盆地流体及其成矿作用

盆地流体指在大陆性地壳基底上的沉积盆地演化过程中活动于沉积柱内的有机,无机复杂流体相,包括来自盆地内部由有机,无机沉积物压实和相变所释放出的自生流体和外来流体(盆地边缘隆起区补给的大气水和基底补给的流体)。盆地演化早期的沉积水地质阶段很可能以压实驱动流为主的自生流体占优势,而在晚期的渗入水地质阶段则以重力驱动流为主的外来流体。典型的低温热液地球化学特性和丰富有机组分的广泛参与,乃是盆地流体的两大突出特征。盆地流体广泛参与了沉积物的成岩一后生和成烃成矿过程。它既可以上升到达海底以沉积喷流的方式成矿,也可在海底以下的沉积柱中运移时遇到合适的地球化学障而发生沉淀卸载。献中报道的典型矿床类型主要包括沉积喷流型矿床,密西西比式铅锌矿床和大陆砂页岩型矿床。但在我国却发现了一批具有复杂成矿元素组合的重要矿床类型,包括沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床等。     

华南微细浸染型金矿床成矿流体的氢、氧同位素研究

华南微细浸染型金矿成矿流体可划分为4个成矿体系：盆地流体成矿体系,成矿流体主要源自地层水,形成以紫木凼、戈塘为代表的矿床;盆地流体-大气降水成矿体系,成矿流体主要由沉积地层中地层水和古大气降水组成,形成的矿床以高龙、金牙为代表;石油卤水成矿体系,成矿流体是来自沉积地层中的富含有机质的盆地流体,以大量有机质参与成矿为特征,形成的矿床以三都-丹寨金汞矿为代表;岩浆水,盆地流体成矿体系,成矿流体主要由岩浆水和盆地流体构成,形成以皖南、赣北地区为代表的金矿床。     

滇西兰坪盆地多金属矿床碳、氧、氢同位素组成及其地质意义

兰坪盆地多金属矿床碳、氧和氢同位素组成特征表明,成矿流体中的CO2源自海相碳酸盐岩(或蚀变海相碳酸盐岩)的热解作用和沉积有机物的氧化作用或脱羧基作用;成矿流体为古大气降水在一定地质条件下与盆地和基底岩石发生水-岩作用而形成的盆地热卤水,其中金顶铅锌矿床的成矿流体尚有变质水的混入.这表明盆地内多金属矿床的成矿物质应源自地壳(基底和盆地地层),喜马拉雅期盆地周缘碱性岩浆活动对盆地内多金属矿床的成矿作用贡献是间接的,沉积有机物直接参与了成矿作用.     

1995～1996年度原地质矿产部“青年地质学家基金”资助项目

黄海平:陆相盆地油气储层连通特征的地球化学研究 中国地质大学(北京)王 剑:古沉积喷流流体成矿作用研究一以乐梅铅锌矿为例 中国地质科学院成都地质矿产研究所王登红:阿尔泰大型一超大型稀有金属矿床成矿机制与成矿背景 中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所朱创业:四川盆地锶矿成矿流体演化及成矿规律与成矿预测 成都理工学院刘福来:孔兹岩系变质反应一水流体演化动力学与试验研究 中国地质科学院地质研究所任 东:中国北方中生代昆虫演化分类及生物古地理、古生态研究 中国地质博物馆刘 羽:新疆南天山蛇绿岩带放射虫动物群研究及环境意义 中国地…     

柞山泥盆纪沉积盆地成矿动力学分析

造成热水成矿流体大规模迁移的机理有地壳的伸展、挤压、旋转伸展与旋转挤压。盆地中同生断裂是热水成矿流体迁移和传输的通道,沉积盆地是其沉淀和定位的场所,盆地的反转是矿床保存的条件,研究柞水泥盆纪沉积盆地的成矿动力学特征。     

