大口鲇幼鱼摄食、生长及驯化的初步研究

根据1991年1～12月的调查,陆水水库的浮游植物共8门118属,以绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻门的种类为主,占总属数的86.44％;浮游动物198种,其中原生动物38种、轮虫68种、枝角类61种、桡足类31种。浮游植物年平均数量和生物量分别为3.1449×10~6cell/L和1.937mg/L,数量以蓝藻、隐藻、硅藻最多,占总数量的91.33％,生物量以隐藻、硅藻、绿藻最大,占总生物量的85.03％,浮游植物初级毛产量为3.4gO_2/m~2·d。浮游动物年平均数量和生物量分别为2323.8ind/L和1.4837mg/L,数量以原生动物和轮虫最多,占96.89％,生物量以枝角类和桡足类为主,占79.94％.陆水水库浮游生物种类组成和现存量在不同的水域差异较大,季节变化明显。按水化学分析结果及浮游生物特征判定,陆水水库的营养类型为中营养型。还讨论了环境因子对水库浮游生物的影响。     

江西柘林水库春季浮游藻类、叶绿素a与环境因子的分布、关系及意义

江西柘林水库是长江中游的大型峡谷型旅游性水库,库容79.2×10~8m~3,长115 km.2015年4月在56 km的中心库区走航和定点测量了水库表层水体浮游藻类、叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度与溶解无机氮(DIN)浓度、溶解无机磷(DIP)浓度、溶解硅(DSi)浓度、水温、浊度和溶解氧浓度等环境因子的分布特征.结果表明:1)水库属于中营养水体,表层主要浮游藻类(细胞丰度1000 cells/L)有34种,平均生物量为0.41 mg/L.主要优势藻类(优势度≥0.02)为硅藻和蓝藻,藻类组成与DIN浓度、DIP浓度、DSi浓度和水温等环境因子关系密切,4种因子对藻类结构的解释水平达60%以上.2)水库水体Chl.a浓度具有显著的次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)现象,SCM层深度为3~8 m,厚度为2~7 m,SCM层占整个水体的25.2%~74.1%.SCM层的藻类对营养盐吸收消耗致使DIN、DIP和DSi浓度下降,同时藻类的产氧使溶解氧浓度增加.3)水库对DSi具有显著的生物过滤器效应,中、上层约有11%~12%的DSi被生物吸收利用,从上游至下游,累积约有21%的DSi被藻类吸收沉降于库底.4)人类氮、磷排放对水库生态和水质有严重影响,毗邻县城区域水体的Chl.a和DIP浓度分别是自然河段的2.9倍和3倍左右.     

三峡水库香溪河流域梯级水库浮游植物群落结构特征

于2005年10月、2006年1、4、7月对三峡水库香溪河流域3座水库(古洞口一级水库、古洞口二级水库和香溪河库湾)组成的梯级水库的浮游植物种类组成、优势种、群落结构、密度和生物多样性指数进行了周年调查研究.共鉴定出浮游植物7门58属121种(含变种),以绿藻和硅藻种类最多,绿藻有26属49种,占40.50%;硅藻14属41种,占33.88%;其次是甲藻,3属11种,占9.09%;蓝藻5属7种,占5.79%;隐藻3属7种,占5.79%;其它藻类仅占4.96%.浮游植物在古洞口一级水库共有25属31种,古洞口二级水库29属40种,香溪河库湾46属81种.优势度分析显示:古洞口一级水库藻类优势类群为硅藻门、绿藻门,古洞口二级水库为硅藻门、隐藻门和甲藻门,香溪河库湾为绿藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门和隐藻门.3座水库浮游植物年均密度分别为1.110×106、4.837×105和1.734×106 cells/L;其中,最高密度出现在香溪河库湾(4.87×106 cells/L),最低密度出现在古洞口二级水库(5.76×105 cells/L).运用主成分分析对梯级水库进行水质分析,表明沿着水库的梯度水质逐渐恶化.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在3座水库间无明显差异,而香溪河库湾Margalef丰富度指数显著大于古洞口一级、二级水库.前两个指数与浮游植物优势种的评价结果显示,香溪河流域梯级水库处于中污染状态.     

