昆明盆地粉质粘土土动力参数研究

土动力参数是土层地震反应分析中重要的参数之一,且具有较强的区域性特点。本文收集了昆明盆地区域内68个场地的137组粉质粘土的动三轴试验数据,进行了统计分析,并通过土层地震反应分析计算,与袁晓铭的推荐值和《工程场地地震安全性评价工作规范(DB001-94)》中给出的规范值做了对比,结果表明:采用本文统计的土动力参数,所得的地震动参数具有一定的代表性和适用性。在昆明盆地区域,本文的统计值在Ⅱ、Ⅲ类工程场地地震安全性评价工作中具有一定的借鉴和参考作用。     

北京地区粉质粘土土动力学参数的统计分析

土动力学参数即土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比,对土层地震反应分析结果有重要影响。本文首先选取了北京地区2001年以来,地震安全性评价报告中20份具有完整土动力学参数的实验数据,统计分析了粉质粘土的实测土动力学参数,给出了粉质粘土在不同深度下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比平均值;然后,选取了2个典型工程场地,构建土层分析模型,进行土层地震反应分析计算,并对比分析了本文得到的统计值与典型工程场地的实测值、袁晓铭的推荐值和DB001—94规范的推荐值对土层地震反应分析计算结果的影响。分析结果表明,本文得到的统计值在北京地区具有一定的代表性和适用性,对于获得原状土样困难的场地,特别是对于较薄的夹层土,本文的统计结果在实际的地震安全性评价工作中可供参考使用。     

四川盆地场地土动力学参数统计研究

四川盆地地震构造环境相对稳定,主要遭受近场中强地震和外围大地震的影响。盆地内第四系主要为河流相的砂卵石层夹粘土、粉土层,分布于成都平原及盆地内外河流两岸。这种地层在土层地震反应计算时往往产生一个峰值,具有显著的放大作用。本文收集共计123组土动力学参数的实验资料,统计分析了淤泥质土、粉质粘土、粘土、粉土、细砂和全风化泥岩等6种土类实测土动力学参数,给出了它们在不同深度下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值。并且将统计值和"94"规范值与袁晓铭推荐值[9]进行了对比分析,结果表明在盆地内使用规范值和推荐值会对工程的抗震设防产生不利影响。该研究成果对盆地内各类工程建设的工程场地地震安全性评价工作具有一定的借鉴和参考价值。     

昆明盆地泥炭质土动力学参数统计研究

泥炭质土在昆明盆地分布广泛,由于其工程性质差,因此其土动力学性质受到许多学者的重视。首先收集近年来昆明盆地内埋深为0~100 m的62个取样点,128组泥炭质土样的动三轴实验数据进行统计分析,得到了泥炭质土的不同剪应变下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值;然后讨论土动力学参数随埋深的变化特征,并与《工程场地地震安全性工作规范》给出的黏土值、粉质黏土值、淤泥质黏土值进行了对比;最后在昆明盆地内挑选了2个典型钻孔模型,分别输入统计值、实测值、规范黏土值、粉质黏土值、淤泥质黏土值,进行一维土层反应分析计算。结果表明:规范给出的黏土值、粉质黏土值、淤泥质黏土值与泥炭质土实测值得到的结果差异较大,泥炭质土统计值与实测值得到的结果差异较小。当现场工作取样困难,得不到可供试验的原状样时,可考虑选择使用本文的泥炭质土统计值。     

天津地区覆盖层土动力学参数统计分析

收集天津地区近年来有代表性的具有完整土动力学参数作为实验数据的地震安全性评价报告66份,用两种统计方法按不同深度统计分析粉质黏土、黏土、粉土、砂土、淤泥质土等的实测土动力学参数,给出动剪切模量比和阻尼比平均值。选取2个典型工程场地,构建土层分析模型,进行土层地震反应分析计算。结果表明,本文得到的统计2值在天津地区具有一定的代表性和适用性,与实测值结果更为接近。对于获得原状土样困难的场地,特别是对于较薄的夹层土,可参照统计2结果进行分析计算。     

