港珠澳大桥工程人工岛三维非线性地震反应分析

以港珠澳大桥工程人工岛为研究对象,采用动力有限元法模拟了地基-人工岛-海水系统三维地震反应。为计算土体的沉降变形,分析模型中回填土部分采用可以反映土体剪胀和应变软化特性的统一硬化模型进行模拟,对比分析了在水平单向、水平双向和三向输入地震荷载时,人工岛-地基系统加速度反应规律,以及人工岛地表峰值位移规律。研究结果表明,由于土与岛壁桩墙结构的动力相互作用,土体加速度放大系数以及地表沉降规律,均与地震动作用方向和人工岛长轴方向的夹角相关,多向地震作用时人工岛地表纵向地震反应大于横向地震反应,且在三向地震作用下地表差异沉降最显著,将引起桥梁与隧道连接处的非一致变形。     

浮放设备地震滑移反应数值模拟研究

以前人研究建立的浮放设备滑移反应分析理论为基础,给出了浮放设备在水平和竖向地震输入下滑移反应运动微分方程,选取连续型的库仑摩擦力模型,采用Runge-Kutta法求解浮放设备地震滑移反应运动微分方程,可以得到浮放设备在地震作用下的绝对加速度、相对速度和相对位移反应时程。采用编制的计算程序,进行了浮放设备地震滑移反应参数影响研究,结果表明:浮放设备水平滑移反应随着水平地震地面输入或楼层反应输入的增大而增大,随着设备与支撑面之间摩擦系数的增大而减小;当水平向输入加速度峰值大于0.3g时,需要考虑竖向激励的影响。     

人字桥梁多维地震作用下振动台试验研究

设计制作一座人字曲线桥模型,进行了多维输入的振动台试验,分析了结构在地震作用下的震害现象,并探讨了多维输入下的地震响应特点。结果表明:人字曲线桥梁梁体和桥墩主要表现为以弯曲裂缝为主的破坏模式,竖向输入是梁跨中裂缝出现的主要原因,桥墩裂缝主要受水平输入的影响。梁跨中加速度响应受竖向输入影响最大,墩顶纵桥向加速度响应受竖向输入分量影响并不显著。单维竖向输入降低墩体竖向加速度响应,三向输入则加大墩体竖向加速度响应;对于人字桥梁伸缩缝宽度设置,分支直梁处可只考虑纵桥向地震输入,分支曲梁处则要考虑水平双向地震输入。     

近岸水平场地液化侧向大变形影响因素分析

利用改进的软化模量分析方法,对近岸水平场地液化侧向大变形进行数值计算,以研究地震波波形和幅值大小、液化、竖向地震动对侧向大变形的影响。结果表明:不同的地震波作用下,即使峰值加速度相同,液化程度与侧移距离也可能有较大不同,表现了土体变形的强非线性性质,但大地震下液化导致的侧移几乎都在米的量级上;计算区域中无液化区时,岸壁侧向永久位移很小,在几公分左右,随水平峰值加速度及不同地震动输入改变不大;计算区域中有液化区时,岸壁侧向永久位移显著增大,且随输入水平峰值加速度的增大而明显增大,其机理是强地震动使液化范围加大;水平竖向两向地震动输入与单独水平地震动输入相比,前者场地液化范围增大,平均增大42%,侧移量增加,平均增加37%。     

地震作用下地铁车站结构的动力变形响应研究

研究地铁车站结构在地震作用下的变形,对地铁的建设和安全运营有着重要的现实意义。本文进行了北京地区土层中典型地铁车站结构的振动台试验,并使用FLAC2D对试验进行模拟分析,得到了在地震作用下地铁车站结构的变形响应规律。结果表明：地铁结构的变形峰值随地震强度的增加而增加;结构中柱的峰值应变和峰值挠度曲线曲率,两端大、中间小;侧墙峰值挠度曲线的各点曲率为常数,这是因为侧墙与顶底板组成的箱形结构整体刚度大,难以发生破坏;中柱底端应变呈正负循环变化,侧墙的应变曲线与受冲击荷载的变形曲线相似。     

