上海及周边地区地壳精细速度结构体波双差成像

利用江浙沪区域地震台网53个台站在1983-2015年间记录的1595个中小地震事件,筛选出54248个直达P、S震相,采用双差层析成像方法,同时获得了下扬子地区三维地壳P、S波速度结构和地震精定位结果,然后对该区地震活动与速度结构分布的关系进行了研究.检测版测试显示,除边缘区域外,0.5.大小网格可以对研究区内部进行较好的分辨.速度结构分布图像结果显示研究区西部陆域和东北部海域的中下地壳存在明显的低速层.此处也是历史上多次强震活跃的地方,如1984如东近海M6.2、6.1地震,1979溧阳M6.0,1996长江口外M 6.1地震.综合分析认为,下扬子地区强震活动区域与该区中上地壳速度结构异常体分布相关,强震发生在高速区与低速区交界处.     

伽师强震群区上地壳三维速度层析成像——人工爆破和天然地震的联合反演

伽师震区位于天山褶皱、帕米尔构造弧与塔里木块体三个构造单元的交接地带，近年来该区发生了一系列的强震活动.为进一步获得该震区详细的地壳速度结构，本文利用人工爆破和天然地震资料联合反演的方法，对1997年新疆伽师震区布设的三维人工地震透射台阵和流动地震台网的资料进行处理，重建了台阵下方上地壳三维速度扰动图像，并结合地震活动分布，对伽师强震群的地震成因作出进一步分析.结果表明研究区上地壳速度结构在纵向和横向上具有明显的非均匀性，随着深度的逐渐加深，震区下方以萨如锡为中心的低速异常体逐步被高速异常体所替代.自12 km深度开始，在与强震群震中相应的位置上，明显出现沿北北西向的高P波速度异常体，在其周围为相对低速分布，呈现出低速条带环绕高速条带的分布格局，V_P/V_S在相同的位置上也表现为高值分布.这种结构上的差异可能与伽师强震群发生有密切关系.16 km深度的P波速度层析图表明，伽师强震群发生在地壳相对高速扰动区内或是高速扰动向低速扰动过渡的边缘，壳内高速体的存在为强震的孕育和发生提供了重要基础.     

四川威远及邻区中小地震活动特征及地壳精细结构研究

利用2019年以来在四川荣县—威远布设的密集地震台站,以及部分固定台站记录到的近震资料,采用双差层析成像方法获得了高分辨率的浅层地壳三维速度结构和震源位置.重定位结果显示,研究区内中小地震多数呈南北向条带状分布,与已知地表断层的分布无明显关联.地震震源深度主要集中在2～5 km深度之间.研究区中小地震活动与速度结构变化具有相关性,在5 km以浅,地震多分布在S波高速异常区;在7～10 km深度范围,地震多发生在P波和S波的高、低速异常转换带.综合重定位和速度剖面结果,推测研究区内沉积层厚度约4～6 km,而一些中强地震多发生在结晶基底顶部.在研究区深部,黄桷坡断层以北地震区比荣县地震区具有更高的P波速度,在相似的应力状态下,力学性质更强的黄桷坡断层以北地区更难以破裂,可能是该地区更晚发生地震的缘由.     

1992年美国加州兰德斯地震——地壳结构不均匀性对地震发生的影响

为了理解地震的发生和地壳结构不均匀性的关系，利用南加州地震台网的固定台和临时台所记录的2863个兰德斯余震和区域地震，共计107401个P波和19624个S波高质量的到时数据，采用地震层析成像方法得到了兰德斯地震区P波和S波的精细的三维速度结构和泊松比分布．结果显示，地震的发生和分布与地壳结构的横向不均匀性有密切的关系．总体上看，兰德斯地震区余震成丛分布，并被低速块体截断，其中4级以上地震大多分布于P波高、低速异常过渡区域或偏向高速块体一侧，这可能是因为高速区多属地壳脆性介质，易于造成应力集中，导致地震；反之，低速度区则可能代表破碎程度较高、富含流体或温度较高区域，因而更倾向于产生无震变形．基于兰德斯地震区强震震源位置、地震区P波、S波速度异常与泊松比分布推断，兰德斯地震区可能有流体存在．地壳流体易使地壳岩石弱化，从而引发大地震．     

门源地区地壳三维体波速度结构及地震重定位研究

本文使用甘肃、青海数字地震台网及中国地震科学探测台阵记录到的门源地区地震的P波和S波到时资料,应用双差层析成像方法联合反演了该地区的地壳三维速度结构和震源位置参数.结合地质构造背景,研究了门源M_S6.4地震孕育发生的深部介质环境及该地区速度结构与地震活动性之间的关系.结果表明：反演之后地震的走时残差均方根显著降低,重定位后的地震在垂直方向上呈现出与断层位置有关的条带状分布.门源地区地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀性,浅层P波和S波速度结构与地表地质构造及地形特征密切相关.研究区内地震活动性与地壳速度结构具有很强的对应关系,地震主要分布在高速异常区域及其边缘.门源M_S6.4地震震中附近的P波和S波速度结构表现出明显的高速异常,且在震源区下方存在P波低速层,这种特殊的构造条件可能是导致此次地震发生的重要原因.     