天津滨海场地土动力学参数研究

天津滨海地区是典型的软土区,属晚第四系以来的浅海相沉积软土。本文收集了该地区地震安全性评价报告中的土动力学参数的实验资料,并补充了15个钻孔的测试实验,统计分析了淤泥质粘土、淤泥质粉质粘土、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土、粉砂、细砂等7种土类的实测土动力学参数,给出了它们在不同深度下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值。然后,选取了2个典型钻孔并建立了土层地震反应分析模型,分别运用本文统计值、94规范值和袁晓铭等(2000)的推荐值进行土层地震反应计算,从反应谱形状、地表峰值加速度和反应谱特征周期等方面说明了本文统计值的适用性和针对性。本文的研究成果对天津滨海地区各类工程建设的场地地震安全性评价工作具有一定的借鉴和参考价值,且有利于该地区工程场地地震安全性评价工作的开展。     

武汉地区典型土类动力非线性参数的统计分析

利用武汉地区地震安全性评价报告中共振柱实验获得的1 403组土动力非线性参数数据,统计出武汉地区7种不同土性不同埋深的土类在8个典型应变下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的平均值。根据2个工程场地在实验值、统计平均值、规范值输入下的土层地震反应分析结果,对比分析了3种土动力参数值对场地地震动参数的影响,对所给出的平均值的合理性进行分析。结果表明,与规范值相比,统计平均值与实验值的土层地震反应分析结果基本一致,计算结果真实合理,可供武汉地区场地土动力学参数实验数据缺乏时参考使用。     

成都平原粘性土动力学参数统计分析

成都平原地震构造环境主要受近场中强地震和外围大地震的影响。成都平原内的第四系分布广泛,主要为河流相的砂卵石层夹粘土、粉土层。这种地层在土层地震反应计算时往往会产生一个峰值,具有显著的放大作用。本文共收集了107组土动力学参数的实验资料,统计分析了粉质粘土和粘土两种粘性土的实测土动力学参数,给出了它们在不同深度的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值。然后,选取1个典型钻孔,建立了土层地震反应分析模型,分别运用本文"统计值"、"十五结果"、"规范值"、"推荐值"进行地震土层反应计算,从反应谱形状、地表峰值加速度和反应谱特征周期等方面,验证了本文"统计值"的适用性和针对性,结果表明在盆地内使用"规范值"和"推荐值"时应谨慎,不然可能会对工程的抗震设防产生不利的影响。本文的"统计值"比"规范值"和"推荐值"更适用于成都平原地区,对各类工程建设的场地地震安全性评价具有一定的借鉴和参考价值。     

太原地区土动剪切模量和阻尼比几种值的合理性比较

通过对山西太原地区常用的几种土动剪切模量和阻尼比的对比,结合2个实际工程场地土层地震反应的计算结果,对《工程场地地震安全性评价工作规范》中给出的土动力参数、袁晓铭,等给出的推荐值以及兰青龙给出的太原地区的统计值的合理性进行了对比研究。结果表明,与规范值相比,统计值和推荐值与太原地区的实测值比较接近,且避免了土层地震反应中地表反应谱的“矮、胖”现象,较符合实际情况,可供无试验资料时参考。     

大连地区场地土动力学参数初步研究

通过收集近年来大连地区地震安全性评价报告中土动力学参数的实验资料,统计分析粉质粘土、淤泥质粉质粘土、粘土、中砂、碎石、回填土和全风化板岩等7类土的实测动力学参数,给出了它们的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值.然后,选取典型钻孔并建立了土层地震反应分析模型,分别运用本文统计值、94规范值(即原大连地震小区划的土动力学参数值)和袁晓铭等(2000)的推荐值进行土层地震反应计算,并将计算结果中的地表峰值加速度和反应谱形状进行了比较.结果表明,本文的统计值与袁晓铭等( 2000)的推荐值非常接近,而与94规范值有很大的差别.     

大连地区场地土动力学参数初步研究

In this paper, dynamic soil parameters derived from Dalian area seismic risk assessment reports are collected. In this study, the measurement data is divided into 7 types, i.e. silty clay, muddy silty clay, clay, medium sand, rock fragments, backfill soil and fully-weathered slate. Statistics of the dynamic parameters of these soils are carried out to obtain the mean values of dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio. Typical drill holes are selected to establish dynamic soil models to investigate the seismic response for various cases. The dynamic parameters of the models are taken from the statistical values of this study, the standard values of code 94 (i.e. the dynamic soil parameters for Dalian seismic microzonation), and the recommended values by Yuan Xiaoming et al. (2000) respectively. The calculated results of peak ground acceleration are compared with the response spectral characteristics. The results show that the statistical values are approximate to the values recommended by Yuan Xiaoming, et al. (2000), but different greatly with the standard values in code 94.     

