滇西兰坪盆地古近系构造—沉积演化与成矿关系

兰坪中新生代盆地因堆积了巨量金属而倍受关注,盆地内沉积岩容矿贱金属矿床矿体的就位与印—亚大陆碰撞挤压和扬子古陆与滇藏古陆拼接碰撞而引起的盆地内部及周缘变形密切相关.古近纪充填序列特征及物质聚集分布规律显示,盆地总体上处于挤压构造背景下,其构造—沉积演化可划分为古新世—早始新世挤压拗陷和晚始新世—渐新世挤压走滑两个阶段.盆地演化过程中形成的控矿构造有挤压—拗陷—褶皱构造和区域大规模挤压走滑断裂构造,这些构造变形可以是容矿构造,也可以是导矿构造.古近世中期碰撞挤压拗陷阶段(55~41 Ma),形成了兰坪盆地西部拗陷褶皱推覆带内的脉状Cu矿床和富隆厂等脉状Cu-Ag-Pb-Zn矿床(48~49 Ma);晚期挤压走滑阶段(40~26 Ma)形成兰坪盆地东部逆冲推覆带内河西—三山Pb-Zn(-Ag-Sr)矿床和金顶超大型Pb-Zn矿(-34 Ma).兰坪盆地成矿与盆地构造—沉积演化显示出很好的耦合关系.     

西秦岭北缘构造带新生代盆地南部边界断层带结构与构造变形演化

西秦岭北缘构造带是青藏高原东北缘的主要构造边界之一,北缘断层及其所控制的新生代沉积盆地是青藏高原东北缘新生代盆—山格局演化、高原扩展隆升与变形的地质记录。因此,西秦岭北缘构造带的断裂构造和断裂控制的沉积盆地研究对于理解青藏高原构造系统形成和高原隆升过程都具有重要的科学意义。本文通过对西秦岭北缘新生代盆地的南部边界断层F1断层结构分带、断层岩类型、几何学—运动学特征分析,获得如下认识：1）F1断层总体走向为290°～300°,倾向北北东,倾角60°～80°,发育近百米宽的由韧性、韧脆性和脆性断层岩等组成的结构复杂的断层带;2）构造分析揭示了F1断层至少经历了 3期构造变形事件,第一期为韧性—韧脆性伸展正断层作用,第二期为脆性高角度挤压逆冲断层作用,第三期为近直立的脆性斜向左旋走滑作用;3）该断层近百米宽的断层带内形成于不同构造层次的韧性、韧脆性、脆性等变形现象叠加交织出现在现今地壳浅表层次,说明该断层带经历了从早期较深层次韧性变形域逐渐抬升而进入晚期较浅层次的脆韧性变形域到现今的脆性变形域的韧—脆性变形机制转换;4）根据F1断层对西秦岭北缘渐新统—中新统漳县含盐红层盆地的空间构造配置、控制和改造以及新生代区域构造变形演化历史分析,认为第一期韧性—韧脆性伸展正断层作用与渐新世—中新世断陷盆地形成相匹配,活动时代为晚渐新世—晚中新世;第二期脆性高角度挤压逆冲作用与渐新世—中新世地层翘起、褶皱和底部抬升剥蚀及上新世磨拉石盆地充填相对应,活动时代应该始于中新世末期或上新世早期,持续至第四纪早期;第三期斜向左旋走滑则与西秦岭北缘断层带第四纪以来广泛发育的左旋走滑作用相对应。综上所述,西秦岭北缘新生代漳县盆地南部边界断层F1,虽然仅是北缘构造带中一条断层,但作为构造敏感带,其多期变形历史应该代表了青藏高原东北缘新生代以来的构造变形演化及构造体制转换过程。如果这一新生代沉积盆地边界断层F1在渐新世—中新世一直处于伸展正断作用,那么西秦岭北缘在这个阶段应该处于地壳伸展拉张状态,渐新世—中新世漳县盆地只能是伸展断陷盆地而不可能是挤压挠曲前陆盆地或压陷盆地。因此,我们认为印度—欧亚板块碰撞汇聚产生的构造挤压缩短和地壳隆升效应在中新世尚未波及到西秦岭北缘区域。F1断层在中新世末—上新世初的构造反转挤压冲断和上新世具有再生前陆磨拉石堆积出现才标志着西秦岭北缘卷入青藏高原挤压构造动力学系统。     

哀牢山-红河剪切带渐新世的构造体制转换与剥露历史:来自哀牢山南段磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