基于侧向地基回填隔震层的两层三跨地铁地下车站结构抗震性能分析

针对两层三跨地铁地下车站结构侧向采用不同含量橡胶颗粒土作为回填隔震层,建立土-地连墙-隔震层-主体结构静动力耦合非线性动力相互作用的二维整体有限元分析模型,分析设置不同含量的橡胶颗粒土侧向隔震层对地下车站主体结构的侧向变形、结构可恢复性以及地震损伤等结构地震反应的影响规律。结果表明:设置10%～20%含量的橡胶颗粒土隔震层可有效地减轻地震对车站结构的地震损伤程度,提高车站结构的震后可恢复性与抗震性能。然而,当输入峰值加速度大于0.2 g时,隔震层的设置会增大地下结构的侧向变形。总体上,建议基岩输入峰值加速度PBA≦0.2 g时,可采用10%～20%含量的橡胶颗粒土作为隔震层来提升地下车站结构的整体抗震性能。     

核电厂进水口直立式翼墙结构地基三维地震响应分析

以某核电站海域工程进水口直立翼墙为背景,运用FLAC~(3D)有限差分程序对直立式翼墙结构在地震作用时的动力响应进行模拟,结合PL-Finn液化后大变形本构模型,研究翼墙结构在动力荷载作用下的动力响应规律。从结构的位移时程、结构变形、超孔压比、液化区域等方面定量评价翼墙护岸结构的安全性。分析结果表明:砂土液化后发生流动使结构出现规律性残余变形,且随地震强度增加而变大。由地震惯性力和砂土液化共同引起的水平和竖向变形,在SL1作用下翼墙结构顶部水平残余变形0.05 m,竖向残余变形为0.07 m。在SL2作用下翼墙结构顶部水平残余变形0.26 m,竖向残余变形为0.16 m;与基底输入地震动相比,在翼墙结构顶部水平和竖直加速度放大4～5倍,且越靠近翼墙顶部处加速度呈现出明显放大效应。     

竖向地震作用下浅埋地下结构中柱的动力响应

利用结构动力学方法对浅埋双跨地下结构中柱在竖向地震作用下的动力响应进行了研究。为了简化分析,首先将地下结构看作刚体,利用刚体与地基的相互作用分析得到刚体在竖向地震分量作用下的动力响应。随后,由于双跨地下结构为对称结构,取其一半进行分析,由于考虑到侧墙对于顶板的弹性约束作用,使用抗弯弹簧代替。根据边界条件,将之前的刚体动力响应作为输入,可以求得顶板的弯矩和剪力,进而求得中柱的受力情况。结果表明,竖向地震分量对中柱的作用是显著的,甚至会对地下结构中柱产生严重的破坏。研究为分析中柱的变形与破坏奠定了基础,可供地下结构的动力分析和设计参考。     

木构架承重-空斗墙围护民居抗震加固振动台试验研究

木构架承重-空斗墙围护民居大量分布在我国南方农村地区,该类民居整体性较差,历次地震中该类民居破坏较严重。采取高延性混凝土ECC面层加固围护空斗墙,扁钢、角钢及薄钢板增强木构架节点,穿墙钢筋捆绑木构架与围护墙体等加固措施。设计了1/2缩尺模型进行振动台试验,通过调整输入地震波峰值加速度来考虑不同水准地震烈度,分析了围护空斗墙损伤,探讨了模型频率与阻尼比变化特性,对比了围护空斗墙体与木构架加速度放大系数和位移包络值,并验证了二者在地震中的变形协调性。试验结果表明:（1）围护墙体仅在外侧出现明显裂缝,内侧ECC面层与墙体始终未脱离且未出现裂缝,围护墙整体性仍可得到一定保障;（2）木构架与钢加固件连接部位仅发生轻微破坏,木构架没有出现明显损伤;（3）木构架与围护墙体之间出现滑移,整体上二者协同抗震变形性能良好。该系列措施的加固效果较理想,适用于该类民居的抗震加固。     

