南极中山站及毗邻地区湖泊与冰雪COD_(Mn)研究

在 CHINARE- 1 5考察期间对中山站及毗邻地区的湖泊和冰雪进行了采样。它们的CODMn指数与中国《地面水环境质量标准》相比 ,可分为三类 :一类水质所占比重最大 ,大约为56% ,二类和三类分别为 37%、7%。各类水体的 CODMn指数主要为自然源所贡献 ,人为污染不明显。湖水的 CODMn指数是生物生长状况、有机质含量、盐度和水体氧化还原程度的综合体现 ,新鲜降雪样的 CODMn指数指示了该地区的大气洁净度。     

Abundance,biomass and composition of spring ice algal and phytoplankton communities of the Laptev Sea(Arctic)

<正> Abundance,biomass and composition of the ice algal and phytoplank-ton communities were investigated in the southeastern Laptev Sea in spring 1999.Diatoms dominated the algal communities and pennate diatoms dominated the dia-tom population.12 dominant algal species occurred within sea ice and underlyingwater column,including Fragilariopsis oceanica,F.cylindrus,Nitzschiafrigida,N.promare,Achnanthes taeniata,Nitzschia neofrigida,Naviculapelagica,N.vanhoef fenii,N.septentrionalis,Melosira arctica,Clindrothecaclosterium and Pyrarnimonas sp.The algal abundance of bottom 10 cm sea icevaried between 14.6 and 1562.2×10~4 ceils l~(-1)with an average of 639.0×10~4cells l~(-1),and the algal biomass ranged from 7.89 to 2093.5μg C l~(-1)with an av-erage of 886.9μg C l~(-1),which were generally one order of magnitude higherthan those of sub-bottom ice and two orders of magnitude higher than those ofunderlying surface water.The integrated algal abundance and biomass of lower-most 20 cm ice column were averagely 7.7 and 12.2 times as those of upper 20 mwater column,respectively,suggesting that the ice algae might play an importantrole in maintaining the coastal marine ecosystem before the thawing of sea ice.Icealgae influenced the phytoplankton community of the underlying water column.However,the“seeding”of ice algae for phytoplankton bloom was negligible be-cause of the iow phytoplankton biomass within the underlying water column.     

塘坂水库春季养鱼控藻围隔试验研究

塘坂水库作为福州市区的第二水源地,每年4—10月份频繁暴发以微囊藻为优势种的蓝藻水华．为了控制藻类的大量生长,进一步提高库区水质,本研究采用非经典生物操纵理论,进行现场围隔试验．2012年4-5月,在塘坂水库设置围隔放养不同种类的鱼探索其控藻的效果．结果显示：放养鱼类40天后,放鱼组围隔内浮游植物群落结构发生改变,蓝藻所占比例下降,硅藻和绿藻逐渐增加;同时,放养鱼类促使水体叶绿素-a值升高,藻类小型化．     

新疆塘巴湖水库浮游植物群落组成特征

 塘巴湖水库是新疆阿勒泰地区具有灌溉、生活供给、养殖和发电等综合作用的水库,2008年7月（平水期）、10月（枯水期）和2009年5月（丰水期）对塘巴湖水库浮游植物群落进行了生态学研究。共采集浮游植物8门97种。库区水体浮游植物群落结构属于典型的绿藻-硅藻型。不同期优势种不同：平水期优势种为类颤藻鱼腥藻（Anabaena oscillarioides）、铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginisa）、小形色球藻（Chroococcus minor）、广源小环藻（Cyclotella bodanica）、双对栅藻（Scenedesmus bijuga）、韦氏藻（Westlla botryoides）、小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）和矩圆囊裸藻（Trachelomonas oblonga）;秋季枯水期优势种为水华微囊藻（Microcystis flosmarginata）、小形色球藻（C. minor）、颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulata）、德巴衣藻（Chlamydomonas debaryana）、双对栅藻（S. bijuga）、小球藻（C. vulgaris）和啮蚀隐藻（Cryptomonas erosa erosa）;丰水期优势种则为不定微囊藻（Microcystis incerta Lemm）、颗粒直链藻（M. granulata）、美丽星杆藻（Asteronella formosa）、被甲栅藻（Scenedesmus armatus）、小球藻（C. vulgaris）、极小拟小椿藻（Characiopsis minima）、卵形隐藻（Cryptomonas erosaovata）和裸甲藻（Gymnodinium aeruginosum）。水库浮游植物细胞密度变化趋势为：枯水期（9.42 ± 2.20×106 ind/L）> 平水期（7.80 ± 1.41×106 ind/L）> 丰水期（1.11 ± 2.32×106 ind/L）。库区水温和水容量变化是影响塘巴湖水库浮游植物种类组成、密度和多样性指数变化的主要因素。     

