海岛保护法视角下浅议历史遗留用岛管理

推动历史遗留用岛依法纳入管理是新形势下强化无居民海岛综合管理的重要内容。文章基于《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》，在简述我国历史遗留用岛开发利用和管理现状的基础上，从管理权责、发展方式、监管3个方面揭示我国历史遗留用岛问题产生的根本原因，分析推动历史遗留用岛问题处置的制约因素，并提出推动历史遗留用岛依法纳入管理的若干建议，为国家和地方海岛主管部门提供管理决策参考。     

福建省无居民海岛开发利用的契机、挑战和对策

文章概述福建省无居民海岛开发利用、保护和管理现状,从相关法律法规和规划办法逐步完善的角度分析无居民海岛开发利用的契机,同时指出面临的海岛开发利用投资成本高和回报周期长、开发利用同质化和低质化、海岛生态环境资源遭到破坏、历史遗留问题仍未解决以及不同类型海岛未能区别管理等挑战,在此基础上提出探索海岛开发利用新模式、加快区域用岛规划编制、理顺海岛保护管理体制机制和海岛分等级管理审批的对策建议。     

我国无居民海岛管理现状、问题及建议

无居民海岛是我国自然资源的重要组成部分。为加快推进生态文明建设,党和国家对我国自然资源的管理提出了新的要求。文章采用问题和目标导向的研究方法,通过对我国无居民海岛管理的历史遗留问题、管理能力、管理体系和信息化建设等方面进行分析,提出了分类处置历史遗留用岛,优化精细化分类管理体系、完善海岛管理制度体系、完善海岛数据更新体系等建议,对提升我国无居民海岛管理水平,实施海洋强国战略具有重要的意义。     

试析解决我国无居民海岛法前用岛权证管理问题的对策建议

由于《海岛保护法》颁布前,无居民海岛的开发利用并没有专门的立法进行管理和规范,相关资源领域的管理也是陆地主管部门管理职能的延伸,土地、林业等部门各司其政,无居民海岛开发利用的法前管理呈现多头管理、职能交叉的局面。一些权属的历史遗留问题逐渐成为阻碍我国无居民海岛开发与管理的突出因素。文章通过分析解决法前用岛权证管理问题的必要性以及整理无居民海岛目前存在的法前用岛权证类型,针对存在的不同权证类型分类提出解决历史遗留问题的对策建议。     

基于时间序列遥感影像的广西南流江口海岛变迁研究

广西南流江口无居民海岛生态系统较为脆弱，自海岛地名普查以来，该区域海岛形态和岛体开发利用变化显著。文章基于2012—2019年共8期遥感影像，开展南流江口海岛形态和开发利用的遥感提取和变化检测，并逐年分析海岛变化情况。遥感监测结果表明：2012—2019年，南流江口10个海岛形态变化显著，面积减少约61.8%，2个海岛岛体新增开发利用变化；重点说明花轿铺、小砖窑岛和小平墩岛3个显著变化海岛的逐年变迁情况，并分析海岛变迁的主要原因，为海岛保护和管理提出若干建议。     

气候变化背景下海岛生态环境脆弱性分析及其应对措施——以南澳岛为例

近百年来,全球气候系统正经历着以全球变暖为主要特征的显著变化,以海平面上升、水温升高、海水酸化、极端天气等因素为主要驱动力的气候变化正对海岛生态环境系统产生严重影响;与相对缓慢的气候变化过程相比,人类开发活动的盲目性和无序性是海岛生态环境脆弱性加剧的主要原因。文章以广东南澳岛为例,从人类活动影响和气候变化影响2个方面对海岛生态环境脆弱性的驱动机制和表现进行阐述,根据分析结果提出南澳岛开发利用的对策措施,以期实现可持续发展。     

基于WorldView-2卫星遥感影像的唐山湾国际旅游岛开发利用现状调查分析

文章利用高精度的WorldView-2卫星遥感影像开展了唐山湾国际旅游岛开发利用现状调查,获得了最新的海岛利用现状。调查结果表明,唐山湾的祥云岛、月岛和菩提岛的现有面积分别为21.264 011km2、1.877 119km2和4.910 803km2,其中已开发利用的面积分别占35.3%、59.7%和48.6%,表明3个海岛的开发利用状态存在较大差异。根据海岛开发利用现状和海岛智能化管理的需要,文章就海岛开发利用规划、常态化监测调查和"智慧海岛"建设等提出了建议。     

基于用岛类型和方式的舟山市无居民海岛分类保护应用研究

无居民海岛是舟山市经济、社会和生态发展的重要资源支撑。为促进舟山市无居民海岛的精细化管理和可持续发展,文章分析舟山市无居民海岛开发利用和保护存在的问题,提出无居民海岛分类保护原则,基于国家权益类、自然保护区类、海洋特别保护区类、其他重要保护类、限制开发类和保留类的单岛功能定位分别制定管理方案,基于旅游娱乐用岛等9种用岛...     

基于用岛类型和方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系构建思考

对申请海岛使用权的无居民海岛开发利用活动进行分类,是制定无居民海岛使用金最低标准定价的基础。2010年《无居民海岛使用金征收使用管理办法》中的海岛分类体系存在与国家和地方分类体系衔接不够、用岛类型与用岛方式概念混杂、对生态用岛引导作用不明显等问题。本文对无居民海岛各类分类体系现状及关联性进行了梳理,分析其存在的主要问题,在继承《全国海岛保护规划》关于适度开发利用海岛的主导用途分类的基础上,充分体现资源有价、生态有价的原则,将原有的10类无居民用岛类型通过合并、新增、保留,调整为9类。根据用岛活动对海岛自然岸线、表面积、岛体和植被等的改变程度,将无居民海岛用岛方式划分为6种。初步构建了基于用岛类型和用岛方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系,为无居民海岛使用金最低价标准调整、分类施策和精细化管理提供依据。     

层次分析法和模糊综合评价法在海岛保护规划中的应用研究——以温州市海岛为例

文章主要应用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对温州市海岛保护规划进行分类研究。将温州市海岛保护分为优化开发类岛群、重点开发类岛群、一般保护类岛群和特殊保护类岛群4种类型,根据分类结果可以统筹海岛保护、开发、建设和管理,以保护海岛及其周边海域生态系统,合理开发利用海岛自然资源,实施海岛分类管理,突出海岛分区特色,安排海岛保护重点工程布局,建立健全海岛规范化管理制度,切实加强规划在宏观调控和监督管理方面的重要作用。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...