哀牢山-红河剪切带是东南亚重要的构造边界,其记录了青藏高原东南缘新生代以来的陆内变形和地貌演化。本次研究对该剪切带哀牢山南段开展了基于LA-ICPMS法测试的磷灰石裂变径迹低温年代学分析。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据和热史反演模拟揭示哀牢山段存在晚始新世-早中新世(40～20Ma)的快速剥露事件,而早中新世(大约20Ma)之后处于稳定的慢速剥露过程。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄-海拔分布曲线特征暗示:快速剥露机制存在差异,早期阶段(40～26Ma)的剥露过程受控于伸展为主的左旋走滑体制影响;晚阶段(26～20Ma)的快速剥露归因于简单剪切为主的左旋走滑剪切体制,上述结果暗示哀牢山-红河构造带在晚渐新世发生了一次重要的构造体制转换,即从走滑伸展变形转换为简单剪切变形。哀牢山杂岩带北段、中段、南段冷却路径对比,表明北-中段可能存在两阶段快速冷却作用,而南段只发生单一快速冷却作用;结合青藏高原东南缘低温热年代学数据,暗示自中-晚中新世,青藏高原中、下地壳物质可能向东南缘扩展,并已到达哀牢山中段,同时诱发哀牢山杂岩带以北广大地区的抬升和快速冷却。     

青藏高原东南缘构造旋转变形分析:以四川盐源盆地古地磁研究为例

探究青藏高原东南缘构造旋转变形有助于理解青藏高原内部物质向东南方向的挤出过程。目前,有关青藏高原东南缘的构造旋转研究主要针对于两套地层:侏罗系—始新统和中新统—第四系。对侏罗系—始新统研究表明了大范围的顺时针旋转变形的存在,而对中新统—第四系的研究则表明该区域可能同时存在逆时针旋转变形。然而,对这两种构造旋转变形的时间和幅度仍缺乏充分的制约。位于川滇地块的四川盐源盆地同时出露这两套地层。磁性地层研究表明,上新统—中更新统的时代为3.6~0.6 Ma。磁偏角数据揭示上新统—中更新统经历了逆时针旋转变形(-14.4°±2.7°),而古新统—始新统经历了明显的顺时针旋转(10°~21.5°),两套地层间的旋转幅度高达36.6°。鉴于青藏高原东南缘发生大规模顺时针旋转变形的最年轻地层为始新统地层,因此顺时针旋转变形可能发生在始新世—中新世某个时间段。这个时间与红河—哀牢山走滑断裂带的活动时间基本一致,因此顺时针旋转变形可能与该大型断裂带的活动直接相关。盐源盆地记录到的逆时针旋转变形发生于至少3.6 Ma以来,平均旋转速率为4°/Ma。由于磁组构数据表明上新世—中更新世地层并未受到挤压变形作用,因此其逆时针旋转变形可能受周围走滑断裂带的控制。     

哀牢山-红河构造带古新世以来多期活动的构造和年代学证据

哀牢山—红河构造带哀牢山段可划分为东部高级变质带和西部低级变质带。构造分析表明:该构造带由3个不同变形域组成,可能代表其经历的3期左行走滑。第1期走滑发生在整个高级变质带,为拉张性左行走滑,形成角闪岩相L型构造岩。第2期走滑形成高级变质带中的高应变带,变形体制接近简单剪切,形成绿片岩相L-S型糜棱岩。第3期主要发生在低级变质带,为挤压性走滑,形成左行逆冲构造格局,并形成低绿片岩相千糜岩。地质年代学数据证明,3期左行走滑的形成时代分别是:距今58~56Ma、27~22Ma和13~12Ma±。哀牢山—红河构造带第1期左行走滑可能对应于印度与欧亚大陆距今60Ma左右的初始碰撞;第2期变形与青藏高原最强的挤压隆升期一致;第3期事件可能代表距今16~13Ma开始的青藏高原物质进一步东挤。哀牢山—红河构造带的3期主要左行走滑均发生在新生代印度与欧亚大陆的汇聚过程中。     

青藏东北缘早第三纪盆地充填的沉积型式及构造背景--以囊谦和下拉秀盆地为例

一系列中小型早第三纪红色盆地出露于青藏高原的东北缘,它们是在印度-欧亚板块碰撞过程中因陆壳变形和高原隆升产生的。典型早第三纪盆地的地质填图和详细的沉积学研究,及构造、沉积和岩浆热事件的综合分析表明,这些盆地具有两阶段构造-沉积特征,即早期受控于逆冲挤压背景,盆地接受底部冲积扇体系的粗碎屑岩段沉积,局部伴有岩浆活动;晚期受控于走滑-拉分背景,盆地充填湖泊-三角洲体系的含膏砂泥岩段夹薄层灰岩,并伴有广泛的岩浆作用。青藏东北缘早第三纪盆地在盆地构造格架、沉积层序结构、沉积物组成和岩浆活动等方面均存在明显的阶段性演化。盆地古水流统计和岩浆岩4 0 Ar/ 3 9Ar定年结果表明,青藏东北缘早第三纪盆地沉积物主要形成于始新世晚期-渐新世早期 (38～ 2 9Ma)。盆地沉积型式和岩浆活动受印度-欧亚板块碰撞早期逆冲挤压和走滑-拉分构造格局的控制。     