北极拉普捷夫海春季冰藻和浮游植物群落结构及生物量分析

对1999年春季采集于北极拉普捷夫海东南部的冰藻和冰下浮游植物群落的种类组成进行了分析,并对丰度和生物量进行了统计和对比。藻种以硅藻占绝对优势,其中又以羽纹硅藻为主。优势种集中,主要包括海洋拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsisoceanica)、圆柱拟脆杆藻(F.cylindrus)、寒冷菱形藻(Nitzschiafrigida)、普罗马勒菱形藻(N. promare)、带纹曲壳藻(Ach nanthestaeniata)、新寒冷菱形藻(Nitzschianeofrigida)、大洋舟形藻(Naviculapelagica)、范氏舟形藻(N. vanhoeffenii)、北极直链藻(Melosiraarctica)、北方舟形藻(N. septentrionalis)、新月细柱藻(Clindrothecaclosterium)和绿藻门的塔形藻(Pyramimonassp. )。微藻主要集中在冰底10cm,丰度为14. 6-1562. 2×104 cells·L-1,平均为639. 0×104 cells·L-1;生物量为7. 89-2093. 5μgC·L-1,平均为886. 9μgC·L-1,总体上比次冰底高1个数量级,比冰下表层水柱高2个数量级。冰底20cm冰柱的累计丰度和生物量平均分别为冰下20m水柱累计量的7. 7和12. 2倍,显示冰藻在春季海冰融化前在近岸生态系统中的重要作用。尽管各站位冰底和冰下表层水柱藻类群落的相似性普遍不高,但整个调查海域冰底和冰下水柱优势种极为相似,春季期间冰藻对冰下浮游植物群落的影响明显。由于     

淮河中上游浮游植物时空分布特征及关键环境影响因子识别

浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者,直接影响着水生态系统的结构、功能与稳定性。基于2012-2014年淮河流域沙颍河—淮干中游浮游植物和水质4次汛期和非汛期采集数据,利用物种优势度和多样性指数对浮游植物的时空分布进行表征,并利用冗余度分析、偏相关性分析等方法探索了淮河中上游流域的多种水环境因子对浮游植物时空分布的影响。结果表明,从时间变化上看,2012-2014年浮游植物密度呈现逐年递减趋势;从空间变化上看,物种丰度呈现从上游至下游逐渐减少趋势。从时空变化的影响因素上看,非汛期总磷和电导率影响最大,其解释度分别为：10.96%和8.36%;汛期总磷、总氮和氨氮影响最大,其解释度分别为9.47%、8.08%和6.96%。     

Chemical composition characteristics of water and phytoplankton development in Lake Zavernyaikha

Based on long-term observations, we examine the seasonal and interannual dynamics of the phytoplankton and chemical composition of the water in Lake Zavernyaikha located in the delta of the Selenga river. The study revealed an intense development of five kinds of phytoplankton under the ice, dominated by dynophytes: Baikal’s endemics G. baicalense and P. baicalense. The main factors for massive algae development under the ice are: the favorable gaseous regime and relationship of nutrients, high content of readily hydrolizable organic matter (RHOM), isolatedness of the water body, and high division rate of dinophytes.     

