太阳星云凝集过程的岩石学模型：（Ⅲ）类地行星区星云凝集作用和地球…

在建立了小行星星云凝聚模型的基础上，对类地行星区中土物质（硅酸盐、氧化物、金属、硫化物等）的凝聚作用，以及凝聚物的水化作用进行了讨论。进而建立了包括小行星区在内的整个类地行星区的星云凝聚模式。根据地球核幔质量比和关于地球初期演化的研究结果：使用顽光辉石球粒陨石和Ｃ１陨石的化学成分分别做为地球形成区中类顽光辉石球粒陨石质星子和类Ｃ１陨石质星子和类Ｃ１陨石质星子的成分数据，假定类顽光辉石无球粒陨石质昨     

太阳星云凝聚过程的岩石学模型：（Ⅲ）类地行星区星云凝聚作用和地球原始成分的估算

在建立了小行星区星云凝聚模型的基础上，对类地行星区中上物质（硅酸盐、氧化物、金属、硫化物等）的凝聚作用，以及凝聚物的水化作用进行了讨论，进而建立了包括小行星区在内的整个类地行星区的星云凝聚模式。根据地球核慢质量比和关于地球初期演化的研究结果；使用顽火辉石球粒陨石和Ｃ１陨石的化学成分分别做为地球形成区中类顽火辉石球粒陨石质星子和类Ｃ１陨石质星子的成分数据；假定类顽火辉石无球粒陨石质星子的成分与类顽火辉石球粒陨石质星子的硅酸盐部分成分相同，计算出原始地球可能由１．５８％的类铁陨石质星子、１３．９％的类顽火辉石无球粒陨石质星子、８２．５２％类顽火辉石球粒陨石质星子、２％的类Ｃ１陨石质星子组成。     

陨石分类学研究概况

陨石分类学的研究,对了解和探索太阳星云凝聚与分馏作用、吸积形成陨石母体前后的作用过程,不同类型陨石母体在太阳系形成的部位(距日心不同距离)、形成的物理化学条件及形成类地行星的初始物质都具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。近年来,在陨石传统分类的基础上又提出了一些新的分类参数和新的分类:(1)根据不同类型陨石之间化学组成、矿物成分、结构构造、形成的物理化学条件的差异和成因联系及其形成和演化的宇宙化学历史,将陨石划分为两大类,即原始的未分异的陨石,包括高铁和低铁的顽火辉石球粒陨石     

太阳星云凝聚过程的岩石学模型：（1）球粒陨石的凝聚成因

建立类地行星区太阳星云凝聚过程的岩石学模型，对于合理解释陨石、地球和类地行星的成因关系，探讨地球起源和估算地球的整体成分都有着重要意义。本文中根据天体化学和太阳系演化学说关于太阳星云物理化学条件的基本分析，以及实验凝聚岩石学的研究结果，推断在太阳星云盘的类地行星区中可能有星云的气－固和气－液－固两种凝聚作用发生。通过对球粒陨石中球粒和基质矿物成分及结构构造特征的对比，论证了绝大多数球粒的气－液－固凝聚成因和基质的气－固凝聚成因，并讨论了球粒陨石各化学群的凝聚成因模式。     

堆积的地球及其初始不均一性

从天体化学和地球科学的研究成果出发，认为地球是在一较窄的类地行星区域内，主要由硅酸盐质星子随机吸积而成。在星子形成之前，初始太阳星云已经历了挥发性元素的强烈亏损事件，同时也已发生了硫化物、金属和硅酸盐成分之间的分馏作用，随着行星的形成，行星内部的分馏作用将会持续进行。在形成地球的独立吸积区内，混合作用不彻底，星子群之间的化学成分不均一，因此，构成地球的将是一套具有各自独立化学成分组成的星子群，而不同于地球上现已发现的任何陨石或者它们的组合。     

南极 GRV 021788橄辉无球粒陨石的岩石学和矿物学特征

橄辉无球粒陨石是一类特殊的无球粒陨石,既具有高度分异的火成特征,又具有原始球粒陨石的特征。南极格罗夫山GRV021788陨石由橄榄石、辉石以及少量的富碳基质、不透明矿物组成,具有橄辉无球粒陨石典型的岩相学和矿物学特征,包括橄榄石晶体三线共点的接触和富镁还原边等。GRV021788的主要矿物的化学成分为:橄榄石Fa23.2～Fa1.5,易变辉石Fs21.2Wo10.6～Fs18.7Wo10.7。橄榄石颗粒有明显的反环带结构,而易变辉石的反环带则不明显。黑色填隙基质富碳,含金刚石和石墨。岩石学和矿物化学特征表明GRV021788是一橄辉无球粒陨石,属单矿(monomict)Ⅰ类(Fa23.2～Fs20.4)橄辉无球粒陨石。陨石的形成机制与多阶段部分熔融-堆积模式较为一致。     

