硫酸盐结晶法分离富集红土型镍矿酸溶浸出液中镍的实验研究

红土型镍矿中镍的常压酸溶浸出是近年来国际上研究的热点。本文对红土型镍矿常压硫酸浸出液中镍的分离富集进行了初步的实验研究。不同条件的硫酸盐结晶实验表明,红土镍矿硫酸常压浸出液硫酸盐结晶析出晶体主要为MgSO4.H2O。析出晶体中除了金属元素Mg,还有少量的Fe和Ni,并且Fe/Ni较原矿中大大缩小。该硫酸盐析出晶体利于后续处理中金属Ni的进一步富集回收。利用硫酸盐结晶过程富集与回收红土型镍矿常压硫酸浸出液中镍的方法,既减少能源消耗,又有利于环境保护,是一种简单易行且成本低廉的绿色生产工艺。     

过硫酸铵-丁二酮肟光度法测定红土镍矿中的镍

红土镍矿样品用适宜比例的HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4混合酸低温消解,待样品溶解完全后在NaOH介质中,以过硫酸铵作氧化剂将Ni2+氧化为Ni4+,使Ni4+与丁二酮肟生成可溶性酒红色络合物,采用分光光度法测定镍的含量。样品溶液中仅通过加入酒石酸钾钠作掩蔽剂,就可消除红土镍矿中其他基体元素对镍测定的干扰,避免了萃取分离操作和有机试剂对环境的污染。在优化的酸碱度、试剂加入顺序及用量、显色时间等实验条件下,镍的线性范围为0～2.0μg/mL,方法检出限为0.1 mg/g,精密度为(RSD)为0.75%～1.69%,加标回收率为95.4%～102.7%。方法用于分析红土镍矿中镍的含量,测定结果与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法相符。该方法简便,稳定性好,仪器价格低廉,可用于批量红土镍矿样品中镍的快速准确测定。     

热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳元素迁移富集规律研究——以菲律宾南部苏里高Pili镍矿为例

位于东南亚热带地区的菲律宾和印度尼西亚是世界上主要的红土型镍矿产区。在菲律宾南部的苏里高(Surigao)地区广泛分布红土型镍矿床,矿床类型属于含水镁硅酸盐型。本文主要通过对菲律宾苏里高地区Pili红土型镍矿详细的野外地质调查,结合红土风化壳剖面的矿物学组成及地球化学特征来探讨热带地区红土风化壳的分层特征及元素迁移富集规律。根据矿物组成特征将Pili红土型镍矿风化壳剖面自上而下分为四层：黏土层、红土层、腐岩层以及基岩。其中腐岩层镍含量可达1%以上,是主要的镍含矿层。红土剖面地球化学特征显示红土层呈现富Fe、Mn贫Si、Mg的特征。上部黏土层相对红土层反而出现富Al、Si、Cr、Ni贫Fe、Mn的特征。区别于常见的红土型镍矿,Pili镍矿红土层反而呈现贫镍的特征。剖面元素迁移率特征显示,黏土层经历了强烈的Si、Mg、Fe、Mn流失,红土层经历了Mg、Si等元素的强烈流失以及Fe、Mn等元素中等程度的流失。下层腐岩层中经历了Fe、Mn、Cr等元素的富集以及镍的强烈富集。由此我们提出三阶段过程来解释Pili红土型镍矿的元素迁移和富集：腐岩发育阶段、红土发育阶段以及晚期溶解再沉淀阶段。腐岩初始发育阶段未发生明显的元素迁移流失。红土初始发育阶段受地表流体的影响发生了强烈的Mg、Si等元素的流失。红土初始形成以后,受热带地区强降水作用影响,后期还原性地表流体不断淋滤使其上部还经历了强烈的Fe、Mn流失而形成黏土层。中部的红土层也相应发生了强烈的镍流失和中等程度的Fe、Mn流失。该阶段强烈的元素迁移可能是热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳所特有的特征。流体淋滤携带的镍逐渐由红土层向下迁移,并以含镍镁硅酸盐的形式最终富集在腐岩层中。本研究的发现对该区红土型镍矿找矿勘查工作具有重要指示意义。     