Sedimentary Steryl Chlorin Esters (SCEs) and Other Photosynthetic Pigments as Indicators of Paleolimnological Change Over the Last 28,000 Years from the Buguldeika Saddle of Lake Baikal

Detailed depth profiles of photosynthetic pigments in a sediment core (G-12) collected at the BDP93 site, the Buguldeika saddle, of south Lake Baikal, along with depth profiles of total organic carbon (TOC) and biogenic silica, were studied to elucidate the temporal changes of phytoplankton assemblages in the lake during the past 28 kyr. In addition to the quantification of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection (HPLC-PDA), steryl chlorin esters (SCEs) were analyzed by HPLC-PDA, HPLC-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and sterols in SCEs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to enrich the taxonomical information on the phytoplankton composition. Allochthonous input of organic matter from the Selenga River resulted in the higher TOC contents in core G-12 than in a previously reported core (G-6) collected at another site from the southern basin. The poorer correlation in core G-12 than in G-6 between TOC and chlorophyll-a-originating pigments, which are indicative of autochthonous production, also indicated a significant allochthonous input at the site. The abundance of lutein among the carotenoids detected, and the good correlation of total chlorophyll a and b shows that green algae represented a significant portion of the phytoplankton, accompanying the diatoms at the G-12 site, after the last glacial period. The presence of cryptomonads and cyanobacteria were confirmed from marker carotenoids in the sediment core. GC–MS analysis of sterols in SCEs detected marker sterols of diatoms, green algae, chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The depth profiles of the measured indicators gave consistent features for temporal changes in phytoplankton assemblage at the G-12 site of Lake Baikal after the last glacial maximum. Notably, the profile of a chrysophyte-specific sterol in SCEs was consistent with the reported distribution of chrysophyte cysts during the Holocene. The presence of phytoplankton, such as green algae, diatoms and chrysophytes, in Lake Baikal during the late last glacial period was indicated by the analysis of sterols in SCEs. Sedimentary carotenoids and sterols in SCEs were found to give complementary information about phytoplankton composition. These molecular indicators allow us to reconstruct past lake phytoplankton assemblages responding to environmental changes with a time resolution as high as age–depth relationship in sediments attainable at present.     

Phototrophic and heterotrophic nano- and microorganisms of sea ice and sub-ice water in Guba Chupa (Chupa Inlet), White Sea, in April 2002

Autotrophic and heterotrophic flagellates, microalgae and ciliates sampled at four stations in the White Sea in April 2002 were studied using epifluorescence microscopy. The concentrations of phototrophic 1.5 μm algae in the middle and lower part of the ice core were very high: up to 6.1 ± 10⁸ cells I⁻¹ and 194 μg C I⁻¹. Heterotrophic algae made up the largest proportion of the nanoplankton (2-20 μm) and microplankton (20-200 μm) at depths 10-25 m below the ice. The proportion of ciliates ranged from about 0.01% to 18% at different stations and depths. Most of the ciliate biomass in the ice was made up of typical littoral zone species, whereas the water under the ice was dominated by phototrophic Myrionecta rubra . Ice algae, mainly flagellates in the upper ice layer and diatoms in the bottom ice layer, supported the proliferation of heterotrophs, algae and ciliates in early spring. Small heterotrophs and diatoms from the ice may provide food for early growth and development of pelagic copepods. Mass development of the ice algae in early spring appears typical for the seasonal ice of the White Sea. Ice algae differ in species composition from the spring pelagic community and develop independently in time and space from the spring phytoplankton bloom.     