陨石学及天体化学研究某些新进展

陨石是来自含气体-尘粒的太阳早期星云盘凝聚和吸积的原始物质,大多数原始物质因吸积后的作用过程而改变（如月球、地球及火星样品）,但有一些却完整的保存下来（如球粒陨石或球粒陨石中的难熔包体）。这些原始的物质通常依据同位素丰度特征来识别,依据其矿物-岩石学特征和成因可将已知的陨石划分许多更小的类型。陨石学及天体化学的新近进展包括：新近识别的陨石群;发现新类型球粒陨石及行星际尘粒中发现前太阳和星云组分;利用短寿命放射性核素完善了早期太阳系年代学;洞察宇宙化学丰度、分馏作用及星云源区及通过次生母体的作用过程阐释星云和前星云的记录。本文概述了早期太阳系内从星云到陨石的演化过程。依据这些资料,对早期太阳系所经历的多种核合成的输入、瞬时加热事件与星云动力学有一些新的认识,以及认识到小星子和行星体系的演化比以前预期的更快速。     

锌同位素在行星科学中的研究进展

近年来有关太阳系天体中等挥发性元素的研究掀起了一波浪潮。锌作为中等挥发性元素,其稳定同位素对于高温挥发过程具有很好的指示作用。因此,在行星科学领域锌同位素逐渐成为研究星云和行星演化的一个理想工具。本文系统地归纳了各类陨石和行星天体储库的锌同位素组成,并对不同种类的陨石以及地外样品(碳质球粒陨石、普通球粒陨石、顽火辉石球粒陨石、橄辉无球粒陨石、铁陨石、石铁陨石、月球陨石和Apollo样品、火星陨石、灶神星陨石等)中的锌稳定同位素研究内容进行了较全面的总结。主要包括不同陨石和行星锌同位素组成的控制因素以及锌同位素对太阳系内星云过程和行星过程的指示;同时,简要论述了锌同位素在太阳系形成和演化过程中的分馏机制,并立足目前的研究基础,探讨锌同位素在行星科学领域的研究前景和发展趋势。     

加拿大苏必利尔区太古宙煌斑岩脉的成因：微量元素和Nd—Sr同位…

出露于加拿大苏必利尔罗灵河杂岩体中的含角闪石斑晶和单斜辉石斑晶的煌斑岩，具有碱性，含霞石标准矿物的玄武岩质成分（ＳｉＯ２＜５０ｗｔ％），成分变化从原始岩浆到分异岩浆［Ｍｇ／Ｍｇ＋∑Ｆｅ）＝０．６６－０．４０；Ｎｉ＝２００－３５ｐｐｍ］，岩石富含ＬＲＥＥ［Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ）ｍ＝１６－２６，Ｃｅｎ＝６０－３００；ｎ＝球粒陨石标准化］，Ｓｒ（８７０－１８００ｐｐｍ），Ｐ２Ｏ５（０．４－１．３ｗｔ％）和Ｂａ（１     

陨石、超基性岩、花岗岩及其主矿物中某些微量元素的仪器中子活化分析

研究地球物质中化学元素的分布、迁移和转变的规律，进一步探讨地球的形成与演化过程是地球化学的主要课题之一。球粒陨石的平均化学组成可能代表着形成太阳系的太阳星云的平均化学组成，也是组成地球的初始物质，而地壳上的各种岩浆岩都是从地球的初始物质经过熔融、调整、演化而逐渐形成的。我们通过对普通球粒陨石、超基性岩、各     

Planet formation processes revealed by meteorites

The history of the solar system is locked within the planets, asteroids and other objects that orbit the Sun. While remote observations of these celestial bodies are essential for understanding planetary processes, much of the geological and geochemical information regarding solar system heritage comes directly from the study of rocks and other materials originating from them. The diversity of materials available for study from planetary bodies largely comes from meteorites; fragments of rock that fall through Earth's atmosphere after impact‐extraction from their parent planet or asteroid. These extra‐terrestrial objects are fundamental scientific materials, providing information on past conditions within planets, and on their surfaces, and revealing the timing of key events that affected a planet's evolution. Meteorites can be sub‐divided into four main groups: (1) chondrites, which are unmelted and variably metamorphosed ‘cosmic sediments’ composed of particles that made up the early solar nebula; (2) achondrites, which represent predominantly silicate materials from asteroids and planets that have partially to fully melted, from a broadly chondritic initial composition; (3) iron meteorites, which represent Fe‐Ni samples from the cores of asteroids and planetesimals; and (4) stony‐iron meteorites such as pallasites and mesosiderites, which are mixtures of metal and dominantly basaltic materials. Meteorite studies are rapidly expanding our understanding of how the solar system formed and when and how key events such as planetary accretion and differentiation occurred. Together with a burgeoning collection of classified meteorites, these scientific advances herald an unprecedented period of further scientific challenges and discoveries, an exciting prospect for understanding our origins.     