红土型镍矿床的成矿条件和找矿标志

红土型镍矿占世界上镍矿总储量的85%。近年来,红土型镍矿床找矿勘查工作在一些国家和地区取得了重要进展。本文较详细地总结了红土型镍矿床地质特征,分析了红土型镍矿床的矿化类型和成矿条件,并归纳出红土型镍矿床7个方面的关键找矿标志。红土型镍矿床按其成分和内部结构不同可分为褐铁矿带、粘土带、腐岩带及风化基岩带。根据不同带内镍矿化特征和载镍矿物特征,又可将红土型镍矿化分为硅酸盐型、粘土型和氧化物型3类。红土型镍矿床形成条件分析显示,富镍超基性岩是其形成的物质条件,热带-亚热带湿热气候是其形成的风化营力条件,地形-地貌和构造组合为镍元素活化-淋滤-沉积提供了通道和赋存空间,良好的物理化学条件提供了内在的成矿动力,稳定的大地构造环境为其形成后的保存提供保障。红土型镍矿床的关键找矿标志主要有富镍超基性岩发育的构造位置、风化壳发育、岩性为超基性岩、有利的地形-地貌、遥感-地球化学和地球物理异常区。     

热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳元素迁移富集规律研究——以菲律宾南部苏里高Pili镍矿为例

位于东南亚热带地区的菲律宾和印度尼西亚是世界上主要的红土型镍矿产区。在菲律宾南部的苏里高(Surigao)地区广泛分布红土型镍矿床,矿床类型属于含水镁硅酸盐型。笔者等主要通过对菲律宾苏里高地区Pili红土型镍矿详细的野外地质调查,结合红土风化壳剖面的矿物学组成及地球化学特征来探讨热带地区红土风化壳的分层特征及元素迁移富集规律。根据矿物组成特征将Pili红土型镍矿风化壳剖面自上而下分为四层：黏土层、红土层、腐岩层以及基岩。其中腐岩层镍含量可达1%以上,是主要的镍含矿层。红土剖面地球化学特征显示红土层呈现富Fe、Mn贫Si、Mg的特征。上部黏土层相对红土层反而出现富Al、Si、Cr、Ni贫Fe、Mn的特征。区别于常见的红土型镍矿,Pili镍矿红土层反而呈现贫镍的特征。剖面元素迁移率特征显示,黏土层经历了强烈的Si、Mg、Fe、Mn流失,红土层经历了Mg、Si等元素的强烈流失以及Fe、Mn等元素中等程度的流失。下层腐岩层中经历了Fe、Mn、Cr等元素的富集以及镍的强烈富集。由此我们提出三阶段过程来解释Pili红土型镍矿的元素迁移和富集：腐岩发育阶段、红土发育阶段以及晚期溶解再沉淀阶段。腐岩初始发育阶段未发生明显的元素迁移流失。红土初始发育阶段受地表流体的影响发生了强烈的Mg、Si等元素的流失。红土初始形成以后,受热带地区强降水作用影响,后期还原性地表流体不断淋滤使其上部还经历了强烈的Fe、Mn流失而形成黏土层。中部的红土层也相应发生了强烈的镍流失和中等程度的Fe、Mn流失。该阶段强烈的元素迁移可能是热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳所特有的特征。流体淋滤携带的镍逐渐由红土层向下迁移,并以含镍镁硅酸盐的形式最终富集在腐岩层中。本研究的发现对该区红土型镍矿找矿勘查工作具有重要指示意义。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定红土镍矿中镍钴镁铝铁

红土镍矿分析没有统一的国家标准,行业标准于2013年初刚制定,其应用处于起步阶段,且行业标准中红土镍矿各元素主要采用化学分析法测定,操作程序繁琐耗时,工作量大,分析效率低。本文建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定红土镍矿中镍、钴、镁、铝和铁含量的方法。红土镍矿样采用王水溶解,加入氢氟酸和高氯酸,加热至高氯酸烟冒尽,再用盐酸溶解盐类,对消解后溶液中镍、钴、镁、铝和铁等目标元素选择了合适的分析谱线消除干扰。方法检出限镍为2.98 μg/g,钴为1.60 μg/g,镁为1.68 μg/g,铝为3.79 μg/g,铁为9.52 μg/g;方法精密度(RSD,n=11)为1.5%~2.2%;加标回收率为96.0%~102.5%。国家标准物质分析的测定值与标准值和外检值吻合较好。该方法简便快速,单元素不需分别处理,提高了分析效率,能够满足红土镍矿冶炼生产和地质探矿样品测定及时性的要求。     

