济阳坳陷奥陶系碳酸盐岩及缝洞充填方解石C、O同位素特征及其意义

对济阳坳陷奥陶系碳酸盐原岩及孔洞缝中充填方解石进行了C、O同位素测定,结果表明孔洞缝充填方解石的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值比原岩偏负。奥陶系三山子组和马家沟组孔缝中充填的方解石C、O同位素演化有很大区别,前者的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值均为负值,δ¹³C向较高负值偏移,δ¹⁸O值向较低负值偏移;马家沟组八陡段孔缝充填方解石的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值也多为负值,δ¹³C向较正值方向偏移,δ¹⁸O值向较高负值偏移。奥陶系碳酸盐岩孔缝充填方解石形成于大气淡水环境和埋藏成岩环境,次生孔洞可能主要形成于早期表生阶段,裂缝形成于中-新生代的构造运动,方解石主要充填于埋藏环境中。次生孔缝的主要形成时期早于油气大量运移期,对古潜山油藏的形成有利。     

中国南方灯影峡期海洋碳酸盐岩原始δ13C和δ18O组成及海水温度

中国南方灯影峡期(晚前寒武纪)是白云岩广泛发育的海洋碳酸盐沉积时期,在灯影组中部发育从海水直接沉积沉淀的原生白云岩,目前仍保留其原始组构特征。从40个原生白云石(岩)中测得:泥晶白云石的δ¹³C值为3.64‰,δ¹⁸O值为-1.17‰(n=6);白云岩的13C值为3.52‰,δ¹⁸O值为-1.86‰(n=15);海水纤状白云石胶结物δ¹³C值为2.90‰,δ¹⁸O值2.65‰(n=8);海水刃状白云石胶结物的δ¹³C值为2.96‰,δ¹⁸O值为-2.41‰(n=8);晶纹层和海水纤状白云石胶结物的δ¹³C值为2.79‰,δ¹⁸O值为-3.13‰。40个岩样的δ¹³C平均值为3.25‰±0.44‰,δ¹⁸O平均值为-2.12‰±0.98‰(均以PDB标准)。对于灯影峡期海相云岩的原始δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值,不采用所有样品的平均值,而是采用原生白云石沉积物与海水白云石结物δ¹³C值和δ¹⁸O值两个图示分布区重叠部分的最重同位素值,即：δ¹C值为4.43‰(PDB标准),δ¹⁸O值为-0.62‰(PDB标准),将其作为灯影峡期海洋碳酸盐岩的原始同位素组成。对海水原生白云石胶结物包裹体盐度进行了测定,海水δ¹⁸O计算值为2.90(SMOW标准),用原始δ¹⁸O值计算的原生白云石形成时的海水温度为40.8 ℃。这说明中国南方灯影峡的海洋为炎热的较高的海水温度环境。     

环境同位素在识别伊犁河谷地下水补给来源中的指示作用

重点分析了研究区潜水、浅层承压水、泉水及地表水δD、δ¹⁸O的分布特征,并对5组水文钻探井地下水样品进行分析.潜水δD变化范围为-97.32‰~-67.51‰,平均值为-80.34‰;δ¹⁸O为-15.85‰~-10.66‰,平均值为-12.08‰.浅层承压水δD为-111.93‰~-68.38‰,平均值为-84.79‰;δ¹⁸O为-16.01‰~-10.52‰,平均值为-12.30‰.泉水δD为-102.06‰~-71.63‰,平均值为-84.10‰;δ¹⁸O为-14.21‰~-9.70‰,平均值为-12.24‰.地表水δD为-90.53‰~-60.99‰,平均值为-72.58‰;δ¹⁸O在-13.20‰~-9.54‰,平均值为-11.21‰.地下水δ¹³C为-9.4‰~-5.6‰,平均值为-8.3‰,极差为3.8‰.结果表明:地下水与地表水均起源于当地大气降水.潜水与浅层承压水水力联系较强,潜水与浅层承压水属于同一含水系统.与浅层承压水相比,深层承压水年龄较大,在20 ka左右,属于沉积埋藏水.深层承压水与浅层承压水的水力联系较弱.潜水与浅层承压水的δ¹³C值较为接近,且接近大气CO₂的δ¹³C值-7‰.研究区地下水中碳的主要来源为大气CO₂.     