AP1000核电厂模型基底隔震振动台试验研究

为研究AP1000核电厂基底隔震性能,设计了缩尺比为1/40的AP1000核电厂模型结构,进行了AP1000核电厂模型基底隔震振动台试验。试验中采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座进行隔震,并选取RG1.60人工波、El Centro波和Kobe波作为地震动输入。本文从加速度响应、楼层加速度反应谱、加速度峰值放大系数、减震率等方面对隔震与非隔震核电厂结构的地震响应特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:隔震能明显减小上部结构水平向加速度响应和加速度反应谱峰值,而在隔震频率处隔震模型加速度反应谱有所增加;隔震模型由于摇摆效应在隔震频率处的水平向楼层加速度反应谱随楼层高度的升高先减小后增大;在三向输入地震动作用下,隔震和非隔震AP1000模型各楼层在竖向基频附近的竖向加速度反应谱较竖向输入的地震动放大较为明显。     

Seismic passive earth resistance using modified pseudo-dynamic method

In earthquake prone areas, understanding of the seismic passive earth resistance is very important for the design of different geotechnical earth retaining structures. In this study, the limit equilibrium method is used for estimation of critical seismic passive earth resistance for an inclined wall supporting horizontal cohesionless backfill. A composite failure surface is considered in the present analysis. Seismic forces are computed assuming the backfill soil as a viscoelastic material overlying a rigid stratum and the rigid stratum is subjected to a harmonic shaking. The present method satisfies the boundary conditions. The amplification of acceleration depends on the properties of the backfill soil and on the characteristics of the input motion. The acceleration distribution along the depth of the backfill is found to be nonlinear in nature. The present study shows that the horizontal and vertical acceleration distribution in the backfill soil is not always in-phase for the critical value of the seismic passive earth pressure coefficient. The effect of different parameters on the seismic passive earth pressure is studied in detail. A comparison of the present method with other theories is also presented, which shows the merits of the present study.     

地震作用下黄土边坡动力响应的时频特征分析

地震作用下黄土边坡的动力响应特征与变形失稳机制是具有重要理论与实践意义的课题,但从动力响应频谱特性方面开展的研究还相对较少.以大型振动台模型试验获得的黄土边坡地震动峰值加速度数据为基础,通过分析其变化规律,着重从频谱特性的角度分析,讨论黄土边坡的动力失稳机制.进一步通过对坡面不同高程测点、边坡内部垂直方向以及水平方向上测点的加速度时程进行绝对加速度反应谱分析,从频谱变化角度提出黄土边坡的动力失稳机制.研究表明,黄土边坡在地震动作用下的响应过程可以分为三个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性阶段与破坏阶段;黄土边坡进入破坏阶段时均会伴随反应谱峰值的增幅或者主周期的变化,在弹性阶段反应谱加速度峰值增幅与输入地震动幅值增幅一致,进入塑性阶段后反应谱峰值增幅比输入地震动幅值增幅小;研究提出将反应谱首峰的凸显情况作为坡体破坏程度的判断依据之一.     

地震作用下核电站环行吊车动力响应特性的模拟分析

为评估地震作用下核电站环行吊车的动力响应特性,建立一个包含安全壳的简化核环吊有限元模型,数值模拟其在调幅的El Centro地震波作用下的受力特性,计算核环吊的固有频率特性,其中1阶固有频率为2.44 Hz。研究表明,在规范地震荷载作用下核环吊大梁的强度满足规范要求。在典型的三向Los Angeles地震动作用下,大车轮子与环轨之间始终处于受压状态,没有发生跳轨现象;小车轮子与大车主梁之间始终处于受压状态,也没有发生跳轨现象。与安全壳基础输入地震波的峰值相比,核环吊大梁跨中和吊车小梁跨中最大垂直加速度分别增加了107%和126%。     