超基性砾岩有关的科拉卡红土镍矿床地质特征与成因

印尼苏拉威西省科拉卡镍矿床是一种与辉橄岩砾岩有关的红土镍矿床,1号主矿体赋存于土状强风化腐岩上部,层状产出,镍金属量24 395吨,钴金属量1 265吨。研究认为该矿成矿母岩为辉橄岩破碎形成的辉橄岩砾岩。砾岩中贫镍胶结物混入,导致成矿母岩内镍含量发生贫化,表生条件下形成的砾岩,整体抗风化能力增强,对成矿作用不利,进而影响红土镍矿床规模和矿石质量。通过对本矿床成矿条件、成矿作用过程以及成矿母岩研究,摸清矿床成因研究,以期对今后研究该类型红土镍矿研究工作提供参考和启示。     

超基性砾岩有关的科拉卡红土镍矿床地质特征与成因

印尼苏拉威西省科拉卡镍矿床是一种与辉橄岩砾岩有关的红土镍矿床,1号主矿体赋存于土状强风化腐岩上部,层状产出,镍金属量24 395吨,钴金属量1 265吨。研究认为该矿成矿母岩为辉橄岩破碎形成的辉橄岩砾岩。砾岩中贫镍胶结物混入,导致成矿母岩内镍含量发生贫化,表生条件下形成的砾岩,整体抗风化能力增强,对成矿作用不利,进而影响红土镍矿床规模和矿石质量。通过对本矿床成矿条件、成矿作用过程以及成矿母岩研究,摸清矿床成因研究,以期对今后研究该类型红土镍矿研究工作提供参考和启示。     

红土型镍矿床找矿勘查与开发利用新进展

随着全球经济和社会的高速发展,镍的需求量一直保持高位增长趋势。统计数据表明,全球的镍储量约为16亿吨,其中硫化物型镍矿占全部储量的28%,红土型镍矿占72%。鉴于硫化物型镍矿床以品位较高、杂质较少和选冶容易等特点,因此,全球58%左右的镍产量来源于此类矿床。随着硫化物型镍矿床开采量的大量增加和储量快速减少以及后备开采基地的严重不足,因此,人们将开发的重点瞄准了红土型镍矿床。红土型镍矿资源具有以下几个特点：①世界各国已探明的红土型镍的金属量为115亿吨,资源丰富;②无论是找矿勘查,还是矿体的采矿和选矿,其投入成本均很低;③火法冶炼工艺已在工业生产中得到运用,湿法冶炼技术（高压酸浸和堆浸）也正日趋成熟;④红土型镍矿床大多数位于赤道附近,多数临海,便于外运。我国西南和海南岛地区超镁铁质火成岩及其相应的风化层分布广泛,个别岩体（或层）的顶部或旁侧产出有红土型镍矿床（点）,因此,我国有关部门应对红土型镍矿床的找矿勘查和开发利用给予高度重视。     

红土型镍矿矿床勘查评价方法与优化

红土型镍矿为含镍基性-超基性岩体经红土化作用形成的地表风化壳型矿床, 具有矿床分布相对集中、矿床规模大、矿床勘查类型简单、找矿标志明显等显著特点。本文简要总结了红土型镍矿的成矿环境、成矿条件、地质特征, 在云南省有色地质局三〇八队“走出去”实施多个红土型镍矿找矿勘查实例的基础上, 系统对红土型镍矿的找矿、勘查评价方法进行研究和总结, 提出红土型镍矿的“三段五步法”找矿勘查程序、有效找矿方法和快速勘查评价模式, 并对红土型镍矿勘查评价中的相关问题进行了探讨。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.