鲁西地区含白云石碳酸盐岩的矿物学特征及其形成环境分析

白云石的成因受到地质学界的广泛关注,现今在实验室中能够利用微生物合成高有序度的白云石,但天然白云石的成因与原始沉积环境特征的相关性并未完全揭示。本研究选取鲁西地区馒头组含白云石碳酸盐岩沉积地层为研究对象,通过矿物学、元素地球化学等分析,初步判断该地层白云石成因并重建白云石地层的古沉积环境,探讨了两者之间的关系。结果表明：白云石含量在本套地层中的均值为52.45%。Sr/Cu值(均值为23.59)与Ga/Rb值(均值为0.17)指示其整体表现为炎热干旱的古气候特征。δ¹³C值(均值为-1.56‰)与δ¹⁸O值(均值为-6.68‰)指示本套地层为海相沉积,推测古水温平均为23.5℃,古氧化还原特征表现为弱还原至常氧化的平稳过渡。灰岩地层δ¹³C值平均为-0.80‰,而白云岩地层δ¹³C值平均为-6.52‰,存在轻碳的明显富集,结合宏观叠层构造,判断白云石为生物成因。本研究中白云石沉积环境中的古气候、古氧化还原条件、古水温和古生产力特征与白云石发育情况存在明显耦合,为白云石生物成因提供了相关依据与指示意义...     

四川灯影组白云石化流体多样化特征及白云岩差异性成因

灯影组白云岩是四川盆地超深层油气勘探的重点领域,但目前人们对该套白云岩成因争议仍较大,且缺乏系统研究.通过对四川盆地灯影组白云岩C-O-Sr同位素和稀土元素数据的系统分析来研究白云石化流体的化学性质和成因,进而约束白云岩的差异性成因机制.研究表明：(1)灯影组白云岩碳同位素值较均一,δ¹³C值基本分布在0‰～+5.0‰之间,而氧同位素值变化较大.近地表环境基质白云岩和早期白云石胶结物δ¹⁸O均大于-8.0‰,埋藏环境白云石胶结物δ18O均小于-8.0‰,而热液白云石化胶结物δ¹⁸O均小于-10.0‰.(2)基质白云岩和早期白云石胶结物具有与同期海水相似的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值(0.708～0.709),指示其继承于海水流体;而埋藏环境白云石胶结物⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值明显大于同期海水,指示其为地层流体和深部热液流体来源.(3)灯影组白云岩稀土元素均亏损轻稀土元素、富集重稀土元素.基质白云岩和早期白云石胶结物可见Ce负异常、未见Eu明显异...     

岩溶缝洞充填物碳氧同位素特征及环境意义——以塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组为例

塔河油田奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞是该地区主要的碳酸盐岩储层,弄清岩溶缝洞充填物特征有利于寻找最优储集体,对该区石油地质研究具有重要意义。通过对塔河油田31口钻井岩心观察、描述和充填物类型统计,选取7口典型钻井奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物取样,并对充填物样品δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O进行测试分析。结果表明：(1)充填物碳氧同位素变化范围较大,δ¹³C为0.75‰～-10.14‰,δ¹⁸O为-5.94‰～-14.14‰。(2)奥陶系鹰山组岩溶缝洞充填物存在4中不同类型的形成环境：同生期或早期成岩岩溶环境、风化壳岩溶环境、埋藏岩溶环境、较晚期岩溶环境。该研究成果对古岩溶型油气储层研究及油气勘探具有重要意义。     

基于同位素和水化学的北京平谷盆地地下水循环研究

通过在区域开展地下水同位素、水化学取样分析，研究了平谷泃河和洳河冲洪积扇地下水循环演化特征。分析结果显示：本次所取水样pH值为7.6～8.1，为中性水；阳离子含量均以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺为主，占70%以上，阴离子含量以HCO₃^-为主，占82%以上，所取水样地下水水化学类型均为HCO₃·Ca·Mg型。研究区浅层第四系松散孔隙水δ²H值和δ¹⁸O值分别为64.9‰、9.08‰，深层第四系松散孔隙水δ²H值和δ¹⁸O值分别为67.6‰、δ₁₈O值，基岩岩溶水δ²H值和δ¹⁸O值分别为64.5‰、9.36‰。基岩岩溶水稳定同位素含量均值与浅层地下水比较接近；浅层第四系松散孔隙水¹⁴C含量为46.7%～93.1%，深层水第四系松散孔隙水¹⁴C含量为40.23%～61.13%，基岩岩溶水^...     

