水文条件和不同的岩溶地貌形态影响和控制着古岩溶储层的发育与区域分布。上述研究成果将为川东石炭系古岩溶型储层评价与有利区带优选提供可靠依据。     

Siliciclastic deposit of the Nahr Umr Formation, sedimentological and depositional environment studies, central and southern Iraq

The depositional facies and environments were unraveling by studying 21 subsurface sections from ten oilfields in the central and southern Iraq and a large number of thin sections of the Nahr Umr (siliciclastic deposit) Formation (Albian). This formation is mainly composed of sandstone interlaminated with minor siltstone and shale, with occurrence of thin limestone beds. Nahr Umr Formation is subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units of variable thicknesses on the basis of lithological variations and log characters. Mineralogically and texturally, mature quartz arenite and sandstones are the common type of the Nahr Umr Formation. The sandstones are cemented by silica and calcite material and have had a complex digenetic history. Compaction, dissolution, and replacements are the main diagenetic processes. Prodelta, distal bar, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, over bank, and tidal channel are the main depositional environments recognized for the Nahr Umr Formation, within the studied wells. This formation was deposited in shallow marine and fluvial–deltaic environments and exhibit progradational succession of facies. Eight sedimentary facies that have been identified in the Nahr Umr Formation include claystone lithofacies, claystone siltstone lithofacies, lenticular-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, wavy-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, flaser-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, parallel and cross lamination sandstone lithofacies, trough cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies, and planar cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies. The depositional model of the Nahr Umr Formation environment was built based on the lithofacies association concepts.