青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带新生代构造演化

海原断裂带作为青藏高原东北缘构造变形最显著断裂带之一,记录了青藏高原向北东扩展的构造信息。在详细的构造测量基础上,初步提出海原断裂带新生代以来的古构造应力场序列,反演了其新生代构造演化历史。详细构造解析表明,海原断裂带新生代以来主要经历了5个构造演化历史阶段,即始新世-中新世NWSE向构造伸展与沉积盆地发育、中新世晚期-上新世NNESSW向构造挤压与海原断裂带右行走滑活动、上新世末-早更新世NESW向构造挤压与强烈褶皱逆冲活动、晚更新世晚期以来ENEWSW向构造伸展与断陷盆地发育、全新世以来NESW向构造挤压作用与断裂带强烈左行走滑活动。变形分析表明海原断裂带现今地貌格局主要缘于上新世末-早更新世NESW向强烈逆冲活动,后期ENEWSW向构造挤压作用导致断裂走滑活动,并改造了局部地貌,主要表现为沿断裂带发育一系列第四纪小型拉分盆地。该带新生代构造演化研究,为探讨青藏高原东北缘新构造演化提供了具体构造证据。     

滇西北剑川盆地新近系地层时代的新认识及构造意义

地处板块接触地带的滇西北剑川地区是研究新构造运动的重要场所。剑川盆地保留有较为完整的新生代地层,在1:250000地质图上,新生界自下而上为古新统勐野井组、始新统宝相寺组、渐新统金丝厂组、中新统双河组和上新统剑川组;其中双河组为一套含可采煤层的砂泥岩夹泥灰岩沉积,剑川组为一套火山-沉积岩组。近期的研究揭示双河组和剑川组均属始新世,但发表的年龄相互包含,并没有清楚的把两者分开。本文采用Ar-Ar和锆石U-Pb方法测试了双河组和剑川组顶、底凝灰岩的年龄,辅以岩体、岩脉的年龄,重新厘定了两个组的顶、底年龄。剑川组顶部凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为34 Ma±;底部凝灰岩黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为36 Ma±,与底部侵入岩脉的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄一致;中上部侵入岩脉的黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄在34~36 Ma之间。同时,老君山岩体、玉召块岩体和沙帽山岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄在34~35 Ma之间。剑川火山-沉积岩组的年龄集中在34~36 Ma之间,属始新世晚期。剑川双河煤矿矿部至三家村及五家村一带,双河组之下新发现一套凝灰岩,其黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄均为37 Ma±,表明双河组的起始年代不超过37 Ma;双河组形成于36~37 Ma之间,也属始新世晚期。新的结果表明剑川盆地始新统地层应包括宝相寺组、金丝厂组、双河组和剑川组,缺失渐新统沉积。结合其他盆地的年龄数据,表明剑川乃至整个云南地区在渐新世期间为褶皱隆起期。     

北黄海盆地构造变形及动力学演化过程

以北黄海盆地构造几何学、运动学特征为基础,探讨了北黄海盆地的构造变形样式及动力学演化过程。研究表明,北黄海盆地的构造变形包括伸展构造变形、挤压构造变形、扭动构造变形以及反转构造变形等,北黄海盆地发育的区域动力学背景即是以区域拉伸作用为主、且叠加有水平挤压作用以及相关的扭动作用,并由此导致了北黄海盆地是以一系列地堑、半地堑式坳陷组成的拉张断陷盆地;北黄海盆地的伸展、挤压与升降作用受控于板块相互作用引起的区域引张与挤压应力场并辅以深部软流圈的微弱上拱隆起作用,其动力学演化过程包括晚侏罗世—早白垩世伸展断陷、晚白垩世—古新世热隆、始新世—渐新世裂陷、渐新世末期—新近纪早期构造反转以及新近纪热沉降等5个阶段。     