青藏高原北部新生代湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义

对青藏高原北部地区新生代陆相地层中湖相碳酸盐岩进行了系统采样分析，以碳氧同位素作为古环境和古气候变化的替代指标,试图从古湖泊演化的角度，阐明高原新生代早期环境演变历史和过程。研究结果表明，该区所有分析样品中生物碎屑灰岩类样品的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C显示最低值，反映它们沉积在一个水体滞留时间短的开放性淡水湖泊系统中。泥晶灰岩类样品的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C之间具有正相关关系，表明它们发育在蒸发作用明显的封闭性咸水湖泊体系中，而叠层石灰岩类明显富集13C可能与微生物活动有关。从始新世到渐新世至中新世，湖相碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O值具有逐渐增大的趋势，δ¹³C则由古近纪的负值变为新近纪的正值，反映该区古湖泊系统经历了一个由开放到封闭的过程，预示古近纪到新近纪之交高原古气候格局发生了重大变革。     

青藏高原北部植物叶片碳同位素组成的空间特征

测定了青藏高原北部13个地点101份草本植物叶片碳同位素组成(δ¹³C值), 结果发现, 植物叶片δ¹³C值的分布范围在-29.2‰～-23.8‰之间, 平均值约为-26.89‰, 明显低于全球高海拔植物叶片δ¹³C值(-2.6‰) ; 而植物叶片δ¹³C值随海拔和经、纬度的变化趋势与其它同类报道相似:随着海拔的升高和经、纬度的降低, 植物叶片δ¹³C值呈现升高趋势. 叶片δ¹³C值也随土壤含水量和土壤温度的变化而变化:土壤含水量越高, 土壤温度越低, 植物叶片δ¹³C值越小, 但它们之间的相关关系不具统计学意义. 初步分析表明, 大气压力 (CO₂分压)和温度的协同变化导致了叶片δ¹³C值随着海拔变化的分布格局, 而温度和相对湿度的变化是引起叶片δ¹³C值的经、纬度效应的主要因子.     

羊卓雍错流域降水中稳定氧同位素变化特征

根据青藏高原南部羊卓雍错流域白地、翁果和堆乡3个水文站2004年1~10月降水中δ¹⁸O的测定结果,分析了该流域降水中δ¹⁸O的变化特征及其与温度和降水量之间的关系.结果表明:3个站点降水中δ¹⁸O的值在雨季前变化不大,且都保持相对高值;进入雨季后都开始下降,雨季结束后又均开始增大.该流域夏季降水中δ¹⁸O表现出低值的特征与夏季西南季风的强烈活动密切相关.受西南季风影响,3个站点夏季降水均表现出季风降水的特征,降水中δ¹⁸O与降水时温度关系不明显,而与降水量之间存在着一定的反向变化趋势,从而表现出一定的“降水量效应”.羊卓雍错流域降水中δ¹⁸O的这种变化特征与拉萨的基本一致.     