外源添加营养对安徽太平湖水库藻类增殖影响的研究

１９９２年１１月￣１９９３年１０月,在安徽太平湖水库,同时用藻类生长潜力测试法（ＡＧＰ试验）和外源添加营养的黑白瓶测定初级生产力法,对陵山站的水体分季度进行了分析测试。其结果表明,这两种方法对太平湖水库的营养评价均是行之有效的,而且二者的结果也能相互比较、相互验证;太平湖水库的不同季节,其主要营养限制性因子也各异。在枯水期,磷是藻类种群和密度的第一限制性营养元素;丰水期,由于各营养元素都相对缺乏,     

一种淡水水华硅藻——链状弯壳藻(Achnanthidium catenatum)

作为区域重要饮用水源的浙江绍兴汤浦水库于2010年5月期间暴发以硅藻和蓝藻为主的藻类水华.对库尾、库中和坝前3处浮游植物样品进行采集和分析,结果表明,汤浦水库浮游植物密度在1.13×108～1.56×108cells/L之间,水华优势种之一为我国大陆地区首次报道的羽纹纲硅藻———链状弯壳藻(Achnanthidium catenatum),另一种为丝状蓝藻———湖泊假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica),两者的平均相对丰度分别为65.6%和28.2%;链状弯壳藻是弯壳藻属中唯一适应浮游生长的种类,具有独特的带面观,能以壳面相连形成2～3个细胞的短链状群体;对国内外3次链状弯壳藻为优势种的水华案例进行分析,发现该藻为广温性种类,适应低光强和低磷浓度生长;水华生消机理则需进一步研究.     

基于EFDC模型的河道型水库藻类生长对流域污染负荷削减的响应——以广东长潭水库为例

将环境(EFDC)模型应用于广东梅州的河道型水库——长潭水库,经过模型的验证,建立长潭水库水生态数学模型,模拟出水库在现状污染负荷下的藻类生长情况,以叶绿素a浓度为指标,研究水库在丰水年与枯水年富营养化改善程度对不同流域污染削减方案的响应关系.结果表明:现状污染负荷削减10%,在丰水年库尾、库中和库首点位的叶绿素a平均浓度分别降低13.99%、12.00%和10.35%;枯水年3个代表点位叶绿素a平均浓度分别下降8.42%、5.63%和2.10%.污染削减20%的情况下,丰水年3个代表点位的叶绿素a浓度分别降低26.78%、19.25%和17.04%,枯水年对应的降低幅度分别为11.72%、7.97%和5.12%;库尾地区表现出河道的特征,在污染负荷削减的情况下藻类生长能够受到有效遏制,库首地区则表现出湖泊的特性,枯水年这一特征表现更加突出,污染削减20%的情况下,叶绿素a的平均浓度仅降低5.12%.     

太湖流域典型水源水库藻类水华的促发条件

藻类异常增殖引发的水华是威胁我国水源地水库的主要生态问题之一。探究水源水库中藻类异常增殖的促发因素是防控藻类水华水质问题的前提。本文以太湖流域两个大(Ⅱ)型中营养水库为例,通过周年浮游植物细胞密度、生物量及相关环境因子逐月监测,分析影响水库有害藻类生物量季节性异常增殖特征及其促发条件。结果表明,地处亚热带季风区的两个水源水库均存在蓝藻和硅藻阶段性异常增殖的风险,老石坎水库5月暴发了以曲壳藻为绝对优势种的重度硅藻水华现象,硅藻细胞密度达到6232×10⁴ cells/L,赋石水库则在6和9月均出现了蓝藻细胞数达到水华级别的异常增殖现象。冗余分析表明,总磷、水温和水位是影响水库硅藻、蓝藻异常增殖的关键因素。非线性回归等统计分析表明,两个水库中水体总磷浓度显著影响藻类异常增殖强度的临界值为0.024 mg/L,而水温高于16℃时,硅藻水华事件可能发生,硅藻水华发生的最佳温度为22℃水温高于20℃时,蓝藻水华事件可能发生,蓝藻水华发生的最佳温度为30℃持续低水位或水位快速波动过程中藻类水华暴发的风险较高。研究表明,太湖流域中营养水源水库藻类异常增殖或藻类水华的发生往往是营...     