沉积盆地中的流体活动及其成矿作用

盆地流体是指在沉积盆地演化过程中活动并参与了沉积物的各种成岩－后生变化的复杂流体相，包括来自盆地内部沉积物压实和相变所释放出的流体，以及主要由盆地边缘大陆隆起区补给的下渗大气降水。流体的流动机制主要有重力驱动流和压实驱动流两种。各种沉积有机质的广泛参与，乃是盆地流体区别于其它地壳流体的最基本特征。这对流－岩反应、对盆地流体及其周围环境的物理化学参数、对成矿金属迁移的形式和能力以及对成矿金属的沉淀就位等过程都有着十分重要的影响。盆地流体具典型的低温热液地球化学特性，流体的同位素组成和流体中的溶解组份与沉积物的特征以及沉积体系的空间分布密切相关。盆地流体广泛参与了沉积物的成岩、后生、成油、成气和成矿过程。沉积体系的空间分布（不均匀介质）、同沉积断裂体系、欠压实异常高压地层以及古地形联合控制着盆地流体的流动迁移和汇聚成矿。有关的矿床类型主要包括：沉积喷流型（ｓｅｄｅｘ型）矿床、密西西比式（ＭＶＴ）铅锌矿床、大陆砂页岩型矿床以及沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床等。我国南秦岭泥盆纪地层中的沉积喷流型铅锌矿床和滇黔桂金三角二叠纪－三叠纪地层中的微细浸染型金矿床都是盆地流体成矿的典型实例     

滇西北兰坪盆地白秧坪多金属矿床成矿物质来源:C、H、O、S和Pb同位素制约

白秧坪多金属矿床位于滇西兰坪中—新生代沉积盆地中北部,是在著名的三江成矿带内新近发现的重要矿床之一。为确定该矿床成矿流体特征和成矿金属元素来源,对白秧坪多金属矿床开展了系统的C、H、O、S和Pb同位素地球化学研究。白秧坪多金属矿石硫化物δ34S为-5.6‰～11.2‰,具有兰坪盆地中—新生界蒸发岩硫酸盐的热化学还原性质;矿石与盆地中—新生界沉积岩铅同位素组成相似,成矿金属源于盆地沉积地层。成矿流体中水的δDV-SMOW=-122‰～-86‰,δ18OV-SMOW=-4.52‰～-15.34‰,为大气降水补给的盆地热卤水。研究区热液成矿早阶段白云石δ13CV-PDB=-3.4‰～0.5‰,δ18OV-SMOW=4.8‰～20.3‰,晚阶段方解石δ13CV-PDB=-3.1‰～0.5‰,δ18OV-SMOW=4.1‰～18.6‰,说明成矿流体中CO2来自盆地地层中灰岩的溶解。     

兰坪盆地演化与成矿特征

兰坪盆地的演化受控于盆地所处的构造背景,经历了中三叠世至早侏罗世的陆内裂谷盆地、中-晚侏罗世的拗陷盆地、白垩纪的前陆盆地、古新世-中新世的走滑盆地。盆内成矿与盆地性质密切相关,陆内裂谷盆地阶段是重要的成矿期,具热水沉积矿床特征;拗陷盆地阶段多形成铜多金属矿床;前陆盆地阶段为喜山期的成矿作了物质准备;走滑盆地阶段,由于推覆构造活动强烈,深部流体和浅部红层中的盆地流体的混合,提供了大量的矿物质,并就位于构造圈闭中,形成如金顶铅锌矿等大型矿床。     

华北克拉通北缘与盆地流体有关的若干矿床实例

与华南一样,在华北克拉通北缘及其增生带也有与盆地流体有关的矿床产出。矿床的生成总是与张裂型沉积盆地有关。根据基底大地构造性质和盆地动力学演化特征,可划分出两个与盆地流体有关的、特征各异的金属成矿省：1)华北克拉通北部元古代金．多金属成矿省,在克拉通内部,边缘元古代裂谷增生期生成沉积喷流型硫多金属矿床和沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床;2)大兴安岭中南段古生代锡．多金属成矿省,在克拉通北缘早／晚古生代增生带的张裂型沉积盆地内分别生成各具特征的铅锌/锡-多金属矿床。     

川滇黔地区天宝山、会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体来源初探:来自流体包裹体及氦氩同位素的证据