三门峡地区黄土与古季风

位于黄土高原东南缘的三门峡黄土地层,以陕县张汴乡村剖面为其典型代表。厚度１５３ｍ的曹村剖面由上部厚１４５ｍ的黄土地层和下伏红粘土沉积组成,黄土地层为Ｌ１－Ｌ３３的连续风尘沉积。磁性地层研究显示：Ｂ／Ｍ界线位于Ｌ７下部,Ｊ事件位于Ｓ１１／Ｓ１２,Ｏ事件位于Ｌ２３－Ｌ２６,Ｍ／Ｇ界线位于黄土与红粘土界线之上２０ｃｍ处。古季风代用指标的磁化率、碳酸盐及〉３０μｍ的粒度组分均显示了约２．６Ｍａ以来季风变迁     

The role of sulfur in chemical weathering and atmospheric CO2 fluxes: Evidence from major ions, δCDIC, and δSSO4 in rivers of the Canadian Cordillera

Water samples from the Fraser, Skeena and Nass River basins of the Canadian Cordillera were analyzed for dissolved major element concentrations (HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺), δ¹³C of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C_DIC), and δ³⁴S of dissolved sulfate (δ³⁴S_SO4) to quantify chemical weathering rates and exchanges of CO₂ between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Weathering rates of silicates and carbonates were determined from major element mass balance. Combining the major element mass balance with δ³⁴S_SO4 (−8.9 to 14.1‰_CDT) indicates sulfide oxidation (sulfuric acid production) and subsequent weathering of carbonate and to a lesser degree silicate minerals are important processes in the study area. We determine that on average, 81% of the riverine sulfate can be attributed to sulfide oxidation in the Cordilleran rivers, and that 25% of the total weathering cation flux can be attributed to carbonate and silicate dissolution by sulfuric acid. This result is validated by δ¹³C_DIC values (−9.8 to −3.7‰ _VPDB) which represents a mixture of DIC produced by the following weathering pathways: (i) carbonate dissolution by carbonic acid (−8.25‰) > (ii) silicate dissolution by carbonic acid (−17‰) ≈ (iii) carbonate dissolution by sulfuric acid derived from the oxidation of sulfides (coupled sulfide-carbonate weathering) (+0.5‰).δ³⁴S_SO4 is negatively correlated with δ¹³C_DIC in the Cordilleran rivers, which further supports the hypothesis that sulfuric acid produced by sulfide oxidation is primarily neutralized by carbonates, and that sulfide-carbonate weathering impacts the δ¹³C_DIC of rivers. The negative correlation between δ³⁴S_SO4 and δ¹³C_DIC is not observed in the Ottawa and St. Lawrence River basins. This suggests other factors such as landscape age (governed by tectonic uplift) and bedrock geology are important controls on regional sulfide oxidation rates, and therefore also on the magnitude of sulfide-carbonate weathering—i.e., it is more significant in tectonically active areas.Calculated DIC fluxes due to Ca and Mg silicate weathering by carbonic acid (38.3 × 10³ mol C · km⁻² · yr⁻¹) are similar in magnitude to DIC fluxes due to sulfide-carbonate weathering (18.5 × 10³ mol C · km⁻² · yr⁻¹). While Ca and Mg silicate weathering facilitates a transfer of atmospheric CO₂ to carbonate rocks, sulfide-carbonate weathering can liberate CO₂ from carbonate rocks to the atmosphere when sulfide oxidation exceeds sulfide deposition. This implies that in the Canadian Cordillera, sulfide-carbonate weathering can offset up to 48% of the current CO₂ drawdown by silicate weathering in the region.     

High-δ13C Paleoproterozoic Carbonates from the Aravalli Supergroup,Western India

High δ¹³C values up to 11%_PDB occur in Paleoproterozoic dolostones from the Aravalli Supergroup, western India. Correlation of high δ¹³C with high δ¹⁸O up to 23%_SMOW in the studied carbonates suggests that pre-metamorphic δ¹³C values were above 10%_PDB. The data are consistent with worldwide positive excursions in the δ¹³C of marine bicarbonate. The positive excursion was contemporaneous with sedimentation.     

