不同加载频率及循环应力比条件下舟山海相软黏土动力特性试验研究

不同地域的软黏土表现出不同的动力学特性,针对舟山地区海相软黏土,采用Wille动三轴仪开展了一系列不排水三轴试验,研究了不同加载频率及循环应力比对软黏土的动应力-应变-孔压及软化指数等的影响规律。结果表明：低频荷载的应力-应变滞回曲线对应的面积较大且曲线趋势更倾向于应变轴,随着循环次数的增加土体的软化程度明显增加(软化指数减少),且在高循环应力比下产生较大的累积塑性应变和残余动孔压;在低频较大循环振次和高频荷载作用下,不仅需要关注循环应力比CSR的影响,也需要进一步分别关注围压和轴向偏应力各自数值不同所导致的土体累积塑性应变、残余动孔压的变化;降低循环应力比可以显著减少不同频率荷载对软黏土地基动力特性的影响。此外,实验所测的累积塑性应变和残余动孔压分别采用相关修正模型拟合,取得了一致的拟合结果。该研究将为舟山海相软黏土的工程应用提供参考依据。     

考虑温度效应软黏土累积塑形应变模型及验证

通过对宁波饱和软黏土开展应力控制循环三轴试验,研究了不同温度、动应力、初始偏应力、围压作用对累积塑性应变的影响。在试验的基础上,引入综合影响参数对试验数据进行归一化,建立饱和软黏土累积塑性应变的双曲线模型,并基于动态平衡的假设,建立了长期动荷载作用下饱和软黏土达到平衡状态后的归一化累积塑性应变预测模型及考虑温度影响的考虑温度影响的归一化累积塑性应变预测模型,模型预测值与试验结果吻合性较好,可以为轨道交通设计和施工提供参考。     

循环荷载下南京片状细砂的动应力——应变关系

以片状颗粒成分为主的片状结构砂与常用的圆形颗粒标准石英砂相比,在物理力学特性上有显著的差异。循环荷载作用下,饱和砂土振动孔压上升会导致土体刚度发生软化,当振动孔压累积达到一定水平时,会产生液化现象,从而引起土体结构发生破坏。采用英国WFI动三轴仪,研究了南京片状细砂在循环荷载作用下,静偏应力水平、循环应力比水平和循环次数对其动应力一应变关系的影响,考虑每一次循环过程中动应力—应变关系滞回曲线的卸载及再加载割线动剪切模量Gsec和最大割线模量Gmax的变化特性,建立了动剪模量软化的经验公式;静偏应力水平对动剪模量软化有显著影响,随着循环次数的增加,动应力—应变滞回圈逐渐向应变累积方向滑移和向应变轴方向倾斜,且彼此分离;考虑循环软化特性,采用修正的Masing准则,描述了循环荷载下南京片状细砂的动应力—应变关系。     

饱和黏土振动弱化性态的边界面模型分析

基于增量弹塑性边界面理论,构建一种可以描述振动应力作用下饱和黏土弱化的边界面应力应变关系。该关系利用具有严谨理论基础的旋转硬化法则描述振动应力作用过程中边界面大小与位置的变化,并将塑性累积偏应变长度作为反映振动应力历史对饱和黏土应力应变响应影响的状态参数,通过建立包含状态参数的塑性模量插值关系描述饱和黏土振动弱化应力应变响应,进一步按照正交流动法则形成增量应力应变关系。该关系包含9个参数,其中5个是剑桥模型参数,其余4个参数有相对明确的物理意义。利用所构建的边界面应力应变关系,对两种黏土的等压固结不排水静三轴试验和动三轴试验进行预测,并与试验结果进行比较,结果表明这一关系能够较好描述振动应力作用下饱和黏土刚度与强度弱化特性。     

描述软土不排水循环应力应变响应的拟动力关系

依据等效黏弹性理论与蠕变理论,建立了描述一般应力状态饱和软土不排水循环应力应变响应的拟动力本构关系。该关系包括三个基本参数：循环剪切模量,阻尼比与增量循环累积应变。利用循环剪切模量与阻尼比随土单元八面体剪应变的变化描述循环荷载作用下软土的不排水循环应变,依据Mises蠕变势函数与正交流动法则确定循环累积应变增量。通过饱和软土不固结不排水循环三轴压缩试验确定这些变化关系。按确定出的参数预测循环三轴拉伸与循环扭剪试验结果。预测出的循环拉伸试验剪切模量和阻尼比随八面体剪应变的变化与试验结果吻合。对于循环扭剪试验,当循环偏应力与静偏应力方向一致时,预测出的循环累积应变随循环次数的变化与试验结果基本一致;当循环偏应力与静偏应力作用方向不一致时,预测出的循环累积应变与试验结果相比偏小。     