为限定川滇黔地区大型铅锌矿床成矿流体来源,选择天宝山大型铅锌矿床和会泽超大型铅锌矿床中热液矿物进行流体包裹体及氦氩同位素研究.结果显示:（1）天宝山矿床为中低温、中等盐度流体成矿,成矿流体主要来源于盆地卤水;会泽矿床为中高温、中等盐度流体成矿,成矿流体也主要来源于盆地卤水,但具有不同性质流体混合特征;（2）两矿床硫化物3He/4He值范围介于0.02~0.32 Ra,证明成矿流体以地壳流体为主,但混有少量（< 5.3%）地幔成分,40Ar/36Ar值（345.0~1 698.8）表明成矿流体以饱和大气水为主;（3）综合两个矿床地质特征、流体包裹体及氦氩同位素研究认为天宝山矿床和会泽矿床的形成与右江盆地演化及峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆活动有关.      

新疆阿尔泰山南缘克兰盆地红墩SEDEX型铅锌矿

红墩铅锌矿床位于克兰裂谷盆地,形成于被动陆缘裂谷构造环境,具有SEDEx型铅锌矿床的地质特征,容矿岩性为一套巨厚的粉砂质、泥质碎屑岩建造,成矿作用与海相基性火山岩有关,矿体产状与地层走向一致,矿石具有明显的纹层状构造,在矿物共生组合上,表现为锌多铅少,不含铜,且闪锌矿为含铁较少的低温闪锌矿。     

A review of the geological characteristics and mineralization history of iron deposits in the Altay orogenic belt of the Xinjiang,Northwest China

In this review, we describe the geological characteristics and metallogenic–tectonic origin of Fe deposits in the Altay orogenic belt within the Xinjiang region of northwestern China. The Fe deposits are found mainly within three regions (ordered from northwest to southeast): the Ashele, Kelan, and Maizi basins. The principal host rocks for the Fe deposits of the Altay orogenic belt are the Early Devonian Kangbutiebao Formation, the Middle to Late Devonian Altay Formation, with minor occurrences of Lower Carboniferous and Early Paleozoic metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks. The principal mineral-forming element groups of the deposits are Fe, Fe–Cu, Fe–Mn, Fe–P, Fe–Pb–Zn, Fe–Au, and Fe–V–Ti. The Fe deposits are associated with distinct formations, such as volcanic rocks, skarn deposits, pegmatites, granite-related hydrothermal vein mineralization, and mafic pluton-related V–Ti-magnetite deposits. The Fe deposits are most commonly associated with volcanic rocks in the upper Kangbutiebao Formation, in the volcano-sedimentary Kelan Basin, and in skarn deposits at several localities, including the lower Kangbutiebao Formation in the volcano-sedimentary Maizi Basin, and the Altay Formation at Jiaerbasidao–Kekebulake region. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in the prograde, retrograde and sulfide stages of the skarn type deposit are mainly medium- to high-temperature (cluster between 200 and 500 °C), medium-temperature (cluster between 200 and 340 °C) and low- to medium temperature (cluster between 160 and 300 °C), respectively. Ore fluids in the sedimentation period in the volcano-sedimentary type deposit are characterized by low- to medium temperature (with a peak around 190 °C), low to moderate salinity (3.23 to 22.71 wt.% NaCl equiv). Ore fluids in the pegmatite type deposit are characterized by low- to medium temperature (with a peak at 240 °C), low salinity (with a peak around 9 wt.% NaCl equiv). An analysis of the isotopic data for Fe deposits from the Altay orogenic belt indicates that the sulfur was derived from several sources, including volcanic rocks and granite, as well as bacterial reduction of sulfate from seawater. The present results indicate that different deposit types were derived from various sources. The REE geochemistry of rocks and ores from the Fe deposits in the Altay orogenic belt suggests that the ore-forming materials were derived from mafic volcanic rocks. Based on isotopic age data, the timing of the mineralization can be divided into four broad intervals: Early Devonian (410–384 Ma), Middle Devonian (377 Ma), Early Permian (287–274 Ma), and Early Triassic (c. 244 Ma). The ore-forming processes of the Fe deposits are closely related to volcanic activity and the emplacement of intermediate and felsic intrusions. We conclude that Fe deposits within the Altay orogenic belt developed in a range of tectonic settings, including continental arc, post-collisional extensional settings, and intracontinental settings.     