Soil loss rates due to piping erosion

Compared with surface soil erosion by water, subsurface erosion (piping) is generally less studied and harder to quantify. However, wherever piping occurs, it is often a significant or even the main sediment source. In this study, the significance of soil loss due to piping is demonstrated through an estimation of soil volume lost from pipes and pipe collapses (n = 560) in 137 parcels under pasture on loess‐derived soils in a temperate humid climate (Belgium). Assuming a period of 5 to 10 years for pipe collapse to occur, mean soil loss rates of 2.3 and 4.6 t ha^?1 yr^?1 are obtained, which are at least one order of magnitude higher than surface erosion rates (0.01–0.29 t ha^?1 yr^?1) by sheet and rill erosion under a similar land use. The results obtained for the study area in the Flemish Ardennes correspond well to other measurements in temperate environments; they are, however, considerably smaller than soil loss rates due to subsurface erosion in semi‐arid environments. Although local slope gradient and drainage area largely control the location of collapsed pipes in the study area, these topographic parameters do not explain differences in eroded volumes by piping. Hence, incorporation of subsurface erosion in erosion models is not straightforward. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comprehensive analysis of Universal Soil Loss Equation-based models at the Sparacia experimental area

Improving Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-based models has large interest because simple and reliable analytical tools are necessary in the perspective of a sustainable land management. At first, in this paper, a general definition of the event rainfall- runoff erosivity factor for the USLE-based models, REF_e = (Q_R)^b1(EI₃₀)^b2, in which Q_R is the event runoff coefficient, EI₃₀ is the single-storm erosion index, and b₁ and b₂ are coefficients, was introduced. The rainfall-runoff erosivity factors of the USLE (b₁ = 0 and b₂ = 1), USLE-M (b₁ = b₂ = 1), USLE-MB (b₁ ≠ 1 and b₂ = 1), USLE-MR (b₁ = 1 and b₂ ≠ 1), USLE-MM (b₁ = b₂ ≠ 1), and USLE-M2 (b₁ ≠ b₂ ≠ 1) can be defined using REF_e. Then the different expressions of REF_e were simultaneously tested against a data set of normalized bare plot soil losses, A_eN, collected at the Sparacia (south Italy) site. As expected, the poorest A_eN predictions were obtained with the USLE. The observed tendency of this model to overestimate small A_eN values and underestimate high A_eN values was reduced by introducing in the soil loss prediction model both Q_R and an exponent for the erosivity term. The fitting to the data was poor with the USLE-MR as compared with the USLE-MB and the USLE-MM. Estimating two distinct exponents (USLE-M2) instead of a single exponent (USLE-MB, USLE-MR, and USLE-MM) did not appreciably improve soil loss prediction. The USLE-MB and the USLE-MM were recognized to be the best performing models among the possible alternatives, and they performed similarly with reference to both the complete data set and different sub-data sets, only including small, intermediate, and severe erosion events. In conclusion, including the runoff coefficient in the soil loss prediction model is important to improve the quality of the predictions, but a great importance has to be paid to the mathematical structure of the model.     

内蒙古乌兰泡湿地环带状植被区土壤有机质及全氮空间分异规律

本文以乌兰泡湿地为研究对象,对该区环带状植被区湿地土壤有机质有全氮的空间分布规律进行了初步研究,结果表明不同植被区养发含量分异趋势一致,但水平分异显著,沿土壤水分梯度变化而变化,表现为蓼区＞香蒲区＞芦苇区,反映出距泡心越远含量越低的规律;各植被区土壤碳氮比都相对较低（在5－12之间）,表层土壤碳氮经值也沿土吉水分梯度变化,表现为芦苇区＞香莆区＞蓼区;泡沼湿地土壤与草原土壤的碳氮比对水分条件及有机质和全氮的含量的响应差异显著;水分和植被是影响其水平分异的关键因子,而湿地土壤pH值并不是影响土壤有机质及全氮分异的主要因子。     