Sea ice algae in the White and Barents seas: composition and origin

To examine algae populations, three expeditions (in March 2001, April 2002 and February 2003) were conducted in the Guba Chupa (Chupa Estuary; north-western White Sea), and one cruise was carried out in the open part of the White Sea in April 2003 and in the northern part of the Barents Sea in July 2001. Sea ice algae and phytoplankton composition and abundance and the content of sediment traps under the land-fast ice in the White Sea and annual and multi-year pack ice in the Barents Sea were investigated. The community in land-fast sea ice was dominated by pennate diatoms and its composition was more closely related to that of the underlying sediments than was the community of the pack ice, which was dominated by flagellates, dinoflagellates and centric diatoms. Algae were far more abundant in land-fast ice: motile benthic and ice-benthic species found favourable conditions in the ice. The pack ice community was more closely related to that of the surrounding water. It originated from plankton incorporation during sea ice formation and during seawater flood events. An additional source for ice colonization may be multi-year ice. Algae may be released from the ice during brine drainage or sea ice melting. Many sea ice algae developed spores before the ice melt. These algae were observed in the above-bottom sediment traps all year around. Three possible fates of ice algae can be distinguished: 1) suspension in the water column, 2) sinking to the bottom and 3) ingestion by herbivores in the ice, at the ice-water interface or in the water column.     

北冰洋中心区表层海水营养盐水平及浮游植物群落对快速融冰的响应

本文依托2010夏季中国第四次北极科学考察,通过对高纬度极地冰下水和冰芯的营养盐的连续观测及表层水颗粒物的藻类色素分析,获取了夏季快速融冰下冰水界面营养盐和光合色素的分布信息。结果表明调查期间表层水磷酸盐和硅酸盐相对于无机氮更丰富（依据Redfield比值）,表现为显著的氮限制。而冰芯无机氮浓度相对更高,融冰释放对水体无机氮有一定的补充。色素分析显示岩藻黄素（Fuco）和叶绿素a（Chl a）是水体颗粒物的主要光合色素。在8/15至8/18期间,叶绿素c（Chl c）、硅藻黄素（Diato）、硅甲藻黄素（Diadino）和岩藻黄素（Fuco）分别达到6,22,73和922μg/m3,体现了硅藻在群落中的优势地位。岩藻黄素（Fuco）的浓度在融冰快速期间有巨大的提升,主要来源于冰芯底部释放的衰老的冰生硅藻和浮游硅藻的生长。此外,青绿黄素（Prasino）和叶黄素（Lut）与岩藻黄素（Fuco）分布模式有明显的差异,暗示青绿藻和绿藻与硅藻对海冰融化的不同响应。     

华侨城湿地浮游生物调查

2014年7月,对华侨城湿地浮游生物进行调查。共鉴定浮游植物4门17种,浮游动物3门12种。叶绿素a含量值较大,以及耐污浮游生物成为优势种群,表明华侨城湿地正受较严重污染。同时,淡水藻类成为水体优势藻种,表明华侨城湿地水体正逐步淡化。     

Lake Shira, a Siberian salt lake: ecosystem structure and function. 1. Major physico-chemical and biological features

The specific composition, vertical distribution and daily migration of plankton in a meromictic salt lake, Lake Shira, have been investigated. The main structural components of the ecosystem are bacteria, algae and crustaceans. Since the late 1970s, blue-green algae are reported as dominant. Nowadays the phytoplankton is dominated by Lyngbya contorta, Microcystis ichtyoblabe (Cyanophyta), Cyclotella tuberculata (Bacillariophyta) and Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum (Chlorophyta). The zooplankton of Lake Shira comprises Arctodiaptomus salinus (Copepoda), Brachionus plicatilis and Hexarthra oxiuris (Rotatoria). Investigation revealed a stratified vertical distribution of all dominant species except Cyclotella with a maximum at a depth of 12--15 m during the summer growth period. Zooplanktons differ in the pattern of distribution and daily migration, but most zooplankton tend to concentrate near the surface. The possible reasons for the vertical distribution of the plankton are discussed.     