Comparison of the Typical Metallogenic Systems in the North Slope of the Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains and its Geologic Implications

The Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains,an important part of the Central orogenic belt,is one of the most important metallogenic belts in China and contains lots of orogenic-type and VMS-type (Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide type)metallogenic systems.The Dahe and Shuidongling VMS-type Cu-Zn deposits,located in the Erlangping Group in Tongbai and East Qinling Mountains,respectively, show similar geological and geochemical features.The Huoshenmiao Formation in the East Qinling region and the Liushanyan Formation i...     

The role of the thermal convection of fluids in the formation of unconformity-type uranium deposits: the Athabasca Basin,Canada

In the global production of uranium, ~18% belong to the unconformity-type Canadian deposits localized in the Athabasca Basin. These deposits, which are unique in terms of their ore quality, were primarily studied by Canadian and French scientists. They have elaborated the diagenetic–hydrothermal hypothesis of ore formation, which suggests that (1) the deposits were formed within a sedimentary basin near an unconformity surface dividing the folded Archean–Proterozoic metamorphic basement and a gently dipping sedimentary cover, which is not affected by metamorphism; (2) the spatial accommodation of the deposits is controlled by the rejuvenated faults in the basement at their exit into the overlying sedimentary sequence; the ore bodies are localized above and below the unconformity surface; (3) the occurrence of graphite-bearing rocks is an important factor in controlling the local structural mineralization; (4) the ore bodies are the products of uranium precipitation on a reducing barrier. The mechanism that drives the circulation of ore-forming hydrothermal solutions has remained one of the main unclear questions in the general genetic concept. The ore was deposited above the surface of the unconformity due to the upflow discharge of the solution from the fault zones into the overlying conglomerate and sandstone. The ore formation below this surface is a result of the downflow migration of the solutions along the fault zones from sandstone into the basement rocks. A thermal convective system with the conjugated convection cells in the basement and sedimentary fill of the basin may be a possible explanation of why the hydrotherms circulate in the opposite directions. The results of our computations in the model setting of the free thermal convection of fluids are consistent with the conceptual reasoning about the conditions of the formation of unique uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin. The calculated rates of the focused solution circulation through the fault zones in the upflow and downflow branches of a convection cell allow us to evaluate the time of ore formation up to the first hundreds of thousands years.     

新疆阿尔泰南缘大东沟铅锌矿区火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

大东沟铅锌矿位于新疆阿尔泰南缘的克兰盆地,赋存于康布铁堡组上亚组火山-沉积岩系,矿体直接围岩为变质钙质砂岩及不纯的大理岩,矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状分布,与地层产状一致。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年法,获得矿区2件康布铁堡组上亚组变质流纹岩加权平均年龄分别为(388.9±3.2)Ma(MSWD=3.3)和(400.7±1.6)Ma(MSWD=1.3)。结合前人的年龄数据,将克兰盆地康布铁堡组的时代厘定为晚志留世末期至早泥盆世(413~389 Ma)。大东沟铅锌矿为火山岩容矿的喷流沉积型矿床(VMS),2件变质流纹岩年龄限定大东沟铅锌矿的成矿作用发生在早泥盆世(401~389 Ma)。     

Comparison of the Typical Metallogenic Systems in the North Slope of the Tongbai‐East Qinling Mountains and its Geologic Implications

The Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains, an important part of the Central orogenic belt, is one of the most important metallogenic belts in China and contains lots of orogenic-type and VMS-type (Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide type) metallogenic systems. The Dahe and Shuidongling VMS-type Cu-Zn deposits, located in the Erlangping Group in Tongbai and East Qinling Mountains, respectively, show similar geological and geochemical features. The Huoshenmiao Formation in the East Qinling region and the Liushanyan Formation in the Tongbai region are spilite-keratophyre sequences occurring in the western and eastern sides of the Nanyang Basin, respectively, and are interpreted to be equivalent to each other. The orogenic-type Au-Ag deposits can be subdivided into two styles; namely, fault- or structure-controlled (e.g. Yindonggou) and stratabound (e.g. Poshan). The Poshan and Yindongpo orogenic-type Au-Ag deposits, whose ore bodies are strictly hosted in carbonaceous strata in the Tongbai Mountains, show obvious stratabound characteristics. Their ore-fluids are enriched in K+ and SO42? and are regarded as K+-SO42? types. The Pb-isotope ratios of sulfides of the ores are extremely uniform and significantly different from those of the tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Qinling orogens except for the ore-hosting strata of the Waitoushan Formation. The Yindonggou and Xuyaogou orogenic Au-Ag deposits in the East Qinling Mountains, whose ore bodies are hosted in the faults cutting the hosting strata or granite body, show fault-controlled characteristics. Their ore-fluids belong to the Na+-Cl? type. The Pb-isotope ratios of sulfides of ores are similar to those of the northern Qinling orogenic belt. The Waitoushan Formation, dominated by carbonaceous sericite-rich schists and only occurring in Tongbai region, should be detached from the Erlangping Group, which occurs both in the western and eastern sides of the Nanyang Basin. Future ore exploration in the Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains should focus on fault-controlled Au-Ag lodes.     

湖南省邵阳盆地锰矿层特征及矿床富集规律探讨

邵阳盆地为泥盆世晚期形成的一凹陷带,二叠系孤峰组为该区主要含锰层位。孤峰组含锰1~2层品位较低,但矿层厚度大,分布面积广,资源潜力大,因此分析总结锰矿层特征、矿床富集规律,对指导邵阳盆地开展新一轮锰矿找矿工作具有重要意义。     

Giant Mineral Deposits and Their Geodynamic Setting in the Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early     

新疆北部VMS矿床地质特征及成矿规律

VMS矿床是中亚造山带的重要矿床类型,在新疆中亚造山带（即新疆北部）主要分布于阿尔泰和东天山的阿舍勒、克兰、麦兹和卡拉塔格矿集区.含矿层位主要有下?中志留统红柳峡组、上志留统?下泥盆统康布铁堡组下亚组和上亚组、下?中泥盆统阿舍勒组和下石炭统小热泉子组海相火山沉积岩系.矿区发育喷流岩,如含铁碧玉岩、重晶石、硅质岩、铁锰质大理岩、黄铁矿层、绿泥石岩.VMS成矿系统中发育多种矿化类型,“双层结构”（层状或透镜状矿体和补给通道相脉状矿体）是其中之一,还有与火山热液有关的脉状矿化、与次火山热液有关的脉状和浸染状矿化.VMS矿床形成于3个成矿期,即早?中志留世（428~438 Ma）、早?中泥盆世（379~413 Ma）和早石炭世（332~359 Ma）.硫来自下伏火山岩、海水硫酸盐无机还原作用和硫酸盐细菌还原作用.成矿流体以中低温（300~120 ℃）低盐度（2%~10% NaCl_eq）为特色,成矿流体为深循环海水混合不同比例的岩浆水.VMS成矿系统中由于受火山机构、岩相、矿化类型、矿化部位、成矿流体来源、物理化学条件等因素影响,造成了成矿元素组合复杂.      

滇西兰坪盆地白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床东矿带成矿年代学探讨

白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿集区夹持于金沙江和澜沧江断裂之间,隶属兰坪盆地北部,分为东、西2个矿带。文章采用闪锌矿、方铅矿的Rb-Sr法和成矿阶段方解石的Sm-Nd法,对白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床东矿带华昌山和下区五矿段进行了成矿年代厘定,获得方铅矿以及闪锌矿和方铅矿的矿物组合Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(32.8±1.5)Ma,方解石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(33.32±0.43)Ma。研究表明,通过对特定矿床的主要矿石矿物采用Rb-Sr法和Sm-Nd法获得的年龄在误差范围内是一致的,从而起到了相互验证的作用,并对矿床的成矿背景具有一定的指示性。通过成矿年龄的探讨,认为东矿带铅锌为主的矿化期主要产生于青藏高原东缘晚碰撞阶段(40~26)Ma,伴随印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山,形成逆冲推覆构造和赋矿地层,控制了Pb-Zn矿床的形成和发育。该期Pb-Zn矿床与兰坪盆地金顶和西矿带Pb-Zn矿床、囊谦盆地Pb-Zn矿床和沱沱河盆地Pb-Zn矿床具有一定的可比性。