首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系

选用华北地震遥测台网和首都圈数字化地震遥测台网1993～2005年记录的2866个地震事件中的33487条P波和31822条S波的到时资料,计算得到了水平分辨率25km到50km之间的首都圈地区（385°N～41°N, 114°E～120°E）地壳三维P波和S波速度结构,并进一步获得泊松比分布.研究表明,首都圈地区P波和S波速度分布表现出强烈的横向不均匀性,浅层速度分布同地表地质结构分布相一致.分析得出震区强震多发生在低速体与高速体之间、低泊松比地区,且震源下部存在低速、高泊松比异常体.经过与其他地区研究结果相比较,对地震触发与流体的关系进行了探讨.流体在地震孕育及触发的过程中可能起着重要作用.     

云南漾濞M6.4地震震区三维速度结构

利用2015年1月至2021年5月28日期间我国云南省漾濞县及周边地区固定台站和漾濞地震后布设的流动台站所记录到的近震资料,使用双差层析成像方法获得了该地震震区的高分辨率地壳三维速度结构和震源位置。重定位结果显示,漾濞M6.4地震序列主要沿NW?SE向展布,与维西—乔后—巍山断裂走向一致,地震主要集中在4—10 km的深度范围,呈约80°高倾角分布。结合定位结果与三维速度结构显示:漾濞M6.4地震序列的空间分布与速度结构变化具有相关性,主震位于P波、S波高低速异常交界处,这种介质物性变化的交界地带可能有利于中强地震的孕育和发生,余震主要分布在低P波速度、高S波速度和低波速比的脆性区域;沿漾濞地震序列的分布走向,主震两侧呈现完全不同的速度结构,其西北部具有明显的高P波速度、低S波速度特征,该地区高密度、强韧性的地层可能是阻挡漾濞地震的NW向破裂而呈单向破裂特征的原因。      

数字地震资料在地震矩张量反演和常规地震分析中的应用研究

1　新疆及其邻近地区的三维速度结构我们将地震层析成像的方法应用于新疆及其邻近地区的三维速度结构的研究。利用新疆地震台网及其邻近区域国外台站的 P波到时数据 ,重建了该区地壳上地幔的三维速度图像 ,目的是为了探讨不同构造单元的深部构造环境、主要强震带地壳上地幔速度结构特征 ,以及速度结构与地质构造的关系等。研究结果表明 :在新疆及其邻近地区 ,各地质构造单元岩石层厚度和软流层的深度与全球平均结果有很大的不同 ,区内横向不均匀性相当明显 ,全球对称的平均模型用于本区只是一种粗略的近似 ;盆地是上地幔的隆起区 ,褶皱系是…     

2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震震源区速度结构与余震分布

采用九寨沟M_S7.0 （M_W6.5）地震的余震直达P波、S波走时数据,通过体波走时层析成像方法,获得了震源区及其邻区的P波和S波速度结构,并利用成像结果对余震进行了重定位。结果显示:余震主要集中分布于高、低速异常交界处偏低速异常一侧,呈走向NNW,倾向SW,倾角较高的分布特征;余震序列两侧的P波、S波速度结构揭示了发震断层两侧介质性质的差异,即上盘为刚性较强的高地震波速度区,下盘为刚性较弱的低地震波速度区。由余震分布特征和地震波速度结构推断:九寨沟地震发生在上地壳底部,发震断层具有上盘地震波速度高、下盘地震波速度低的特征;主震引起的后续破裂在上地壳内部的剧烈形变区内传播,破裂能量终止于25 km深度附近。      