Sediment records of phosphorus-driven shifts to phytoplanktondominance in shallow Florida lakes

Primary producer community structure (PPCS) in shallow lakes isinfluenced by phosphorus (P) load and water column P concentration.Theoretically PPCS may shift between phytoplankton and macrophyte states withintermediate P loading, but phytoplankton dominate when P loading exceeds acritical threshold. We analyzed sediment cores from five shallow, eutrophiclakes (size range: 0.6 to 125 km²) that arephytoplankton dominated to determine whether the development of the currentstate was associated stratigraphically with an increase in sediment total P(TP) and a shift in PPCS. We used sponge biogenic silica(BSi_Sponges) concentrations and total carbon to total nitrogenratios (TC:TN) as proxies for macrophyte abundance and sediment organic mattersource, respectively. Three stratigraphic groups of sediments were identifiedwith k-means cluster analysis. These samples were grouped by increasing TPconcentrations and decreasing age and identified as macrophyte, transitionaland phytoplankton sediments. Results show that as P loading increased in thelate 19th and early 20th centuries, the lakes producedsediments with an increasing contribution from phytoplankton. Four of our lakesmay represent a subset of shallow lakes because of their large size (30 to 125km²) and relatively rapid historic P enrichment. Inthese Florida lakes, PPCS shifted to phytoplankton dominance with nopaleolimnological record of lake-wide alternating stable states or of lake-widephytoplankton dominance before anthropogenic P enrichment.     

南极长城站附近海区浮游植物色素的分离和鉴定

本文对南极长城站附近海区所采集的浮游植物样品 ,利用薄层层析技术进行了色素分离、鉴定。结果分离出浮游植物色素 1 5种 ,根据 Jeffrey(1 96 1 )海洋藻类各种色素的 Rf值 (迁移率 )鉴定出的有 1 3种。并讨论了该海区浮游植物色素的季节变化特点     

贵州夜郎湖表层水体地球化学昼夜变化及其影响因素

为探究岩溶水库水文地球化学行为过程,对贵州普定夜郎湖表层水体进行了为期3 d的高分辨率昼夜监测。结果表明：1）多变的天气和水文条件叠加导致水体离子指标昼夜变化不显著,规律性较差。而水温、DO、pH值、SpC、SIc、pCO₂等常规理化指标受水温变化和生物作用表现出明显的昼夜波动。2）利用亨利常数和主成分分析,得到温度变化、生物作用、人类活动、水库的蓄水与放水对夜郎湖水库水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率分别为21.66%、17.28%、14.08%和10.22%,说明作用于水库水文地球化学行为的因子具有多元性。3）δ ¹⁸O表现出与DO一致的波动趋势,即白天上升,晚上下降,反映在短时间尺度上,氢氧稳定同位素变化受控于生物过程（主要是呼吸作用过程）;而对比水库水体和大气降水的d-excess（d值）发现,水库水体的d值（8.21‰）显著偏低于当地大气降水的d值（9.64‰）,说明在长时间尺度上,主要受蒸发效应引起的不平衡分馏影响。     

南极中山站近岸海冰生态学研究Ⅲ.冰藻优势种的季节变化及其与冰下浮游植物的关系

自１９９２年４月１２日至１２月３０日对中山站以西内拉峡湾海冰和冰下水柱中藻类优势种组成和丰度进行了测定。４月份和１１月中旬至１２月中旬冰柱和水柱（０～５０ｍ）藻类丰度高达１０８～１０９ｃｅｌｓ／ｍ２。冰藻的普遍或季节性优势种主要包括Ａｍｐｈｉｐｒｏｒａｋｊｅｌｍａｎｉ、Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙａｒｕｔｉｌａｎｓ、Ｎａｖｉｃｕｌａｇｌａｃｉｅｉ、Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｂａｒｋｌｅｙｉ、Ｎ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｕｓ、Ｎ．ｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ和Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｓｐ．。由于藻类结合入冰后自身的演替，春－夏季海冰剖面中所记录的优势种组成并不能准确反映冰底优势种的季节演替过程。从冰底和水表藻种组成的对比表明，两者仅在春末冰底冰藻水华期间具有较强的相似性。秋、春季冰底冰藻水华的形成以现场生长为主，夏初冰藻释放入水后对冰下浮游植物的播种作用不明显。     