膨胀土地区机场跑道的地基处理研究

为解决在膨胀土山区修建机场时跑道地基处理的问题,以安康地区膨胀土为研究对象,在对现行石灰改良膨胀土施工控制参数常用方法分析的基础上,进行膨胀土及石灰改良膨胀土的膨胀性能和强度的相关试验。研究结果表明:随着石灰掺量的增加,最优含水率增大,最大干密度减小,胀缩潜势呈降低趋势,石灰掺量与最大干密度呈非线性关系,在石灰掺量达到9%时有荷膨胀率变化的规律性很强;相同石灰掺量改良土的CBR与击实功、含水量等因素有关,并不随着压实系数增加而增大。掺加石灰的比例对石灰改良膨胀土的强度增长影响较大,石灰掺量9%时的CBR值明显大于其他掺量;相同压实系数下石灰掺量3%和6%改良膨胀土的压缩性比较接近,石灰掺量增加到9%时其压缩性明显降低。结合试验结果,提出用石灰改良膨胀土对跑道进行地基处理,并以膨胀性指标作为主要控制指标、强度指标作为验证指标来确定施工参数。     

Soil redistribution and pedologic transformations in coastal plain croplands

In agricultural basins of the southeastern coastal plain there are typically large disparities between upland soil erosion and sediment delivered to streams. This suggests that colluvial storage and redistribution of eroded soil within croplands is occurring, and/or that processes other than fluvial erosion are at work. This study used soil morphology and stratigraphy as an indicator of erosion and deposition processes in a watershed at Littlefield, North Carolina. Soil stratigraphy and morphology reflect the ways in which mass fluxes associated with cultivation transform the local soils. Fluvial, aeolian and tillage processes were all found to be active in the redistribution of soil. The soil transformations are of five general types. First, erosion and compaction in the cultivated area as a whole result in the thinning of Arenic and Grossarenic Paleudults and Paleaquults to form Arenic, Typic and Aquic Paleudults and Paleaquults. Second, redistribution of surficial material within the fields results in transitions between Arenic and Typic or Aquic subgroups as loamy sand A and E horizons are truncated or accreted. Third, aeolian deposition at forested field boundaries leads to the formation of compound soils with podzolized features. Fourth, sandy rill fan deposits at slope bases create cumulic soils distinct from the loamy sands of the source area or the darker, finer terrace soils buried by the fan deposits. Finally, tillage and fluvial deposition in upland depressions results in the gradual burial of Rains (poorly drained Typic Paleaquults) soils. Results confirm the importance of upland sediment storage and redistribution, and the role of tillage and aeolian processes as well as fluvial processes in the region. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil erosion in New Zealand is a net sink of CO2

Soil erosion in New Zealand exports much sediment and particulate organic carbon (POC) to the sea. The influence of this carbon export on carbon transfers between soils and the atmosphere has been largely unknown. Erosion models are used to estimate the net carbon transfer between soils and atmosphere due to soil erosion for New Zealand. The models are used to estimate the spatial distribution of erosion, which is combined with a digital map of soil organic carbon content to produce the spatial distribution of carbon erosion. The sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ by regenerating soils is estimated by combining carbon recovery data with the age distribution of soils since erosion occurrence. The North Island of New Zealand is estimated to export 1·9 (with uncertainty of ?0·5 and +1·0) million tonnes of POC per year to the sea and to sequester 1·25 (?0·3 /+0·6) million tonnes of carbon per year from the atmosphere through regenerating soils. The South Island of New Zealand is estimated to export 2·9 (?0·7/+1·5) million tonnes of POC per year and to sequester approximately the same amount. Assuming exported carbon is buried at sea with an efficiency of 80% gives New Zealand a net carbon sink of 3·1 (?2·0/+2·5) million tonnes per year; which is equivalent to 45% of New Zealand's fossil fuel carbon emissions in 1990. The net sink primarily results from a conveyor belt transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to soils regenerating from erosion to the sea floor where carbon is permanently buried. The net sink due to soil erosion can be further increased by reforestation of those terrains where erosion is excessive and there is no carbon recovery in the soils. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.