描述软土不排水循环应力应变响应的拟动力关系

依据等效黏弹性理论与蠕变理论,建立了描述一般应力状态饱和软土不排水循环应力应变响应的拟动力本构关系。该关系包括三个基本参数：循环剪切模量,阻尼比与增量循环累积应变。利用循环剪切模量与阻尼比随土单元八面体剪应变的变化描述循环荷载作用下软土的不排水循环应变,依据Mises蠕变势函数与正交流动法则确定循环累积应变增量。通过饱和软土不固结不排水循环三轴压缩试验确定这些变化关系。按确定出的参数预测循环三轴拉伸与循环扭剪试验结果。预测出的循环拉伸试验剪切模量和阻尼比随八面体剪应变的变化与试验结果吻合。对于循环扭剪试验,当循环偏应力与静偏应力方向一致时,预测出的循环累积应变随循环次数的变化与试验结果基本一致;当循环偏应力与静偏应力作用方向不一致时,预测出的循环累积应变与试验结果相比偏小。     

不同循环荷载作用下软黏土动力特性对比试验研究

研究交通循环荷载作用下路基软黏土的长期沉降和动力力学性质对路基设计具有重要意义。本文通过GDS动三轴实验,研究(不排水条件下)振动波形、排水条件以及动应力比三因素对于软黏土动应变和动孔压的影响。试验结果显示:排水条件对饱和软黏土的动应变和动孔压影响最大,在部分排水条件下动孔压逐渐消散,动应变迅速发展。振动波形对软黏土动应变和动孔压影响较大,单向纯压半正弦波作用下软黏土的动应变和动孔压较容易达到最大值。在较少的振次内动应力比对孔压影响较大,但在归一化的孔压模型中,动应力比对孔压影响较小。通过以上分析,本文建立包含循环振次和纯压因素的孔压增长模型。     

波浪荷载作用下软黏土软化模型研究

波浪荷载能引起海床土体的主应力轴连续旋转。不同于地震、交通等循环荷载,在周期性波浪荷载作用的土体应力路径方式下,软黏土的软化效用更为明显。本文分别对天然和扰动的海床土体在波浪荷载作用下的应力响应进行模拟,并分析应力路径的特点;为描述软化后的应力-应变关系,将软化效用和累积塑性应变的参数引入到能够反应土体动力非线性的Hardin-Drnevich模型中,建立修正模型,使之能够反应软黏土体软化与塑性应变累计特性;通过与模拟波浪荷载下土体应力特征的循环耦合试验结果进行对比分析,验证该修正模型的可靠性。     

间歇固结排水条件下上海原状饱和软黏土的动力特性试验

针对高铁列车荷载引起的地基长期沉降,既有动三轴试验研究往往忽略高铁运营期间存在间歇期、加载方式实际为分阶段加载的情况。基于此,本文通过一系列循环三轴试验研究间歇阶段固结排水条件下上海饱和软黏土在动应力影响下的动力特性,并探讨不同动应力和不同加载方式对土体轴向累积塑性应变的影响。研究结果表明：在不同动应力影响下,间歇期固结排水产生的轴向累积塑性应变增量随间歇阶段的后移始终呈非线性减小的发展趋势;当振次相同并且动应力幅值为10 kPa时,分阶段加载产生的累积塑性应变大约是连续加载的3倍;当振次相同并且动应力幅值为30 kPa时,连续加载产生的超孔压大约是分阶段加载产生的超孔压的5倍。分阶段加载使高铁地基产生更大的沉降,对高铁运营的安全性提出更高的要求。     

排水条件下阶段性循环荷载作用对饱和软黏土动力特性影响

交通荷载作用具有一定的阶段性,即日间车流集中,夜间车流较少。土体在经过一定次数的循环荷载作用后,其动力特性会发生改变。考虑到交通荷载的阶段性,研究对温州原状饱和软黏土在排水条件下进行阶段性循环加载试验,分析循环加载作用下和停振期对土样的动力特性影响。试验结果表明:在排水条件下,孔压呈现出由大到小的变化趋势;不同加载阶段下饱和软黏土应力-应变曲线和回弹应变的发展规律明显不同;在停振期累积应变与总累积应变的比值随阶段数和动应力的增加而减小。上述结论对于深入研究交通荷载作用下土体沉降发展具有一定的指导意义。     

