重庆雪玉洞氡浓度变化特征及其危害防护

利用 PRM-2100氡子体监测仪对重庆市丰都县雪玉洞氡子体平衡当量浓度进行连续12个月的监测。研究表明：（1）雪玉洞洞内氡子体平均平衡当量浓度为2135.7 Bq/m3;取平衡因子为0.5,则其平均氡浓度为4271.4 Bq/m3;（2）氡子体平衡当量浓度总体呈现出夏季高、冬季低及洞层越高,浓度越高的特点,而且氡子体平衡当量浓度变化与洞内温度变化相关性不明显,但与洞外的相关性则较强;（3）雪玉洞游客因吸入氡子体所致的年均有效剂量当量为0.02 mSv/a,只是联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会（UNSCEAR）估计的氡子体对公众产生危害的年有效剂量界限值（1.30 mSv/a）的1.54%,因此短时间游览对游客的健康不会产生影响。但是,由于洞穴讲解员、保安、拍照人员在洞内工作时间较长,接受氡子体照射的年均有效剂量当量分别为7.69 mSv/a、11.96 mSv/a、59.48 mSv/a,均高于UNSCEAR 的年有效剂量。因此,需要合理安排洞穴内工作人员工作时间和科学地制订出他们的年工作时间上限;加强氡危害相关知识的普及与洞穴工作人员的个人防护;在高氡浓度析出区域进行屏蔽防护或在适当位置安装空气净化器;与此同时,还要加强氡及其子体浓度的分析和监测等。     

资源地区空气氡浓度调查与剂量估算

对广西资源地区大气中氡的调查结果显示，该区室内、外大气中平均氡浓度分别为101.0Bq/m^3和104.6Bq/m^3，是世界平均值的10倍和2.5倍；计算了氡子体所致的年有效剂量，由氡子体照射对成人和儿童所致年均有效剂量分别为6.2mSv/a和9.2mSv/a，是世界平均值的5倍。     

俄罗斯一些地区的氡浓度测量结果

在居民所受到的天然辐射作用的总剂量中，氡及其子体的吸入占有主要部分。在进行综合生态测量时，在俄罗斯的不同地区进行了氡及其子体的测量；这些地区是：圣彼得堡地区、俄中部地区和阿尔泰地区。使用了以径迹蚀刻和活性炭探测器为基础的剂量计，对环境氡浓度进行了测量；这是两种适用的低成本方法。以０．５的平衡系数和推荐的０．０６１ｍＳｖ／（Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３）有效测量当量系数计算了氡子体活度和有效剂量当量。在２１个村镇对     

奥西耶克室内氡剂量评价

经过10年对3个不同测点氡季节性变化的调查，以及幼儿园，学校，防空掩蔽所和地窖氡浓度的测量后，对奥西耶克（东克罗地亚，130000户居民）的住宅（住宅建筑）进行了系统的室内氡测量，用LR－115固态径迹探测器在城镇48个测点上测量了室内氡，给出了算术平均值为71．6Bq.m^-3,标准偏差为44．0Bq,m^-3,和几何平均值为60．1Bq.m6-3，其冬浓度范围从22．7到186．5Bq.m^-3,由Radhome硅探测器进行的氡测量差异并不大，氡浓度的经验频率分布（分组宽度20Bq.m^-3)与x^2检验示出的理论对数正态分布相一致，氡图指指出了由地质土壤构造造成的氡浓度较高的区域（该城镇的中部）。上述提及住宅中氡及其子体的平衡因子为0．44，有些氡模型的有效剂量当量估计数接近2mSv.a^-1.     

旅游溶洞内氡污染及其防治

我国贵州省和云南省已开发的部分旅游溶洞中，氡的浓度超过国际放射防护委员会的标准和我国的国家标准，危害旅游从业人员和游客的健康，旅游溶洞中氡和子体浓度的大小主要取决于组成溶洞的岩石和溶洞内沉积物的氡含量，断层和裂隙的发育程度，地下水的氡含量及水量、溶洞的形状以及观测时间等，对此应采取相应的防治措施。     

旅游溶洞内氡污染和从业人员的辐射防护

在我国南方许多已辟为旅游景区(点)的溶洞中,氡及其子体浓度严重偏高,有的甚至超过放射性矿区坑道作业面上最大容许浓度,危害旅游从业人员和游客的健康,应引起有关部门的重视。      

喀斯特洞穴氡研究综述

氡对人体健康的影响向来是医学、化学、核物理学等学科的研究热点。近年来学术界虽然对喀斯特洞穴氡的来源(岩石、地下水)、氡浓度的影响因素(地质因素、洞体结构、洞内外气象参数)、氡浓度的测量(测量对象、测量仪器及方法)、氡的危害、氡的防治(隔离氡气渗入途径、排风通氡、控制洞穴内停留时间减少吸入量、加强监测)等方面开展了研究并取得了不少的成果,但对于喀斯特洞穴氡的形成机理、喀斯特洞穴氡测量标准的制定及有效剂量的估算、喀斯特洞穴氡的防治技术及员工的健康管理等方面的研究还比较薄弱,有待加强。      

某铀矿山环境空气中氡污染现状调查

介绍了2005～2008年期间,用REM-III型氡析出率仪和DHZM-I型氡及其子体连续监测仪对某铀矿山的工作场所和居民区分别进行土壤(岩石)氡析出率和环境空气中氡浓度的测量,并应用适当的估算模式估算氡吸入所致公众年有效剂量。结果表明,随着对辐射环境治理工作的加强和人们环保意识的提高,在所监测的工作场所中,大部分监测点的氡浓度没有超过国家规定的限值;在居民区,也没有发现任何监测点的个人剂量超过核工业辐射环境质量评价规定的限值。     

北京广东典型地区室内氡气浓度与地质背景关系

为了解不同地质背景条件室内氡浓度水平,采用脉冲电离室测氡仪AlphaGUARD测量了北京广东不同地质背景典型测点的室内氡浓度,同时对广东某一测点进行了长期的室内氡监测。测量和研究结果表明：地表岩性是影响室内氡浓度高低的重要因素之一。地处花岗岩地区的建筑物内氡浓度高于其他岩性地区的室内氡浓度,广东室内氡水平明显高于北京地区,广东北京花岗岩地区的平均室内氡浓度分别为69.98 Bq/m^3和43.97 Bq/m^3,第四系覆盖地区的平均室内氡浓度分别为43.60 Bq/m^3和35.74 Bq/m^3。民用住宅卧室内的室内氡浓度略高于公共建筑物办公室内的室内氡浓度。因此,结合地质背景研究室内氡的水平与分布对指导开展室内氡调查中确定抽样方案、选择测点及进行区域尺度室内氡评价有重要的实用价值。     

乌鲁木齐某实验楼室内氡浓度测量及影响因素分析

对乌鲁木齐某实验楼室内氡浓度的测量结果表明,该实验楼室内氡浓度在39～137 Bq/m3,平均76.1 Bq/m3,吸入氡及其子体对相关人员的年均有效剂量为0.51～0.68 mSV,平均值为0.57 mSV,高于乌鲁木齐平均水平,推测与研究区活动断层出露有关。分析数据显示,研究区地下土体扩散氡对一层室内氡浓度影响较大,导致一层室内氡浓度较高,且室内氡浓度在一定程度上受到房屋朝向影响。并结合影响因素,有针对性的提出了预防和降低室内氡浓度的措施。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。