C-and Sr-isotope chemostratigraphy as a tool for verifying age of Riphean deposits in the Kama-Belaya aulacogen,the east European platform

The Kyrpy Group of the East European platform is regarded by tradition as correlative with the Lower Riphean Burzyan Group of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium in the southern Urals. Age and correlation of the Kyrpy Group remain problematic, however, because of a limited geochronological information and controversial interpretation of paleontological materials. Data of C-and Sr-isotope chemostratigraphy contribute much to the problem solution. In the Kyrpy Group of the Kama-Belaya aulacogen, the Kaltasy Formation carbonates 1300 to 2400 m thick (boreholes 133 and 203 of the Azino-Pal’nikovo and Bedryazh areas) show ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging around 0.7040 and narrow diapasons of δ¹³C values: about 0.5‰ (V-PDB) in shallow-water facies and-2.0‰ (V-PDB) in sediments of deeper origin. Despite the facies dependence of carbon isotope composition, δ¹³C variations not greater than ±1.0‰ are depicted in chemostratigraphic profiles of carbonate rocks characterizing separate stratigraphic intervals up to 800 m thick in the above borehole sections. Low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and almost invariant δ¹³C values in carbonates of the Kaltasy Formation are obviously contrasting with these parameters in the Middle and Upper Riphean deposits, being comparable with isotopic characteristics of the Lower Riphean sediments (Mesoproterozoic deposits older than 1300 Ma). Consequently, the results obtained evidence in favor of the Early Riphean age of the Kaltasy Formation and the Kyrpy Group as a whole.     

信江盆地石炭纪硅质岩地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

在信江盆地中存在数层和石炭纪海相火山岩及其海底块状硫化物矿层相伴生,与石炭纪地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。由对硅质岩常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素、硅和氧同位素等地球化学特征研究表明,本区硅质岩具有一定的热水沉积硅质岩地球化学特征。在Al-Fe-Mn和Fe-Mn-(Ni+Co+Cu)三角图上,本区硅质岩属热水沉积硅质岩。由硅质岩MnO/TiO₂比值、δCe值和δ³⁰Si值分析表明,信江盆地石炭纪硅质岩的沉积环境主要为浅海。     

Lithium distribution and isotopic fractionation during chemical weathering and soil formation in a loess profile

Lithium (Li) is a fluid-mobile element and δ⁷Li in secondary deposits represents an excellent proxy for silicate weathering and authigenic mineral formation. The soil samples from 1205 to 1295 cm in the Weinan profile, one of the best developed loess-paleosol sequences covering the last glacial–interglacial climatic cycle, were collected and chemically separated into detritus and carbonate fractions for subsequent analyses of Li, δ⁷Li, major and trace elements. Other desert specimens (i.e., Qaidam Desert, Tengger Desert, Badain Juran Desert and Taklimakan Desert) near the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and various standard clays were analyzed for assisting provenance determination. The Li and δ⁷Li distributions in the detritus are rather homogeneous, 1.4–2.0 μg/g and +2.5‰ to +4.7‰, respectively, compared with the carbonate fraction. The detrital δ⁷Li varies systematically with magnetic susceptibility and grain size changes, reflecting significant Li isotopic variation associated with sources and mineralogy of detrital material. On the other hand, Li and δ⁷Li in carbonates show large changes, 781–963 ng/g and −4.1‰ to +10.2‰, respectively. These carbonate δ⁷Li correlated well with the estimated index of chemical weathering, as a result of Li mobilization and soil formation during chemical weathering.     

胜利油气区奥陶系顶部风化壳有机包裹体初步研究及其意义

胜利油气区奥陶系顶部风化壳中的气态烃有机包裹体主要分布在方解石脉中,属晚期次生成因。均一温度测量结果表明其形成温度为140～160℃,明显低于奥陶系灰泥岩的成岩温度(170～208℃)。有机包裹体气态烃成份以CH4为主(占总量的44%～49%),同时含CO₂和H₂O等无机气体成份。有机包裹体气态烃δ¹³C₁为-29.2‰(PDB),δD为-128‰(SMOW),与本区已发现的来自石炭二叠系煤成天然气的δ¹³C₁和δD相近或相同,说明胜利油气区奥陶系顶部风化壳曾经有过来自石炭二叠系煤成天然气的运移与聚集作用。该区有与陕北大气田相似的成藏地质条件,奥陶系顶部风化壳具潜在的天然气勘探价值。     