Experimental study on the dynamic modulus of compacted loess under bidirectional dynamic load

The dynamic characteristics of compacted loess are of great significance to the seismic construction of the Loess Plateau area in Northwest China, where earthquakes frequently occur. To study the change in the dynamic modulus of the foundation soil under the combined action of vertical and horizontal earthquakes, a hollow cylindrical torsion shear instrument capable of vibrating in four directions was used to perform two-way coupling of compression and torsion of Xi'an compacted loess under different dry density and deviator stress ratios. The results show that increasing the dry density can improve the initial dynamic compression modulus and initial dynamic shear modulus of compacted loess. With an increase in the deviator stress ratio, the initial dynamic compression modulus increases, to a certain extent, but the initial dynamic shear modulus decreases slightly. The dynamic modulus gradually decreases with the development of dynamic strain and tends to be stable, and the dynamic modulus that reaches the same strain increases with an increasing dry density. At the initial stage of dynamic loading, the attenuation of the dynamic shear modulus with the strain development is faster than that of the dynamic compression modulus. Compared with previous research results, it is determined that the dynamic modulus of loess under bidirectional dynamic loading is lower and the attenuation rate is faster than that under single-direction dynamic loading. The deviator stress ratio has a more obvious effect on the dynamic compression modulus. The increase in the deviator stress ratio can increase the dynamic compression modulus, to a certain extent. However, the deviator stress ratio has almost no effect on the dynamic shear modulus, and can therefore be ignored.     

残积土含水率对其动力特性影响试验研究

选取厦门某建筑工程地基浅层残积土重塑试样,利用SDT-10微机控制电液伺服动态三轴测试系统,在呈正弦变化的动态荷载作用下,测试含水率分别为10%、15%、20%和23%时残积土试样的动应力-应变、动变形-作用时间(作用次数)、动弹性模量等动力学特性曲线与参数。分析试验数据表明:试样在动荷载作用下表现为黏弹塑性变形特性,且随着含水率提高,试样累积塑性轴向变形逐步增大,最大弹性模量逐步减少,但含水率由20%增至23%时,最大动弹性模量降低幅度不大。     

气饱和孔洞型介质动静参数关系的数值模拟研究

采用实验手段研究岩石的动、静弹性参数的变化规律及动、静态参数间的相互关系时存在着测试成本高,工作量大,普适性差且可靠性较低等问题.对岩样在单轴压缩加载条件下的破坏过程,采用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA系统进行数值模拟,获取岩样的应力—应变曲线可计算得到静态弹性参数.从弹性波动理论出发,采用交错网格有限差分方法,对超声波透射实验进行数值模拟,获取纵、横波速度可计算得到动态弹性参数.对50块不同的气饱和孔洞型岩样同步计算其动、静态弹性参数,并分析动、静态弹性参数随孔隙度的变化规律及动、静态弹性参数间的关系.结果表明:动弹性模量大于静弹性模量,且二者之间的线性关系良好,而动、静泊松比之间不存在明显的相关关系.该项研究为动、静弹性参数关系研究提供了新的方法,研究结果对于指导储层预测、油气检测以及地震资料综合解释都有重要的意义.     

Liquefaction potential and strain dependent dynamic properties of Kasai River sand

The availability of efficient numerical techniques and high speed computation facilities for carrying out the nonlinear dynamic analysis of soil-structure interaction problems and the analysis of ground response due to earthquake loading increase the demand for proper estimation of dynamic properties of soil at small strain as well as at large strain levels. Accurate evaluation of strain dependent dynamic properties of soil such as shear modulus and damping characteristics along with the liquefaction potential are the most important criteria for the assessments of geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. In this paper the results of resonant column tests and undrained cyclic triaxial tests are presented for Kasai River sand. A new correlation for dynamic shear damping (D_s) and maximum dynamic shear modulus (G_max) are proposed for the sand at small strain. The proposed relationships and the observed experimental data match quite well. The proposed relationships are also compared with the published relationships for other sands. The liquefaction potential of the sand is estimated at different relative densities and the damping characteristics at large strain level is also reported. An attempt has been made to correlate the G_max with the cyclic strength of the soil and also with the deviator stress (at 1% strain) from static triaxial tests.     