青藏高原东南缘深部多参数属性变化与中强震孕育响应关系

本研究通过反演294,777高质量纵-横波震相走时数据对,获得了青藏高原东南缘地壳及上地幔的高分辨率P波、S波速度和泊松比多参数三维结构图像,同时结合多参数的梯度场,分析了深部多参数属性变化与近50年来强震(震级≥5.0,M5+)孕育之间的响应关系.研究表明:(1)青藏高原东南缘多参数结构呈现出明显的横向不均性,松潘—甘孜块体的中下地壳为低速和高泊松比异常,反映了具有塑性特征的物质存在,该属性特征对强震的触发具有较显著的影响;(2)通过对过去50年内发生在青藏高原东南缘的强震(M5+)空间分布特征研究发现,绝大多数强震发生在地震层析成像边界带(Tomographic Edge Zone,TEZ).本研究结果表明,63.3％～78.4％的强震事件发生在P波速度和泊松比TEZ上,而8.4％～20.1％和11.7％～16.7％的强震事件分别发生在参数高异常带(High-Value Zone,HVZ)和参数低异常带(Low-Value Zone,LVZ)上.S波速度参数的TEZ孕震构造特征比例与P波相比有一定的下降(45.7％～46.3％),相应的HVZ和LVZ孕震构造特征比例稍有上升趋势(36.4％～36.7％、17.3％～17.6％).以上两个特征表明,在青藏高原东南缘,强震触发的主要控制因素可能是块体间的强烈的相互作用,同时,孕震区流体侵入在地震诱发中扮演了重要的角色.根据本次及作者前期的研究认为,青藏高原东南缘区域内绝大多数强震事件与TEZ之间的正相关的响应关系并不是一个偶然现象,可能是地震孕育和地壳构造之间存在的某种关联性.本研究所揭示的地震孕育特征为青藏高原东南缘乃至整个青藏高原的中长期防灾减灾以及重大工程建设等提供了重要的参考信息.     

Crustal velocity,density structure,and seismogenic environment in the southern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt,China

The southern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt in China is a critical region for earthquake preparedness and risk reduction efforts. However, limited by the low density of seismic stations and the use of single-parameter physical structural models, the deep tectonic features and seismogenic environment in this area remain controversial. Thus, a comprehensive analysis based on high-resolution crustal structures and multiple physical parameters is required. In this study, we applied the ambient noise tomography method to obtain the three-dimensional (3D) crustal S-wave velocity structure using continuous waveform data from 112 permanent stations and 350 densely distributed temporary stations in the southern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt. Then, we obtained the high-resolution 3D density structure through wavenumber-domain 3D gravity imaging constrained by the velocity structure. The low-velocity and low-density anomalies in the upper crust of the study area were mainly distributed in the Sichuan Basin and around Dali and Simao, while the high-velocity and high-density anomalies were primarily distributed in the Panxi region, corresponding to the surface geological features. Two prominent low-velocity and low-density anomalies were observed in the middle and lower crust: one to the west of the Songpan-Garzê block and Sichuan-Yunnan diamond-shaped block, and the other near the Anninghe-Xiaojiang fault. Combined with the spatial distribution of seismic events in the study area, we found that previous earthquakes predominantly occurred in the transition zones between high and low anomaly regions and in the low-velocity and low-density zones in the upper crust. In contrast, moderate-to-strong earthquakes mainly occurred within the transition zones between high and low anomaly regions and close to the high-velocity and high-density regions, often with low-velocity and low-density layers below their hypocenters. Fluids play a critical role in the seismogenic process by reducing fault strength and destabilizing the stress state, which may be a triggering factor for earthquakes in the study area. Additionally, the upwelling of molten materials from the mantle may lead to energy accumulation and stress concentration, providing an important seismogenic background for moderate-to-strong earthquakes in this area.     

Study on Precise Location and Structure of Earthquakes in the Shanxi Reservoir,Zhejiang Province

The Shanxi reservoir earthquakes are significant seismic events in southern Zhejiang Province in recent years, an area with fewer and weaker earthquakes. The seismicity showed an intermittent characteristic and group distribution. The epicenters located by the seismic network did not show a predominant direction and the seismogenic structure is not clear. In the study, the nonlinear imaginary wave travel time equation was linearized and solved, and the source position, initial imaginary velocity and travel ...     