Ice algae in the Barents Sea: types of assemblages, origin, fate and role in the ice-edge phytoplankton bloom

Ice algal accumulations were recognised by their vertical distribution in the ice, as surface, interior and bottom assemblages. The latter were quantitatively the most important in the Barents Sea and in particular the sub-ice assemblage floating towards, or attached to, the undcr-surface of the sea ice. Colonisation of the ice takes place by a "sieving" of the water between closely spaced platelets on the ice under-surface. Once associated with the ice, the assemblage undergoes a succession terminated by the dominance of ice specialists. In a horizontal S-N section through the ice, three distinct zones may be recognised: at the ice edge the recently colonised ice has a layer of algae up to a few millimeters in thickness consisting primarily of planktonic species. Further into older first year ice the algal layer becomes thicker and is typically dominated by the pennate diatom Nilzschia frigida Grunow. Below multi-year ice in the central polar basin decimetre-thick mats of algae are found, consisting almost exclusively of the centric diatom Melosira arclica (Ehrenberg) Dickie and a few associated, mostly epiphytic, species. The predominantly planktonic sub-ice assemblages at the ice edge can grow under stable conditions as soon as the light becomes adequate in the spring, and they are able to multiply actively for one to two months before planktonic growth is possible. The sub-ice plankton assemblage thus forms an inoculum released to the stabilising water when the ice starts melting. This may explain how a phytoplankton bloom can develop explosively at the ice edge as soon as the ice melting commences, at a time when the number of algal cells in the water column is still very low.     

Mechanisms for Organic Matter and Phosphorus Burial in Sedimentsof a Shallow, Subtropical, Macrophyte-Dominated Lake

We studied the role that submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays in the sedimentation of organic matter (OM) and phosphorus (P) in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida (USA), a shallow, hard-water, macrophyte-dominated water body. Carbon/Nitrogen ratios (C/N) and stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in algae, higher plants, and surface sediments were measured to identify sources of OM to the lake mud. Pollen, plant macrofossils, and geochemistry in sediment cores indicated that primary productivity and SAV abundance in Lake Panasoffkee increased in the late 1800s, probably as a response to increased P loading from human settlement and forest clearance. SAV and associated periphyton served as temporary sinks for soluble P, maintaining relatively clear-water, low-nutrient conditions in the lake. P accumulation in Lake Panasoffkee sediments increased together with indicators for greater SAV presence. This suggests that SAV and associated epiphytes promote P burial and retention in sediments. Although it might be assumed that rooted submersed macrophytes are directly responsible for P uptake from water and transfer to sediments, C/N and stable carbon isotope results argue for the importance of other macrophyte growth forms, and perhaps epiphytic algae, in permanent OM and P sequestration. For instance, high rates of photosynthesis by epiphytes in hard-water systems consume CO₂ and promote CaCO₃ precipitation. Sloughing of accumulated carbonates from macrophyte leaves transfers epiphytes and associated P to the sediment. Our paleolimnological findings are relevant to restoration efforts in the Florida Everglades and support the claim that constructed SAV wetlands remove P from waters effectively.     

新疆阿克达拉水库浮游植物群落生态特征

为了解其水生生物生态现状,于2008年7月(平水期)、10月(枯水期)和次年5月(丰水期)对阿克达拉水库内浮游植物群落生态特征进行了研究.共采集到浮游植物8门101种,其中硅藻40种、绿藻38种、蓝藻7种、裸藻6种、黄藻4种、金藻3种、隐藻2种和甲藻1种,绿藻与硅藻在种类组成上具有显著优势.不同时期浮游植物种类组成呈现...