双向地震波作用下巨子型有控结构建筑的隔震设计

为了增强巨子型有控结构建筑的动力特性,提升其稳定性,设计双向地震波作用下建筑有控结构。采用3种磁流变阻尼器(MRD)与滑移隔震混合控制结构构成单体建筑有控结构,其包括巨结构和子结构,并建立该有控结构的动力分析模型。在动力分析模型中输入水平和竖向地震,得到模型的竖向和水平滑动状态运动微分方程,依据这两个方程采用自适应模糊神经网络优化动力分析模型,构建优化模型。从优化模型出发,通过实例实验分析得出,优化设计双向地震波作用下建筑有控结构时,在其上部结构层间和隔离层各安装一个MRD,可确保优化设计后的有控结构在不同双向地震工况下的地震反应控制效果最佳,且有控结构在双向地震工况2下,结构第一层、中间三层以及顶层的加速度和位移的时程曲线走向一致,且差距微小;同时有控结构的巨结构顶层侧移响应随着子结构刚度增加而提高,动力特性没有明显的变化,子结构随着其自身刚度增加顶层侧移响应表现稳定,子结构动力特性增强。     

Static and seismic limit equilibrium analysis of sliding retaining walls under different surcharge conditions

The static and seismic sliding limit equilibrium condition of retaining walls is investigated, and analytical solutions for the angle of the active slip surface, the critical acceleration coefficient and the coefficient of active earth pressure are provided for different surcharge conditions. In particular, walls retaining a horizontal backfill without surcharge, walls supporting an extended uniform surcharge applied at different distances from the wall and walls supporting a limited uniform surcharge or linear uniform surcharge parallel to the wall are considered in the analysis.The solutions have been derived in the framework of the limit equilibrium approach, considering the effect of the wall through its weight, and accounting for the shear resistance at the base of the wall and the inertia force arising in the wall under seismic conditions.For the wall without surcharge the effect of the vertical component of the seismic acceleration as well as the effects of the inclination of the wall internal face and of the soil–wall friction were also investigated.The angle of the slip plane, the critical seismic acceleration coefficient and the coefficient of active earth pressure are given as functions of dimensionless parameters and the boundary conditions for the applicability of each solution are specified. The influence of soil weight, surcharge conditions and inertia forces on the active earth pressure coefficient is analysed.     

柱承式立筒群仓结构模型振动台试验研究

为研究不同贮料状态下钢筋混凝土柱承式立筒群仓结构的动力特性及其在地震作用下的动力响应规律,对缩尺比例为1:25的3×3组合柱承式立筒群仓结构模型进行了振动台试验。试验结果表明:柱承式筒仓结构具有“上刚下柔”的特性,使其加速度响应和整体变形均沿高度呈折线型,折点在刚度突变的柱顶和仓壁连接部位;贮料状态对立筒群仓结构动力特性的影响较大,随着贮料质量的增加,群仓模型加速度响应、位移响应的弯折效应均更加明显,边仓和角仓的加速度响应均逐渐增大;贮料及其与仓体间相互作用对耗能的贡献随着台面加载等级的增加而逐渐加大。     

Study of the seismic performance of hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE (mechanically stabilized earth) wall

