科学超深井钻探技术国内外现状

文章阐述了实施科学钻探的必要性,简要回顾了科学钻探技术发展历程。以前苏联科拉科学超深井钻探技术,联邦德国大陆深钻计划(KTB),中国大陆科学钻探工程(CCSD),美国卡洪山口项目钻探技术,美国夏威夷项目钻探技术,湖泊科学钻探技术等为例,介绍了世界各国在实施科学钻探工程过程中形成的特色技术以及取得的技术成就。论述了实施科学钻探工程前,进行人才队伍培养和关键技术准备的必要性。     

我国铁路钻探历史与展望

概述了铁路钻探中钻机与钻探技术的发展历史,再分析了目前铁路钻探中存在的一些问题,然后从提高钻探技术、培养钻探技术人才、提高钻探效率及建立钻探数据库四方面对铁路勘探发展进行了展望。     

我国海洋钻探技术

介绍了中国海洋钻探的主要技术方法,其内容包括：中国大洋钻探、南海天然气水合物钻探、深海矿产钻探、深水工程钻探。对每种钻探技术进行了描述,为海洋钻探提供部分技术支持。     

红格矿区ZK11420孔钻探技术与施工实践

简要介绍了四川省盐边县红格矿区的超深钻孔ZK11420钻探施工技术。根据深孔钻探的特殊性地层概况, 分析了深孔钻探的重点和难点, 提出深孔钻探需确保钻探施工人员、技术工艺的优选和钻探设备的投入,并全面总结了深孔钻探技术与管理的主要内容和措施。     

地质岩心钻探技术及其在资源勘探中的应用

简要回顾了地质岩心钻探技术的发展历程,介绍了进入21世纪地质岩心钻探设备与技术的发展现状;举例说明了地质岩心钻探技术在资源勘探开发中的应用,并对地质岩心钻探技术在科学钻探和环境保护中的应用情况进行了概括性描述。     

宁夏回族自治区岩心钻探发展综合研究

在介绍地质工作对钻探技术需求的背景条件下,从岩心钻探装备和岩心钻探技术两个方面分析了20年来宁夏地矿行业钻探技术的发展概况,指出了宁夏岩心钻探领域存在的突出问题,并提出了对未来地质岩心钻探工作的建议。     

固体矿产钻探技术的现状和展望

分析了国际钻探市场现状以及固体矿产钻探技术的进展,归纳总结了近１０年来我国固体矿产钻探技术的主要进展,并对发展我国固体太科钻探技术提出了建议。     

新世纪我国地质钻探技术发展的思考

探讨了新世纪我国地质钻探技术的发展，论述了综合钻探技术是我国未来地质钻探技术的发展方向，分析了发展综合钻探技术的必要性及有利条件，并提出了前期应做的准备工作。     

地热钻探技术配套工作的研究

本文针对地热钻探的深度和难度，提出了选择合理的钻探设备，优化钻探技术与成井工艺的技术配套方法，分析了地热钻探技术配套工作性和迫切性，与亟待解决的技术问题。     

大陆科学钻探施工用钻探技术和施工战略

国外实施大陆科学钻探采用的钻探技术有地质岩心钻探技术，石油钻探技术，组合式钻探技术，以及前苏联和俄罗斯的具有鲜明特色的科学深钻技术，分别介绍了它们各自的技术特点及优缺点，并介绍了科学深孔和超深孔的2种施工战略，即超前孔裸眼钻进方法和双孔方案。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。