不同含水率下滑坡滑带土动力特性试验研究

甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡地处活跃断层破裂带内,断层活动控制着该滑坡的发育和运动。为了研究该滑坡滑带土的动力特性,采用重塑滑带土样,在固结不排水条件下,利用分级循环加载法开展动三轴试验,重点探讨含水率的变化对滑带土动力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:含水率一定时,泄流坡滑坡滑带土的动弹性模量随动应变的增大呈指数形式减小;动应变一定时,动弹性模量随含水率的增大而不断减小,且衰减速率随含水率的增大而增大;含水率并不影响动弹性模量-动应变关系曲线的形态,不同含水率下该关系曲线可以进行归一化。滑带土阻尼比随含水率的增大而增大,阻尼比-动应变关系曲线也具有归一化特征。不同含水率下泄流坡滑带土动应力-应变本构关系可以用双曲线模型进行描述。     

贵阳地区红黏土动力参数计算模型研究

利用室内SDT-20动三轴试验机对贵阳原状红黏土进行循环荷载作用下动力特性试验,探究不同围压、固结应力比和振动频率对红黏土动力学参数的影响,结合实验数据及参数模型拟合贵阳红黏土动应力应变关系、动弹性模量及阻尼比经验公式,结果表明：贵阳红黏土动本构关系仍符合H-D双曲线增长模型,动弹性模量随动应变增长非线性衰减,阻尼比随动应变增长非线性增加。围压及固结应力比对红黏土动力学参数具有显著影响,围压及固结应力比增大,动变形减小,动弹性模量增加,阻尼比降低,同等条件下,提高振动频率,动力学参数显示出与围压及固结应力比相同规律,但不显著。基于H-D模型,给出了贵阳原状红黏土双曲线模型参数,通过多元回归分析,拟合并提出针对贵阳红黏土的在不同试验条件下动弹性模量衰减及阻尼比经验公式,给出相应的拟合参数。     

Observation of Post-failure Kaiser Effect in a Plastic Rock

—?Cyclic uniaxial and triaxial tests of rock salt samples were carried out in pre- and post-failure regimes. In all tests, a distinct Kaiser effect was observed in the post-failure region. The slope of the curve “cumulative AE counts versus axial strain” increased dramatically (several times to an order) when the strain attained its peak value achieved previously. Neither preliminary hydrostatic compression nor preliminary uniaxial cyclic pre-failure loading influence the post-failure Kaiser effect. The results for the plastic rock are opposite to the familiar absence of the Kaiser effect in brittle rocks at stress values approaching the ultimate strength. The results obtained during laboratory tests of a plastic rock are of importance for the proof of a connection between the Kaiser effect and foreshocks preceding earthquakes.     

循环荷载作用下广西红黏土动力特性试验研究

针对广西上林县原状红黏土开展一系列循环加载动三轴试验,分析天然含水率、围压与固结应力比等对红黏土动力特性,包话动应力-动应变关系、动弹性模量以及阻尼比等的影响来研究循环荷载作用下红黏土的动力特性。试验结果表明:广西原状红黏土动应力-动应变关系曲线接近双曲线;由于初始剪应力的影响,达到相同的动应变,在均压固结下所需的动应力比在偏压固结下所需动应力要小;动弹性模量随着动应变的增加而减小,且减小幅度随应变增加逐渐减小,初始应力状态对动弹性模量的影响最为显著;固结应力比、围压、含水率和振动次数等对阻尼比均有影响,综合反映在阻尼比随动应变增加而减小,阻尼比离散性较大,取值范围在0.05~0.20之间。利用Konder双曲线模型对试验数据进行拟合,得到相关参数,可为广西地区原状红黏土动力特性设计和数值计算提供一定的理论和参数支持。     

Nonlinear elastic behavior of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading

Experimental investigations and modeling of nonlinear elasticity of fiber-reinforced soil under cyclic loading at small strain are conducted in this paper. The investigations include three aspects. First, cyclic shear tests are conducted using conventional triaxial apparatus. Twenty-seven specimens with three different fiber contents are employed to conduct triaxial cyclic shear tests under different confining pressure and loading repetition. Effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetition on elastic shear modulus of reinforced soil are studied and analyzed. Second, a hyperbolic function is introduced to describe the nonlinear stress–strain skeletal curve under cyclic loading. Nonlinear elastic modulus is expressed as a function of shear strain and two variables A and B that are related to the initial tangential modulus and ultimate cyclic loading stress, respectively. In the present paper, variables A and B both are further assumed to be functions of geofiber content, confining pressure and loading repetition. Finally, eight constitutive coefficients of the nonlinear elastic model are calibrated using stress–strain curves from cyclic triaxial shear tests. The calibration of parameters is conducted using the technique of the linear regression for multiple variables. Impacts and effects of geofiber, confining pressure and loading repetitions on soil nonlinear elastic behavior are discussed.