南海及周围地区的现今构造运动

利用南海及其周围地区的GPS数据,分析南海及周围地区速度场和应变场的空间变化,以及相邻块体之间的相对运动.研究发现,南海现今仍在继续扩张,西部是从其北边缘向南沿NW-SE方向逐渐扩张的,东部是从中心向北与向南逐渐扩张的.由主张应变率计算的中央海盆近SN方向的平均扩张速率为3.1 mm/a.在南海东部(117.0°E),南北之间(11°～22°N)SN方向的扩张速率为9.3 mm/a,小于65Ma以来NNW-SSE方向13.0 mm/a的平均扩张速率.南海的扩张运动是印度板块、太平洋和菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间的相互作用,以及南海地区地幔物质上涌共同作用的结果.     

Using satellite magnetic data to divide geological tectonic units of South China Sea

The South China Sea locates at the convergence center of the Eurasian Plate,the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australia plate. The Cenozoic seafloor spreading in the South China Sea Basin is an important part of the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea that records information of the continental margin tectonic history and its impact on regional geologic evolution. Magnetic data contains abundant geological structure information from the surface to deep. This paper reports magnetic data of the South China Sea. Through the conventional processing of these magnetic data,we report general results on the regional magnetic anomalies,such as the upward continuation graph,the polar magnetic anomaly map and the magnetic anomaly partition map. The magnetic anomaly field in the South China Sea is divided into eight areas,of which the characteristics are explained,and the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea is preliminarily discussed.     

南海南部陆缘盆地裂陷-漂移-前陆期构造演化及沉积响应:以礼乐盆地为例

通过礼乐盆地构造-地层-沉积分析，查明了其构造演化及沉积充填特征，揭示了其与南海扩张事件的成因联系，为南海边缘海演化研究提供了参考。研究结果表明:礼乐盆地新生代构造-沉积演化经历了3个差异显著的阶段，即古新世-早渐新世陆缘裂陷-滨浅海碎屑岩沉积阶段、晚渐新世-早中新世裂离漂移-浅海碳酸盐岩沉积阶段、中中新世以来周缘前陆挠曲沉降-区域差异沉积阶段。古新世-早渐新世，古南海向东南俯冲，华南古陆陆缘因水平引张力作用发生被动裂陷，形成礼乐盆地；此时以滨浅海环境为主，受碎屑物源供给控制，在盆地西北部发育一系列规模相对较大的辫状河三角洲，礼乐盆地东部、南部邻近古南海，仅在孤立隆起边缘发育规模较小的扇三角洲。晚渐新世-早中新世，古南海持续俯冲，新南海扩张，礼乐-巴拉望地块裂离华南古陆，向南漂移，盆地沉降缓慢，断层活动弱；此时以浅海-半深海环境为主，碎屑物源匮乏，盆地北部发育大型碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁，南部总体为半深海环境。中中新世以来，新南海扩张停止，礼乐-巴拉望地块向菲律宾岛弧俯冲碰撞，礼乐盆地进入周缘前陆期，以非对称挠曲沉降为特点，水深增大，断层活动增强；此时以半深海-浅海为主，盆地北部总体以碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁为特色，盆地南部局部发育深水重力流沉积。礼乐盆地构造-沉积演化与古南海俯冲-消亡、新南海扩张-关闭过程密切相关。      

青藏高原挠曲均衡重力异常特征及其地质意义

自新生代印度板块的块持续碰撞与俯冲作用下,青藏高原经历了快速隆升与复杂的岩石圈改造过程,但高原现今的垂向动力学机制和地壳形变特征仍然存在争议。基于非均一有效弹性厚度的挠曲模型,利用地形和地球重力场模型数据,计算了青藏高原及邻区的挠曲均衡重力异常。结果显示,青藏高原的均衡重力异常在-120~90 mGal之间,高原中部为明显的正异常特征,边缘为显著的均衡负异常。极小值出现在青藏高原西北部及其相邻的帕米尔高原,极大值则出现在与之紧邻的喜马拉雅块体西北部。此外,在青藏高原北面和东面,塔里木盆地和四川盆地显示出大片的均衡正异常。这些特征说明青藏高原及邻区地壳现今处于非均衡的状态,在板块碰撞挤压作用下,老的块体地壳整体发生抬升,导致了均衡正异常特征;而年轻的造山区域,地壳形变主要表现为地表抬升与下地壳强烈增厚,形成了均衡负异常。在高原中部和北部,均衡调整方向与地壳垂向运动趋势相一致;但在高原南面（喜马拉雅块体）和东面（四川盆地）,均衡调整方向与地表形变观测结果相反。这说明印度板块碰撞与俯冲仍然控制着青藏高原南部、东部及其相邻块体的地壳形变过程,然而在更北的区域,地壳正通过均衡调整恢复均衡状态。      