云南永善肖滩早寒武世早期碳氧同位素记录

本文对采自云南永善肖滩剖面下寒武统100余件碳酸盐岩样品的碳氧同位素进行了分析研究。在从灯影组白岩哨段上部至筇竹寺组玉案山段碳酸盐岩碳同位素变化曲线上,梅树村组小歪头山段底部δ¹³C值表现出显着负飘移。早寒武世梅树村期,碳同位素值缓慢增大,至大海段达到最大值。在筇竹寺组石岩头段底部,δ¹³C值表现为明显负飘移。在玉案山段,碳同位素又开始一个新的正飘移旋回。根据同位素资料,肖滩剖面下寒武统梅树村组小歪头山段至大海段地层相当于前托莫特阶地层,筇竹寺组石岩头段与托莫特阶地层对应,玉案山段与呵特达班阶下部地层对比。小歪头山段底部标志着寒武纪沉积已经开始。     

Interpreting the Ca isotope record of marine biogenic carbonates

An 18 million year record of the Ca isotopic composition (δ^44/42Ca) of planktonic foraminiferans from ODP site 925, in the Atlantic, on the Ceara Rise, provides the opportunity for critical analysis of Ca isotope-based reconstructions of the Ca cycle. δ^44/42Ca in this record averages +0.37 ± 0.05 (1σ SD) and ranges from +0.21‰ to +0.52‰. The record is a good match to previously published Neogene Ca isotope records based on foraminiferans, but is not similar to the record based on bulk carbonates, which has values that are as much as 0.25‰ lower. Bulk carbonate and planktonic foraminiferans from core tops differ slightly in their δ^44/42Ca (i.e., by 0.06 ± 0.06‰ (n = 5)), while the difference between bulk carbonate and foraminiferan values further back in time is markedly larger, leaving open the question of the cause of the difference. Modeling the global Ca cycle from downcore variations in δ^44/42Ca by assuming fixed values for the isotopic composition of weathering inputs (δ^44/42Ca_w) and for isotope fractionation associated with the production of carbonate sediments (Δ_sed) results in unrealistically large variations in the total mass of Ca²⁺ in the oceans over the Neogene. Alternatively, variations of ±0.05‰ in the Ca isotope composition of weathering inputs or in the extent of fractionation of Ca isotopes during calcareous sediment formation could entirely account for variations in the Ca isotopic composition of marine carbonates. Ca isotope fractionation during continental weathering, such as has been recently observed, could easily result in variations in δ^44/42Ca_w of a few tenths of permil. Likewise a difference in the fractionation factors associated with aragonite versus calcite formation could drive shifts in Δ_sed of tenths of permil with shifts in the relative output of calcite and aragonite from the ocean. Until better constraints on variations in δ^44/42Ca_w and Δ_sed have been established, modeling the Ca²⁺ content of seawater from Ca isotope curves should be approached cautiously.     

Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in the middle-upper miocene and lower pliocene carbonates of the Eastern Paratethys (Kerch-Taman Region): Palaeoenvironments and post-sedimentation changes

C and O isotope composition of Middle-Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene carbonates from Kerch-Taman Region (Eastern Paratethys) have been studied in order to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental variability and post-sedimentation changes. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸О values of the Upper Sarmatian to Lower Pliocene organogenic carbonates reflect the desalinization of paleobasins, global Late Miocene Cooling, and increase in seasonal temperature fluctuations. Isotopic composition of the Middle Sarmatian organogenic carbonates was strongly influenced by evaporation processes, high bioproductivity, and local submarine methane emissions. Warm climate and low bioproductivity together with unstable hydrological regime during the Late Chokrakian and the Karaganian times influenced the isotope composition of primary carbonates. Calcite shell of Spiratella sp. (δ¹³C =–0.4‰ and δ¹⁸О =–0.4‰) from Tarkhanian sediments was formed in warm marine environment. Dolomitization prevails over other secondary mineralization in the studied carbonate rocks. Two groups of secondary dolomites that are characterized by negative and positive δ¹³C values have been recognized. Lowe δ¹³C values (up to–31.4‰) in dolomites indicate the influence of both dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from oxidized organic matter (С_org) and methane. Dolomites with positive δ¹³C values (7.0 and 7.8‰) associat with migration of CO₂- and CH₄-containing saline groundwater.