The bulk composition of Mars

An accurate assessment of the bulk chemical composition of Mars is fundamental to understanding planetary accretion, differentiation, mantle evolution, the nature of the igneous parent rocks that were altered to produce sediments on Mars, and the initial concentrations of volatiles such as H, Cl and S, important constituents of the Martian surface. This paper reviews the three main approaches that have been used to estimate the bulk chemical composition of Mars: geochemical/cosmochemical, isotopic, and geophysical. The standard model is one developed by Wänke and Dreibus in a series of papers, which is based on compositions of Martian meteorites. Since their groundbreaking work, substantial amounts of data have become available to allow a reassessment of the composition of Mars from elemental data, including tests of the basic assumptions in the geochemical models. The results adjust some of the concentrations in the Wänke–Dreibus model, but in general confirm its accuracy. Bulk silicate Mars has roughly uniform depletion of moderately volatile elements such as K (0.6 × CI), and strong depletion of highly volatile elements (e.g., Tl). The highly volatile elements are within uncertainties uniformly depleted at about 0.06 CI abundances. The highly volatile chalcophile elements are likewise roughly uniformly depleted, but with more scatter, with normalized abundances of 0.03 CI. Bulk planetary H₂O is much higher than estimated previously: it appears to be slightly less than in Earth, but D/H is similar in Earth and Mars, indicating a common source of water-bearing material in the inner solar system. K/Th ranges from ∼3000 to ∼5000 among the terrestrial planets, a small range compared to CI chondrites (19,000). FeO varies throughout the inner solar system: ∼3 wt% in Mercury, 8 wt% in Earth and Venus, and 18 wt% in Mars. These differences can be produced by varying oxidation conditions, hence do not suggest the terrestrial planets were formed from fundamentally different materials. The broad chemical similarities among the terrestrial planets indicate substantial mixing throughout the inner solar system during planet formation, as suggested by dynamical models.     

Iodine-Xenon dating of chondrules from the Qingzhen and Kota Kota enstatite chondrites

Initial ¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I values (I-Xe ages) have been obtained for individual mineralogically characterized chondrules and interchondrule matrix from the enstatite chondrites Qingzhen (EH3) and Kota Kota (EH3). In view of the absence of aqueous alteration and the low-peak metamorphic temperatures experienced by these meteorites, we suggest that the I-Xe ages for the chondrules record the event in which they were formed. These ages are within the range recorded for chondrules from ordinary chondrites, demonstrating that chondrules formed during the same time interval in the source regions of both ordinary chondrites and enstatite chondrites. The timing of this chondrule-forming episode or episodes brackets the I-Xe closure age of planetesimal bodies such as the Shallowater aubrite parent body. Although chondrule formation need not have occurred close to planetesimals, the existence of planetesimals at the same time as chondrule formation provides constraints on models of this process. Whichever mechanisms are proposed to form and transport chondrules, they must be compatible with models of the protosolar nebula which predict the formation of differentiated bodies on the same timescale at the same heliocentric distance.     

Mn-Cr systematics of the early Solar System revisited

We have reinvestigated the Mn-Cr systematics in a number of primitive meteorites, differentiated planetesimals and terrestrial planets in order to address the chronology of the early stages of protoplanetary disk evolution and planetary formation. Our analytical procedure is based on the assumption of terrestrial abundances for ⁵⁰Cr and ⁵²Cr only; recognizing that a data reduction scheme based on Earth-like ⁵⁴Cr/⁵²Cr abundances in all meteorites is not tenable. Here we show that initial ε_⁵³Cr compositions of ⁵⁴Cr-rich and ⁵⁴Cr-poor acid leach fractions in the primitive carbonaceous chondrite Orgueil differ by 0.9ε, reflecting primordial mineral-scale heterogeneity. However, asteroidal processing effectively homogenized any ε_⁵³Cr variations on the planetesimal scale, providing a uniform present-day solar ε_⁵³Cr=0.20±0.10. Thus, our ⁵³Mn-⁵³Cr data argue against the previously suggested ⁵³Mn heliocentric gradient. Instead, we suggest that inner Solar System objects possessed an initially homogeneous ⁵³Mn/⁵⁵Mn composition, which determined by two independent means is estimated at (6.28 ± 0.66) × 10⁻⁶. Our revised Mn-Cr age for Ste. Marguerite (SM) metamorphism of 4562.9 ± 1.0 Ma is identical to the Pb-Pb age of SM phosphates. Using this age, we confirm that mantle differentiation of the eucrite parent body occurred 4564.9 ± 1.1 Ma ago, and revise the time interval between this event and CAI formation to 2.2 ± 1.1 Ma. We also constrain metamorphism in carbonaceous chondrites of type 2 and 3 to have occurred between 1 and 6 Ma after CAI formation. The ⁵³Mn-⁵³Cr correlation among chondrites, planetesimals and terrestrial planets (the eucrite parent body, Mars and Earth) provides evidence for Mn/Cr fractionation within the protoplanetary disk recorded by all precursor materials of the terrestrial planets and primitive asteroids. This fractionation appears to have occurred within 2 Ma of CAI formation.     