基于EFDC模型的深圳水库富营养化模拟

基于EFDC模型构建了深圳水库三维水动力和富营养化定量模拟模型.分别用2009年和2010 2011年流量、水位和水质等观测数据对模型进行了校正和验证,准确地反映了深圳水库的水动力和水质变化过程.在此基础上,假定支流污染截排、水库调度和降低东江引水污染负荷3种情景进行深圳水库富营养化数值模拟,3种情景下库中Chl.a峰值浓度分别降低1.0%、16.4%和46.3%,平均浓度分别降低1.3%、29.8%和29.9%.深圳水库具有良好的交换能力,尚未出现水华暴发,但入库营养盐负荷高,存在较大的富营养化风险;在目前沙湾河污水已经截排的基础上再实施支流污染控制,对水质改善和藻类控制作用已不明显;水库调度和削减东江引水污染负荷对深圳水库水质和富营养化改善明显,能够有效降低水华发生的风险.     

广东省高州水库春季蓝藻水华成因初步探讨

高州水库为广东省茂名市重要的饮用水源地,2009年和2010年春季相继出现蓝藻水华,给居民饮水带来安全隐患.对高州水库2009年和2010年春季水华情况进行分析,结果表明:两年浮游藻类细胞密度最高分别达4.08×107 cel1s/L和1.47 x 108cells/L,其中蓝藻所占比例分别为98.2%和98.7%,优...     

基于功能群对比分析黔中普定水库和桂家湖水库浮游植物群落结构特征

为了解黔中地区浮游植物群落结构特征,同时为了研究功能群对水环境的指示,选取黔中2座典型水库——普定水库和桂家湖水库,分别于2015年的枯水期(1月)和丰水期(8月)进行浮游植物采样分析.结果表明:(1)2座水库营养盐无显著性差异,水动力学参数(水温、混合层深度、透明度、真光层深度、水柱相对稳定性、光的可获得性)存在显著性差异.(2)普定水库共归类出18个功能类群,桂家湖水库共归类出15个功能类群.普定水库优势功能群水期分布特征:枯水期LO→丰水期B+P;桂家湖水库优势功能群水期分布特征:枯水期B+J+Y→丰水期B+J.垂直层面上,普定水库枯水期以甲藻组成的优势功能群LO在三岔街采样点表层藻类生物量达到峰值(18529μg/L),远高于中层和底层水体以及其他采样点,与该点水文特性以及组成LO的甲藻特征有关.丰水期以硅藻组成的功能群P在小河采样点的中层藻类生物量最大(2741μg/L),远高于该点的表层水体及其他采样点,与P类群耐受低光有关.而桂家湖水库由于面积小、水位浅且少有人为干扰,故样点间环境因子差异小,整个水体优势功能群分布高度一致.(3)经RDA分析,水动力学参数、营养盐、p H和电导率是影响普定水库浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子;桂家湖水库仅水动力学参数(水温和水柱相对稳定性)是主要因子.(4)从浮游植物功能群适宜生境来看,普定水库为富营养水体,桂家湖水库为中到富营养水体.由分析得出隶属于不同水域的2座水库浮游植物群落结构及水环境均存在显著性差异.     