青藏高原东缘古近纪粗碎屑岩沉积学及其构造意义

青藏高原东缘古近纪盆地的填图和沉积学研究表明,在青藏高原东缘区域性走滑-挤压构造背景下形成的古近纪盆地内广泛发育厚层—巨厚层状的紫红色粗碎屑岩系。其沉积特征指示为一种近源快速堆积的泥石流和辫状河道沉积体,形成于干旱炎热气候条件下的典型陆内冲积扇环境。盆地充填序列、粗碎屑岩层序、动植物化石和盆地内岩浆岩~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年代学等综合研究结果表明,古近纪盆地内粗碎屑岩大约形成于38～29 Ma。该时期与青藏高原东缘北段(横断山地区)古近纪盆地的形成和南段(兰坪—思茅地区)大盆地的裂解时间基本一致,这很可能预示着青藏高原在晚始新世—早渐新世期间曾发生过整体的快速构造隆升。     

中祁连木里盆地古近系ESR年龄及地质意义

对中祁连木里盆地新生代红层进行ESR测年,获得了祁连山地区新生代红层沉积时代及构造变形年代学数据.研究表明,中祁连木里盆地内沉积了巨厚的新生代红层,较好地记录了祁连山隆升历史.盆地最老的新生代地层为始新世由湖相沉积组成的火烧沟组,ESR年龄为40.2～35.3 Ma,与上覆沉积时代为32.6～24.3 Ma的渐新世河湖相沉积组成的白杨河组呈角度不整合接触.构造变形特征与沉积环境的变化说明始新世末与渐新世初木里地区发生了构造变形和山脉的隆升,与祁连山地区新生代早期的隆升有很好的对应关系.     

PALEOCENE—MIDDLE EOCENE DEXTRAL STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA

PALEOCENE—MIDDLE EOCENE DEXTRAL STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA     

Sedimentary characteristics of Cenozoic strata in central-southern Ningxia,NW China: Implications for the evolution of the NE Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Cenozoic sedimentary deposits in central-southern Ningxia province, NW China are an important record of Tertiary tectonic events along the evolving Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau’s northeast margin. Shortly after the onset of the Indo-Eurasia collision to the south, a thrust belt and adjoining foreland basin began to form during 40–30 Ma. The Eocene Sikouzi Formation developed in a distal setting to this basin, in normal fault-bound basins that may have formed in a forebulge setting. Subsequent deposition of the Oligocene Qingshuiying Formation occurred during a phase of apparently less intense tectonism and the previous underfilled foreland basin became overfilled. During the Early Miocene, contractional deformation was mainly distributed to the west of the Liupan Shan. This resulted in deformation of the Qingshuiying Formation as indicated by an unconformity with the overlying Miocene Hongliugou Formation. The unconformity occurs proximal to the Haiyuan Fault suggesting that the Haiyuan Fault may have begun movement in the Early Miocene. In the Late Miocene, thrusting occurred west of the southern Helan Shan and an unconformity developed between the Hongliugou and Qingshuiying Formations proximal to the the Cha-Gu Fault. Relationships between the Miocene stratigraphy and major faults in the region imply that during the Late Miocene the deformation front of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau had migrated to the Cha-Gu Fault along the western Ordos Margin, and the Xiang Shan was uplifted. Central-southern Ningxia was then incorporated into the northeast propagating thrust wedge. The driving force for NE propagation of the thrust wedge was most likely pronounced uplift of the northeastern plateau at the same time. Analysis of the sedimentary record coupled with consideration of the topographic evolution of the region suggests that the evolving fold-and-thrust belt experienced both forward-breaking fold-and-thrust belt development, and out-of-sequence fault displacements as the thrust wedge evolved and the foreland basin became compartmentalised. The documented sedimentary facies and structural relationship also place constraints on the Miocene-Recent evolution of the Yellow River and its tributaries.     

晚古近纪柴达木盆地西南缘区域应力场演化——从其毗邻的阿达滩盆地得到的佐证

柴达木盆地西南缘与之毗邻的阿达滩盆地对周边造山带构造应力场的变化响应敏感,并有较多的地质记录。中新生代以后,其与阿尔金断裂带同处于统一左行走滑剪切应力场作用之下,构造形迹保存较好。通过对盆地内沉积建造、断裂系性质及区域构造特征的识别分析,推断柴达木盆地西南缘在始新世时构造活动处于南北向挤压环境,而渐新世后则转换为左行平移构造应力之下。推测柴达木西南缘在三维空间上应当存在着来自塔里木地块斜向上的推挤力。通过盆地沉积及构造序列分析,初步建立了该区晚古近纪构造运动阶段性演化模式。     

Cenozoic basin evolution of the Central Patagonian Andes: Evidence from geochronology,stratigraphy, and geochemistry