基于密集台阵的青藏高原东北缘地壳精细结构及九寨沟地震震源区结构特征分析

基于青藏高原东北缘密集宽频带野外流动观测台阵以及固定台站资料,利用双差层析成像方法对地震位置和研究区的地壳速度结构进行了反演.最终用于联合反演的地震事件合计9644个.结果显示青藏高原东北缘速度结构具有明显的横向不均匀性.从整体上看,青藏高原地区表现为低速异常,鄂尔多斯表现为高速异常,而扬子地块亦表现为高速异常.不同深度处速度结构表现不一致,同一深度处P波速度结构和S波速度结构也有明显差异.由西秦岭北缘断裂带、临潭-宕昌断裂以及礼县-罗家堡断裂围限的地震活动强烈的区域中,P波速度结构由深度0 km时呈现的低速异常,逐渐过渡到5 km时高低速相间分布的特征;而S波速度结构在此区域中,由近地表0 km时高低速相间分布的特征,逐渐过渡到30 km时几乎表现为低速异常.2017年8月8日九寨沟7级地震所在的塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和雪山断裂围限区域,在深度20 km处的P波速度结构和周围存在明显差异,九寨沟地震处于高速异常与低速异常的过渡带内.此外,2013年7月22日发生在青藏高原东北缘的岷漳县6.6级地震,震源区所在的临潭-宕昌断裂附近的P波速度结构在15 km深度处也有明显特征,震源位置所在区域也处于高低速过渡带.该区域这种地壳内部高低速过渡带可能是应力比较容易积累而发生中强地震的一个重要场所.     

四川芦山MS7.0地震震源区及其周边区域P波三维速度结构研究

利用四川数字地震台网和流动地震台站在芦山M_S7.0地震震后(2013年4月20日—6月23日)记录到的2026次区域地震事件的28188条P波到时资料,采用地震层析成像方法反演得到了芦山地震震源区及其周边区域中上地壳P波三维速度结构. 结果表明,浅部地壳的P波速度异常分布特征与地表地质构造、 地形和岩性密切相关,即成都断陷盆地表现出与第四纪沉积有关的低速异常区;犍为、 乐山一带的川中微升区和川青块体龙门山以西的邻近地带均表现为与构造抬升有关的高速异常;宝兴、 康定附近分布的基性火山岩及火山碎屑岩均呈局部高速异常分布. 芦山地震震源位于高低速异常分界线附近且偏向高速体一侧,其下方存在明显的低速异常分布,可能与流体的存在有关. 流体的作用导致中上地壳内部发震层的弱化,使孕震断层易于破裂,可能对芦山地震起到了触发作用. 芦山地震与汶川地震两次地震的余震密集区相距50 km,这50 km地震空区震源体的深度范围附近目前正处于高速异常区内,加之龙门山断裂带西南段又具有比较典型的断错地貌发育,使得该段地震空区(大邑—邛崃活动断裂破裂空段)现在所处的深浅部构造环境变得复杂,其潜在的地震危险性仍值得进一步关注.      

EARTHQUAKE LOCATION AND VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN YIBIN AREA,SICHUAN

Small earthquakes have been recorded in Yibin area, Sichuan Province since 1970, the frequency and intensity of seismicity have shown an increasing trend in recent ten years, and the earthquakes are distributed mainly in Changning, Gongxian and Junlian areas. Based on the seismic data from January 2008 to May 2015 recorded by Sichuan and Yunnan regional networks and Yibin local network, seismicity analysis, precise location and velocity structure inversion for earthquakes in Yibin area are carried out, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of seismic activity and the velocity structure at different depths in this region are investigated, trying to analyze the seismic activity law and seismogenic mechanism in Yibin area. The earthquake relocation result shows that the spatial cluster distribution of earthquakes is more obvious in Yinbin area, the earthquakes are concentrated in Changning-Gongxian and Gongxian-Junlian regions. The seismic activity presents two dominant directions of NW and NE in Changning-Gongxian region, and shows asymmetric conjugate distribution, the long axes of NW-trending and NE-trending seismic concentration area are about 30km and 12km respectively, and the short axes are about 5km. There is a seismic sparse segment near Gongxian, the frequency and intensity of seismicity in the southeast side are obviously higher than that in the northwest side, and the earthquakes with larger magnitude are relatively deep, the focal depth is gradually shallower with the distance away from Gongxian. Seismic activity is sparse in the west and dense in the east in Gongxian-Junlian region, the predominant direction of earthquakes in the seismic dense area of the eastern segment is NE. Seismic activity extends in opposite direction in the easternmost part of the two earthquake concentrated area. The P-wave velocity structure at different depths in the study area is obtained using joint inversion method of source and velocity structure. In view of the predominant focal depth in this region, this paper mainly analyzes the velocity structure of the upper crust within 10km. Within this study area, the P-wave velocity of earthquake concentration areas is relatively high within 10km of the predominant focal depth, especially in the northwest of Gongxian and eastern Junlian area, the P-wave velocity on the southeast of Gongxian increases gradually with depth, especially at 6km depth. These high-velocity zones are generally related to brittle and hard rocks, where the stress is often concentrated. Comparing earthquake distribution and velocity structure, seismic activity in this area mainly occurs in high-low velocity transition areas, the inhomogeneity of velocity structure may be one of the factors controlling earthquake distribution. The transition zone of high and low velocity anomalies is not only the place where stress concentrates, but also the place where the medium is relatively fragile, such environment has the medium condition of accumulating a large amount of strain energy and is prone to fracture and release stress.     