太湖北部风浪波高计算模式观测分析

通过用无量纲分析和线性回归方法对2002-2003年太湖4测点1000多组波浪资料的分析,给出了太湖不同时段风浪平均波高(H)与风区长度(F)、水深(d)、风速(v)6个关系模式.在此基础上,开展了模式的误差分析及与前人模式对比.结果表明,太湖北部不同区域风浪平均波高的计算应选用不同计算模式,但是可用如下形式表示:其中,a1-a8为和地形及水生植物覆盖度等相关的参数.误差分析结果显示:离岸距离大于1km区域的参数a1-a8的取值分别为0.217456、1、0.15、0.6、0.09、0.6、1.0、0.0052,模式估算平均波高的误差小于24％;近岸区参数a7大于1,a8取0,a4取值介于0.6-0.72,a5介于0.00131-0.00168,模式估算平均波高的误差较大,表明近岸区波浪还需进行进一步的观测研究.     

杂食性鱼类对浅水水体底栖—浮游生境耦合作用的影响:微综述

浅水水体存在着强烈的底栖-浮游生境耦合作用,耦合的结果决定着水生态系统关键特征.在缺少大型水生植物的浅水系统中,底栖藻类和浮游藻类对光照和营养盐的竞争是底栖-浮游生境耦合最为重要的生态过程之一,但该过程受到杂食性鱼类的影响.本文以浅水水体的底栖-浮游生境耦合作用为切入点,综述了杂食性鱼类对浅水水体底栖-浮游生境耦合作用的影响过程及机理.一般而言,杂食性鱼类有利于提高水层营养盐浓度,促进浮游藻类生长,降低水体透明度,不利于底栖藻类竞争,从而加速水体富营养化.但不同种类的杂食性鱼类(如底栖杂食性鱼类、偏植物性饵料的杂食性鱼类、偏动物性饵料的杂食性鱼类以及小型杂食性鱼类)因食性差异,对底栖-浮游生境耦合的影响机理不同,产生的生态环境效应各异;即便同一种杂食性鱼类也可因发育阶段不同对底栖-浮游生境耦合产生不同的影响.在人类活动、全球变暖以及富营养化等多重因子胁迫下杂食性鱼类在鱼类群落结构中的比例上升,因此,杂食性鱼类对水生态环境产生的影响深远、复杂,值得持续关注.     

Grazing by a colourless flagellate on a green algal bloom

A dense bloom of a green algae was reduced by 97% within 5 days. This was probably caused by grazing by a colourless flagellate that increased logarithmic to high number under these days and disappeared as quickly. After this the green algae increased rapidly and mucilage lumps excreated by the flagellate was colonized by a specialistChlomydomonas. The flagellate attack was probably enhanced by the high cell density and the physiological weakness of the green algae, due to a very low growth caused by shortage of inorganic carbon. The grazing seems to have caused an increase of inorganic nutrients that promoted the following growth of the green algae.     

勃拉茨克水库生态监测成果

Regime observations 017 the zoobenthos state in the Balagansk transect in 1971, 1972 and in the Odissa bay in 1987-1993 of the Bratsk Reservoir were conducted.In 1991-1993 there is a change in the zoobenthos structure of the Bratsk Reservoir. In the depth zone of 0-5 m in the Balagansk transect in 1971-1972 the bottom community was considered as Gammaridae-Chiro-nomodae, in 1991 as Gammaridae-Ephemeroptera in 1992-1993 as Chironomidae-Ephemeroptera-Gammaridae. As compared with 1968-1972 the importance of Gammaridae decreased and the role of Ephemeroptera increased in the zoobenthos structure in 1991-1993.Changes were noted in the species composition of the Ologochaeta fauna and increase of the role of Oligochaeta in the zoobenthos in 1991-1993 as compared with 1965-1972.During all studies Chironomidae played a significant role in the zoobenthos. Since 1989 Paratanytarsus baialensis, bailialian endemic, has occurred in the Chironomidae fauna.The comparison of zoobenthos has shown that aver-age number and biomass of bortom invertebrates by 3-6 times and species diversity by 2.25 are higher^ in the Odissa bay than in the Balagansk transect.     