The Hybrid A-Frame Micropile/MSE(mechanically stabilized earth) Wall suitable for mountain roadways is put forward in this study: a pair of vertical and inclined micropiles goes through the backfill region of a highway MSE Wall from the road surface and are then anchored into the foundation. The pile cap and grade beam are placed on the pile tops, and then a road barrier is connected to the grade beam by connecting pieces. The MSE wall's global stability, local stability and impact resistance of the road barrier can be enhanced simultaneously by this design. In order to validate the serviceability of the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall and the reliability of the numerical method, scale model tests and a corresponding numerical simulation were conducted. Then, the seismic performance of the MSE walls before and after reinforcement with micropiles was studied comparatively through numerical methods. The results indicate that the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall can effectively control earthquake-induced deformation, differential settlement at the road surface, bearing pressure on the bottom and acceleration by means of a rigid-soft combination of micropiles and MSE. The accumulated displacement under earthquakes with amplitude of 0.1-0.5g is reduced by 36.3%-46.5%, and the acceleration amplification factor on the top of the wall is reduced by 13.4%, 15.7% and 19.3% based on 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5g input earthquake loading, respectively.In addition, the earthquake-induced failure mode of the MSE wall in steep terrain is the sliding of the MSE region along the backslope, while the micropiles effectively control the sliding trend. The maximum earthquake-induced pile bending moment is in the interface between MSE and slope foundation, so it is necessary to strengthen the reinforcement of the pile body in the interface. Hence, it is proven that the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall system has good seismic performance.     

Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method: Passive case

Prediction of the seismic rotational displacements of retaining wall under passive condition is an important aspect of design in earthquake prone region. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the rotational displacements of rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill under seismic loading for the passive earth pressure condition. The proposed method considers time, phase difference and effect of amplification in shear and primary waves propagating through both the backfill and the retaining wall. The influence of ground motion characteristics on rotational displacement of the wall is evaluated. Also the effects of variation of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, amplification factor, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity, period of lateral shaking, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the rotational displacements are studied. The rotational displacement of the wall increases substantially with increase in amplification of both shear and primary waves, time of input motion, period of lateral shaking and decreases with increase in soil friction angle, wall friction angle. The rotational displacements of the wall also increase when the effect of wall inertia is taken into account. Results are provided in graphical form.     

Phasing issues in the seismic response of yielding,gravity-type earth retaining walls – Overview and results from a FEM study

An overview of past and recent developments on the subject of seismic earth pressures on yielding, gravity-type walls, retaining cohesionless backfill, is first presented, focusing on available data on the issue of phase difference that develops between the peak values of wall inertia and seismic earth thrust increment. The results of a FEM parametric study are next presented regarding the dependence on the resulting dynamic earth thrust reduction – acting on the time of peak wall inertia – on backfill rigidity, wall height, and shaking characteristics. The reliability of the numerical analyses was verified by modeling centrifuge tests reported by Nakamura [24] and successfully comparing measured vs. computed behavior. The results of the parametric analyses indicate that the seismic active earth thrust, acting on the wall at the time of maximum wall inertia, is significantly reduced (compared to its peak value) with increasing shaking intensity of backfill, increasing wall displacements, increasing wall height, and decreasing backfill rigidity. No systematic dependence on the ratio of input motion frequency to the natural frequency of the backfill (f/f₁) was observed. The above findings: (1) verify earlier experimental and numerical results, (2) explain the reported lack of damage to retaining walls under strong ground shaking, and (3) indicate the need for revising the pertinent provisions of current seismic codes. Graphs summarizing the results of the numerical analyses are presented which may be used as a guide for selecting the magnitude of seismic active earth thrust that needs to be taken into account in the design of the examined type of earth retaining walls.     

模型储罐三维地震反应振动台试验研究

针对立式钢制模型罐,进行了三维地震激励和一维地震激励振动台的动响应试验研究。结果表明:储罐在三维地震动激励下的反应与一维激励相比,加速度反应、罐壁的应变反应、储罐提离反应具有较明显的放大效应。位移反应在不同地震激励下,其放大效应不同,El Centro波激励下各测点三维激励下位移较一维激励下位移放大明显,Taft、天津波激励下各测点三维激励下位移较一维激励下位移有放大也有缩小,幅度均不大。由罐壁测点加速度功率谱分析表明:一维激励其峰值频率区域较为集中,主峰突出,能量主要集中于低频区;在三维地震激励下,频率峰值区域明显拉长,峰值点模糊,频率成份十分丰富,表现出多主峰的特点。