海南及邻区现今地壳三维运动特征及地球动力学环境分析

利用海南及邻区1999年以来GNSS资料及1970年以来水准数据获取三维运动速度场，分析地壳运动特征，结合东南亚水平运动背景场分析周缘板块对海南地块及华南地块陆缘速度场的影响。结果表明，海南岛三维运动以白沙断裂为界，岛北部以海口-屯昌为界。华南地块各观测点E向运动速率自西向东逐渐减小，至陆缘区域速率最小，各观测站间运动速率差异性小；S向运动速率自西向东逐渐增大；位于23°～26°N区域观测点的速度场与其南北两侧存在差异。华南地块运动受印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞和挤压影响，陆缘地带还受太平洋板块、菲律宾海板块活动及南海扩张运动影响，澳大利亚板块对区域运动影响较小。     

用GPS资料揭示现今中国大陆构造运动

利用GIPSY软件计算分析了1999年、2001年以及2004年中国地壳运动观测网络1000多个台站的GPS数据（包括区域网、基本网和基准网数据）。得到了中国大陆地壳运动速度场（其中绝大多数测站速度分量的估值精度优于2mm／a，基准站精度较高。优于1．5mm／a）。同时结合蒙古、缅甸、印度、尼泊尔和喜马拉雅等周边地区多年的GPS观测资料。采用连续介质假设条件下的数值模拟方法，得到了中国大陆的整体水平位移速度，模拟结果还显示出中国大陆构造运动的分区特征，揭示了现阶段青藏高原向东挤出运动及其内部变形在调节印度-欧亚板块汇聚中发挥的主导作用。     

A preliminary study on the diversity of fish species and marine fish faunas of the South China Sea

There are 3048 species offish occurring in the China Seas (CS), of which at least 2321 species are found in the South China Sea (SCS), belonging to 35 orders, 236 families and 822 genera. The fish species diversity is analyzed in this paper based on biogeography, biostatisties, fishing methods, etc. It is found that the regional environment, especially biological factors, plays an important role in the distribution of faunas, and there are two fish faunas in the SCS, one in the north and another in the center and south. This regional division is of value for sustainable fishery production and efficient management of fishery resources.     

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On the sources of the Taiwan Warm Current from the South China Sea

Historical hydrographic data across several sections in the South China Sea (SCS) and Taiwan Strait have been reconsidered. The year-around existence of the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) along the shelf break off the Guangdong coast and the seemingly year-around southwestward current to the east of SCSWC are both evident in the data. The data also showed that the northward current in the Taiwan Strait seemed to be the extension of SCSWC. A barotropic numerical model is employed to explain some of the observed features. Reasonable simulation of the circulation in the northeast part of SCS has been found.     

对欧拉矢量附加不等式约束的RELSM模型及其应用

借鉴选权拟合思想,对区域地壳运动的整体旋转和线性应变模型中欧拉矢量部分附加不等式约束,将区域地壳运动的欧拉参数约束到由多年观测资料确定的平均欧拉参数值附近,建立附有不等式约束的整体旋转和线性应变模型。对中国大陆构造环境监测网络在环渤海区域的近几期GPS观测速度场数据进行拟合分析,结果表明,本文方法通过不等式约束可适当增强块体整体运动趋势的平滑性,获得对速度场更高的拟合精度,可进一步增强模型的物理解释能力。     

Numerical modeling of neotectonic movements and state of stresses in the central Seismic Gap region,Garhwal Himalaya

This paper presents finite element modeling （FEM） to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust. Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region： the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression, whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension. Correspondingly, thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front. Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front. The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern fiat of Main Himalayan Thrust （MHT） implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya, which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake （M 〉 8）. The comparison between our modeled stress field, faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events, focal mechanism solutions, active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.     

Mesozoic Deformation and Its Geological Significance in the Southern Margin of the South China Sea

The pre-Eocene history of the region around the present South China Sea is not well known. New multi-channel seismic profiles provide valuable insights into the probable Mesozoic history of this region. Detailed structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the multi-channel seismic profiles, calibrated with relevant drilling and dredging data, show major Mesozoic structural features. A structural restoration was done to remove the Cenozoic tectonic influence and calculate the Mesozoic tectonic compression ratios. The results indicate that two groups of compressive stress with diametrically opposite orientations, S(S)E– N(N)W and N(N)W–S(S)E, were active during the Mesozoic. The compression ratio values gradually decrease from north to south and from west to east in each stress orientation. The phenomena may be related to the opening of the proto-South China Sea(then located in south of the Nansha block) and the rate at which the Nansha block drifted northward in the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous. The Nansha block drifted northward until it collided and sutured with the southern China margin. The opening of the present South China Sea may be related to this suture zone, which was a tectonic zone of weakness.     