2017年九寨沟7.0级地震前应力状态及b值异常特征研究

2017年8月8日青藏高原东缘四川九寨沟地区发生7.0级强震,依据前人研究结果分析九寨沟7.0级地震发震构造,并计算震前应力状态。结果显示:本次地震受到构造和历史强震的影响,是发生在历史强震引起的应力加载区域。另外,采用中国地震台网1990年以来的地震目录,在评估目录完整性的基础上,利用最大似然法计算得到2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前震源区及邻区地震b值空间图像。结果显示,九寨沟7.0级地震发生在四川北部地区显著低b值高应力异常区域内部(0.82b0.75)。所以,研究区域内外历史强震可能促进了九寨沟7.0级地震的发生。     

Analysis of Seismic Activity in the Middle Part of the North-South Seismic Belt—Joint Study on Deep Seismic Sounding Profile and Seismicity Parameters

Using the rich deep seismic sounding data recorded in the middle part of the North-South Seismic Belt in China, the horizontal and vertical profiles are constructed to obtain the seismic velocity structure, analyze the seismic distribution and calculate the seismic energy and the thickness of the seismogenic layer at the same time. On this basis, the seismicity parameters are calculated using the earthquake catalogue of the study area for the past 40 years, and the relationship between the b-value distribution and the velocity structure is analyzed. The results show an uneven b-value distribution in the study area and a segmented feature along the Longmenshan fault zone. Most of the earthquakes occur in the transition zone anomalies from the positive to the negative. In addition, the thickness of the crust drops from ~60 km to ~48 km from the Southeastern to the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, but the thickness of the seismogenic layer increases gradually. It is speculated that the crustal composition of the Northeastern margin contains more felsic materials and has relatively stronger seismic activities than the Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, possibly associated with the subduction and compression of the Indian Ocean Plate.     

南北地震带地震活动特征

采用数理统计方法探讨了780 BC至今、100°—110°E、22°—35°N（中国南北地震带）区域的中国大陆5.0级及以上天然地震的分布规律。通过GMT软件绘制了南北地震带上地震震中和断裂分布图像,分析了南北地震带地震时空分布与地震活动性的规律。研究表明,该地区的大震与强震几乎全部发生在断裂带上,地震频次高、震中密集,呈现集群性等特征,地震活动性较高。该地震带中、南段相似,与北段存在显著差异。在南北地震带上,地震的活跃幕与平静幕持续时间,与活跃幕强度有关。研究结果对于了解地震的时空分布特征,认识中国南北地震带的发震规律,地震的孕震发震和地震活动周期有参考意义。      

P-wave velocity structure beneath reservoirs and surrounding areas in the lower Jinsha River

The lower reaches of the Jinsha River are rich in hydropower resources because of the high mountains, deep valleys, and swift currents in this area. This region also features complex tectonic structures and frequent earthquakes. After the impoundment of the reservoirs, seismic activity increased significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to study the P-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and surrounds, thus providing seismological support for subsequent earthquake prevention and disaster reduction work in reservoir areas. In this study, we selected the data of 7,670 seismic events recorded by the seismic networks in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Chongqing and the temporary seismic arrays deployed nearby. We then applied the double-difference tomography method to this data, to obtain the P-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and surrounds. The results showed that the Jinsha River basin has a complex lateral P-wave velocity structure. Seismic events are mainly distributed in the transition zones between high- and low-velocity anomalies, and seismic events are particularly intense in the Xiluodu and Baihetan reservoir areas. Vertical cross-sections through the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas revealed an apparent high-velocity anomaly at approximately 6 km depth; this high-velocity anomaly plays a role in stress accumulation, with few earthquakes distributed inside the high-velocity body. After the impoundment of the Baihetan reservoir, the number of earthquakes in the reservoir area increased significantly. The seismic events in the reservoir area north of 27° N were related to the enhanced activity of nearby faults after impoundment; the earthquakes in the reservoir area south of 27° N were probably induced by additional loads (or regional stress changes), and the multiple microseismic events may have been caused by rock rupture near the main faults under high pore pressure.