The Confirmation of a New Type of Chondrites and Their Cosmochemical Significance

The data available show that some Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites are similar to Cl meteorites.Tehy contain a lot of phyllosilicate aggregates and the oxygen isotopic composition of the whole-rock samples is approximate to that of C1 chondrites,so they are named after quasi-C1(Q-C1)chondrites Unlike Cl metcorites,the Q-Cl chondites possess chondrule structrue,and the compositions of hih temperature condensates(chondrule fragments,mineral grains or aggregates)show that the oxygen fugacity varied within a wide range in the surroundings where they were formed,similar to the variation range from E.H.L,LL to C group chondrites.It is inferred that the Q-C1 chondrites could be formed at the edges far from the equator in the whole asteroid region of the solar nebular disk.where the nebula was lower in density and the condensates were lower in accretion velocity,so that the hydration of chon drules and matrix occurred during the late stage of nebular condensation.The discovery of the Q-Cl chondrites and the fact that the earth and other terrestrial planets contain water indicate that at the edges far from the equator in the terrestrial reigion of the solar nebular disk,a large amount of water was incorporated into the lattice of minerals in the condensates as a result of hydration during nebular condensation,and then found its way into the interior parts of the Earth and other terrestrial planets due to accretion.     

制约类地行星大气层和水体发育的主要因素

根据行星探测的资料,综合分析了水星、金星、地球(包括月球)、火星的大气层和水体的发育特征,对比了金星、火星的大气层与水体同地球的差异。类地行星质量小、体积小、密度大、旋转慢、卫星少甚至没有、挥发性元素较类木行星少、距离太阳较近,早期残留的原始大气层已经被早期太阳在金牛变星阶段的强烈太阳风所驱赶,加上巨大而频繁的撞击作用,使原始大气层被驱赶殆尽。现在的大气层是次生的,是由行星内部的去气作用形成的。类地行星的大气层、水体的发育和表生作用的特征与行星的质量大小(表征行星内部能量的大小和构造活动的强烈及持续时间)及行星与太阳的距离等因素有关。在类地行星中,地球和金星质量最大,逃逸速度最大,可将更多的气体“束缚”在它们表面,因此它们的大气有着复杂的组成和较大的密度。火星质量较小,逃逸速度不到地球的一半,在漫长的演化历史中,大气逐渐逸散进入太空,大气密度变得很稀薄。水星质量更小,而且最靠近太阳,不仅太阳风的驱赶作用强烈,而且表面温度高,气体分子的热运动更加剧烈,加剧了大气的逸散,所以水星的大气层极为稀薄,并且主要为太阳风成分。月球质量最小,几乎没有大气层,更没有水体的发育。行星的热演化历史对大气层和水体发育具有重要的制     

Optical and Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron in rock-forming silicates

The inner nebula out to ~3 A.U. was depleted in volatile elements that included potassium and manganese at a very early stage of solar-system history. The inner planets and many meteorites inherited this element signature, the cause of which probably was early violent solar activity. Because of this evidence for elemental depletions correlated with volatility, one might also expect to find examples of fractionation, particularly among lower mass elements. Here we discuss the search for such effects among the isotopes of K, Mg, Si, and Ca in a wide variety of terrestrial, lunar, and meteoritic samples. We examine examples of vaporization without isotope fractionation, and a comparison of the effects expected between distillation and condensation. Effects attributable both to evaporation and condensation are observed in refractory inclusions (CAIs) in meteorites and reflect localized events in the early nebula. However, the lack of isotopic fractionation that is observed among a wider variety of presolar-system materials rules out the general operation of Rayleigh-type fractionation on primitive solar-nebular material. We conclude with a discussion of volatileelement behavior during the giant Moon-forming impact that shows that the material in the Moon was not subjected to Rayleigh-type distillation.     

陨石氧同位素组成及其地学意义

介绍了各类陨石氧同位素组成的特点,对陨石氧同位素组成的主要成因观点进行了评述,结合地球的原始物质组成,讨论了陨石氧同位素组成的地球科学意义。