鄱阳湖流域柘林水库秋季浮游植物群落结构及其构建过程驱动机制

研究环境过滤过程和空间扩散限制过程在构建水生浮游植物群落结构中的作用是了解这些因素如何驱动物种分布和影响群落结构的关键步骤.为了揭示鄱阳湖流域柘林水库浮游植物群落结构特征与环境因子的关系,以及明确环境因子和空间扩散限制性因子在浮游植物群落构建过程中的影响机制,于2020年10月,对柘林水库33个采样点的浮游植物和水质理...     

In the other 90%: phytoplankton responses to enhanced nutrient availability in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon

Our view of how water quality effects ecosystems of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is largely framed by observed or expected responses of large benthic organisms (corals, algae, seagrasses) to enhanced levels of dissolved nutrients, sediments and other pollutants in reef waters. In the case of nutrients, however, benthic organisms and communities are largely responding to materials which have cycled through and been transformed by pelagic communities dominated by micro-algae (phytoplankton), protozoa, flagellates and bacteria. Because GBR waters are characterised by high ambient light intensities and water temperatures, inputs of nutrients from both internal and external sources are rapidly taken up and converted to organic matter in inter-reefal waters. Phytoplankton growth, pelagic grazing and remineralisation rates are very rapid. Dominant phytoplankton species in GBR waters have in situ growth rates which range from approximately 1 to several doublings per day. To a first approximation, phytoplankton communities and their constituent nutrient content turn over on a daily basis. Relative abundances of dissolved nutrient species strongly indicate N limitation of new biomass formation. Direct ((15)N) and indirect ((14)C) estimates of N demand by phytoplankton indicate dissolved inorganic N pools have turnover times on the order of hours to days. Turnover times for inorganic phosphorus in the water column range from hours to weeks. Because of the rapid assimilation of nutrients by plankton communities, biological responses in benthic communities to changed water quality are more likely driven (at several ecological levels) by organic matter derived from pelagic primary production than by dissolved nutrient stocks alone.     

Coral death from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba,Red Sea

Localized pollution of coral reef areas is occurring at Aqaba, Red Sea, as a result of sewage discharge, and as a result of spillage of phosphate dust during loading of phosphate mineral onto ships. The rate of death of colonies of the coral Stylophora pistillata was found to be 4–5 times as great in the polluted area as in a control area. Coral damage in the control area is generally caused by grazing or by extreme low tide, but the cause of coral death in the polluted area was not readily apparent. The growth of algae, both on the damaged corals, and on glass slides placed out in the reef, was greatly stimulated in the polluted area, but it appeared that such algal growth was not the direct cause of coral death. Corals in the polluted area may be under stress because of reduced light intensity, inhibition of calcification by excess phosphate, and increased sediment load. It was found that in the polluted area there was a greater weight of sediment settling on the glass slides for a given weight of algae. But in addition, since algal growth was faster in the polluted area, the sediment load was increased by the sediment trapping capacity of the enhanced algal growth. Thus it is suggested that increased algal growth stimulated by increased nutrient concentrations may be important in greatly increasing the sediment load experienced by corals.     

Der Einfluß eines submersen Makrophytenrasens auf den pelagischen Stoffhaushalt im See

Macrophytes compete with planktonic algae directly for nutrients which are solved in the pelagic region and impede the planktonic algae development indirectly by increasing sedimentation in the macrophyte populations and by reducing the supply of littoral detritus into the deeper zones of the lake by whirling-up in the period of vegetation, This leads to a reduced release of nutrients from the sediment and to the promotion of the development of a coenosis in the littoral zone living on pelagic seston. Therefore, waters with an extensive macrophyte vegetation have a relatively good water quality. By the artificial removal of macrophytes the planktonic coenosis is changed as by a measure of eutrophication.