The Central Patagonian Andes is a particular segment of the Andean Cordillera that has been subjected to the subduction of two spreading ridges during Eocene and Neogene times. In order to understand the Cenozoic geologic evolution of the Central Patagonian Andes, we carried out geochronologic(U-Pb and⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar), provenance, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and geochemical studies on the sedimentary and volcanic Cenozoic deposits that crop out in the Meseta Guadal and Chile Chico areas(～47°S). Our data indicate the presence of a nearly complete Cenozoic record, which refutes previous interpretations of a hiatus during the middle Eocene-late Oligocene in the Central Patagonian Andes. Our study suggests that the fluvial strata of the Ligorio Marquez Formation and the flood basalts of the Basaltos Inferiores de la Meseta Chile Chico Formation were deposited in an extensional setting related to the subduction of the Aluk-Farallon spreading ridge during the late Paleocene-Eocene. Geochemical data on volcanic rocks interbedded with fluvial strata of the San Jose Formation suggest that this unit was deposited in an extensional setting during the middle Eocene to late Oligocene. Progressive crustal thinning allowed the transgression of marine waters of Atlantic origin and deposition of the upper Oligocene-lower Miocene Guadal Formation. The fluvial synorogenic strata of the Santa Cruz Formation were deposited as a consequence of an important phase of compressive deformation and Andean uplift during the early-middle Miocene. Finally, alkali flood basalts of the late middle to late Miocene Basaltos Superiores de la Meseta Chile Chico Formation were extruded in the area in response to the suduction of the Chile Ridge under an extensional regime. Our studies indicate that the tectonic evolution of the Central Patagonian Andes is similar to that of the North Patagonian Andes and appears to differ from that of the Southern Patagonian Andes, which is thought to have been the subject of continuous compressive deformation since the late Early Cretaceous.     

The Thrace Basin: stratigraphic and tectonic-palaeogeographic evolution of the Palaeogene formations of northwest Turkey

The Palaeogene deposits of the Thrace Basin have evolved over a basement composed of the Rhodope and Sakarya continents, juxtaposed in northwest Turkey. Continental and marine sedimentation began in the early Eocene in the southwest part, in the early-middle Eocene in the central part, and in the late Lutetian in the north-northeast part of the basin. Early Eocene deposition in the southern half of the present Thrace Basin began unconformably over a relict basin consisting of uppermost Cretaceous–Palaeocene pelagic sediments. The initial early-middle Eocene deposition began during the last stage of early Palaeogene transtension and was controlled by the eastern extension (the Central Thrace Strike–Slip Fault Zone) of the Balkan-Thrace dextral fault to the north. Following the northward migration of this faulting, the Thrace Palaeogene Basin evolved towards the north during the late Lutetian. From the late Lutetian to the early Oligocene, transpression caused the formation of finger-shaped, eastward-connected highs and sub-basins. The NW–SE-trending right-lateral strike–slip Strandja Fault Zone began to develop and the Strandja Highland formed as a positive flower structure that controlled the deposition of the middle-upper Eocene alluvial fans in the northern parts of the Thrace Palaeogene Basin. Also, in the southern half of the basin, the upper Eocene–lower Oligocene turbiditic series with debris flows and olistostrome horizons were deposited in sub-basins adjacent to the highs, while shelf deposits were deposited in the northern half and southeast margin of the basin. At least since the early Eocene, a NE-trending magmatic belt formed a barrier along the southeast margin of the basin. From the late Oligocene onwards, the Thrace Palaeogene Basin evolved as an intermontane basin in a compressional tectonic setting.     

南海北部白垩纪—渐新世早期沉积环境演变及构造控制*

南海北部珠江口—琼东南盆地白垩系—下渐新统记录了华南大陆边缘从主动陆缘向被动陆缘的转换过程。基于盆地构造-地层、单井相、地震相等特征的综合分析,结合南海中南部的沉积环境和区域构造演化,探讨南海北部白垩纪—渐新世早期的沉积环境演变及构造控制背景。研究发现: (1)南海北部白垩系广泛分布,古新统分布极为有限; 始新世早-中期,琼东南盆地只在部分凹陷深部发育了小规模的滨浅湖相和扇三角洲相沉积,珠江口盆地白云凹陷以大规模发育的湖泊相为特征; 始新世晚期—渐新世早期,琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地白云凹陷都受到海侵作用的影响,以海岸平原相和滨浅海相为主。 (2)构造演变包括5期:包括白垩纪安第斯型大陆边缘的“弧—盆”体系发育期,古新世区域隆升剥蚀山间盆地发育期,始新世早-中期裂陷发育,始新世晚期—渐新世早期陆缘破裂期,渐新世晚期东部海盆稳定扩张期。最后,探讨了南海盆地中生代末/新生代初的动力学转换过程及特征。