ON THE ORIGIN AGE OF THE SOUTHWEST BASIN IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

TheSouthChinaSea(SCS)islocatalinthejunCti0noftheEurasian,PacificandIndodeustralianPlates,andisoneofthebiggestrnarginalseasinthewesternPadfic~n.Uyeda(l977)regardedtheSCS'soriginasoneofthebasicprobboincompletelyre-solvedbytheTheoryofPlateTeCtoniesrv).Heaskedfl.Whydoesanarcriseup(theoriginofarcmountains)?2.Whyisthestressinthebackurcbasinregionextensional(theoriginofbackurcbasin)?3.Whyisthernantleintheinnerurcbelthot(theoriginofvohanismandhighgcothermalflow)?Therewermanyviewnointsontheori…     

汶川震后龙门山周边活动地块构造变形及断裂活动

利用1999~2013陆态网络观测资料,计算汶川地震前后龙门山地区周边活动地块应变率场分布及欧拉旋转矢量,基于Okada矩形位错模型,反演块体边界主要断层活动性状,分析研究区域现今构造变形和应变分配,并讨论汶川地震对上述过程的影响。研究表明,巴颜喀拉东部、川西北、滇中等活动地块向南东向运移的同时自身作顺时针旋转;由于龙门山断裂、丽江-小金河断裂等逆冲带对地壳应变的吸收与调整,研究区域地壳变形由西向东逐渐减弱,区域地壳变形以连续渐变为主要特征;汶川地震使巴颜喀拉块体、川西北块体的南东向运移加速,并增强了安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带左旋走滑运动和丽江-小金河断裂的逆冲运动。     

基于接收函数的华南及邻区地壳结构研究

利用华南地块及邻区2007～2012年609个地震台站记录的约900个5.7级以上远震事件,获得各台站的接收函数,通过分析接收函数的形态变化了解各台站下方的地壳结构特征,然后再利用H-κ叠加搜索技术获得各台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比.结果显示,研究区的地壳结构表现为从沿海向内陆逐渐复杂的变化,地壳厚度也表现出由沿海向内陆...     

天山现今地壳运动的形变场分析

对天山地区GPS测量成果进行系统处理,获得了整体天山相对于欧亚大陆的现今地壳运动的212个GPS站速度场结果,再现了受印度板块向北推挤作用下天山地区相对欧亚板块的水平构造变形分布状态。天山地区GPS速度场表明,天山地壳缩短由南向北、由西向东递减,表明板块的推挤作用力随着天山的褶皱变形相应减弱;西天山的变形强于东天山的主要原因可能是西部帕米尔高原对天山的直接俯冲推挤作用的结果;而东天山的构造活动则是塔里木块体对其缓慢推挤的结果。     

Thermo-Rheological Structure and Passive Continental Margin Rifting in the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea,China

To investigate the thermo-rheological structure and passive continental margin rifting in the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),thermo-rheological models of two profiles across the western and eastern QDNB are presented.The continental shelf of western QDNB,having the lowest crustal extension factor,is recognized as the initial non-uniform extension crust model.This regime is referred to as the jelly sandwich-1(JS-1)regime,having a lower crustal ductile layer.The oceanward part of the western QDNB changes from the relatively strong JS-1 to the weak crème br?lée-1(CB-1)regime with a significantly thinned lower crust.However,the crustal extension in the eastern QDNB is significantly higher than that in the western QDNB,with conjugate faults extending deep into the lower crust.The central depression zone of the eastern QDNB is defined as the much stronger JS-2 regime,having a brittle deformation across the entire crust and upper mantle and characteristics of a cold and rigid oceanic crust.Unlike the widespread lower crustal high-velocity layers(HVLs)in the northern margin of the South China Sea,the HVLs are confined to the lower crustal base of the central depression zone of the QDNB.The HVLs of QDNB are the results of non-uniform extension with mantle underplating during the lower crustal-necking stage,which is facilitated by the lower crustal ductile layer and derived by mantle lat-eral flowing.The gigantic mantle low-velocity zone related to the Red River Fault should be a necessary factor for the east-west differential margin rifting process of QDNB,which may drive the lateral flowing in the mantle.     

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青藏高原东南缘现今地壳形变与多尺度应变率场特征

利用青藏高原东南缘1999~2007年与2011~2017年高精度GNSS监测资料,充分顾及GNSS测站非均匀分布的特性,构建青藏高原东南缘地壳形变多尺度球面小波模型,定量分析汶川强震前后该区域地壳形变与不同空间尺度下地壳应变率场变化特征。研究结果表明,汶川强震前后研究区整体地壳运动具有一定继承性发展特征,均在龙门山、安宁河、则木河与小江断裂处形成明显的速度差异梯度带,且高应变率值也主要聚集在上述主干断裂及附近区域;汶川强震后,研究区域整体地壳运动速率量值,特别是龙门山断裂带西北侧地壳运动速度量值显著增大,羌塘、巴颜喀拉与川滇地块也呈现出加速向南东运移并推动华南块体的趋势。不同尺度下的应变率场反映出不同空间范围下区域应变积累特征,青藏高原东南缘区域在尺度因子q=7时的计算结果是合理的（合理的最大尺度因子）;当尺度因子q=6时,能较好地揭示出区域整体构造活动特性,即清晰地揭示出汶川强震后龙门山断裂处呈现出的显著主压应变、面压缩与最大剪应变率高值特征;当尺度因子q=3~7时（最佳组合尺度因子）,可较好地综合揭示出区域地壳大尺度（整体）形变与局部形变特征。汶川强震后,研究区域主干断裂带,特别是震中及其附近区域地震活动性显著增强。