The Recent Interdecadal and Interannual Variation of Water Vapor Transport over Eastern China

The climatological characteristics and interdecadal variability of the water vapor transport and budget over the Yellow River-Huaihe River valleys (YH1) and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys (YH2) of East China were investigated in this study,using the NCEP/NCAR monthly mean reanalysis datasets from 1979 to 2009.Changes in the water vapor transport pattern occurred during the late 1990s over YH1 (YH2) that corresponded with the recent interdecadal changes in the eastern China summer precipitation pattern.The net moisture influx in the YH1 increased and the net moisture influx in the YH2 decreased during 2000-2009 in comparison to 1979-1999.Detailed features in the moisture flux and transport changes across the four boundaries were explored.The altered water vapor transport over the two domains can be principally attributed to the additive effects of the changes in the confluent southwesterly moisture flow by the Indian summer monsoon and East Asian summer monsoon (related with the eastward recession of the western Pacific subtropical high).The altered water vapor transport over YH1 was also partly caused by the weakened midlatitude westerlies.     

1990年代末东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送年代际变化特征及其影响机制

利用1983～2011年降水量、环流和海温的再分析资料,探讨了东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送的年代际变化特征,并分析了前冬北大西洋海温对东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送与大气环流的可能影响。研究结果表明,20世纪90年代末期东亚北部地区夏季整层水汽与降水年代际的变化特征相一致,整层水汽通量的年代际变化主要是由于纬向水汽输送异常作用的结果。东亚北部地区（35°～55°N,90°～145°E）西边界的水汽输送通量由多变少,东边界的水汽输送通量由少变多特征则直接导致了该地区降水由偏多转为偏少的年代际变化。就外强迫海温角度来说,前冬北大西洋海温跟东亚北部地区夏季500 hPa高度场、850 hPa风场和850 hPa比湿均显著相关。同时,在20世纪90年代中后期前冬北大西洋海温也表现出由偏低向偏高转变的年代际变化特征,且由于海温自身的记忆性前冬的海温异常一直延续到夏季。并在夏季激发出横跨北大西洋和欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的大西洋-欧亚（AEA）遥相关结构,并进一步影响东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送。     

A possible abrupt change in summer precipitation over eastern China around 2009

Historical studies have shown that summer rainfall in eastern China undergoes decadal variations, with three apparent changes in the late 1970s, 1992, and the late 1990s. The present observational study indicates that summer precipitation over eastern China likely underwent a change in the late 2000s, during which the main spatial pattern changed from negative–positive–negative to positive–negative in the meridional direction. This change in summer precipitation over eastern China may have been associated with circulation anomalies in the middle/upper troposphere. A strong trough over Lake Baikal created a southward flow of cold air during 2009–15, compared with 1999–2008, while the westward recession of the western Pacific subtropical high strengthened the moisture transport to the north, creating conditions that were conducive for more rainfall in the north during this period. The phase shift of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the late 2000s led to the Pacific–Japan-type teleconnection wave train shifting from negative to positive phases, resulting in varied summer precipitation over eastern China.     

Moisture Flux and Water Balance over the South China Sea During Late Boreal Spring and Summer

Summary  The moisture flux and water balance over the South China Sea (SCS) during late boreal spring and summer are studied using the reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). It is shown that the SCS is a water vapor sink during that period of time. Climatologically, the SCS works like a “reservoir of water vapor” for its special geographical location. In early May, water vapor is brought into the SCS area through its eastern, southern, and western boundaries, and is transported out of that area through its northern boundary. From June to August, the western and southern boundaries of the SCS are inflow passes of moisture flux to that region, while the northern and eastern boundaries are outflow passes. It is the intense convergence of moisture to the SCS area that maintains the local heavy precipitation. The northward branch of moisture flux feeds the precipitation over eastern China. Received May 5, 1999 Revised July 8, 1999     

夏季青藏高原东南部水汽收支气候特征及其影响

采用1961—2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 研究了夏季青藏高原东南部水汽收支的气候特征及其影响效应。结果表明:夏季青藏高原东南部总体上是一个水汽汇区, 平均总收入为39.9×106 kg/s。东亚夏季风的建立、推进对青藏高原东南部的水汽输入有重要影响, 而青藏高原东南部的水汽输出则与夏季我国东部雨带的推进过程密切相关。该区对周边地区的水汽收支有重要影响, 是向我国西北地区东部、长江中下游地区输送水汽的重要通道, 青藏高原东南部的水汽“转运站”效应是长江中下游流域洪涝和北方夏季干旱异常的关键因子之一。青藏高原东南部东、北边界夏季水汽收支均具有准两年周期振荡特征, 并分别与长江中下游、西北地区东部夏季降水的准两年振荡特征具有一定的联系。     

雅鲁藏布江流域夏季降水的年际变化及其原因

本文通过多套观测与再分析降水资料的比较,分析了雅鲁藏布江流域夏季降水的特征,从水汽含量与水汽输送的角度检验了雅鲁藏布江水汽通道的特点,研究了流域夏季降水的年际变化及其原因。分析表明:（1）该流域夏季降水大值位于雅鲁藏布江出海口至大峡谷一带,观测中流域平均降水可达5.8 mm d-1。不同资料表现的降水空间分布一致,但再分析降水普遍强于观测,平均为观测的2倍左右。（2）该流域夏季的水汽主要来自印度洋和孟加拉湾的偏南暖湿水汽输送,自孟加拉湾出海口沿布拉马普特拉河上溯至大峡谷,即雅鲁藏布江水汽通道。水汽收支诊断表明,夏季流域南部（即水汽通道所在处）是水汽辐合中心,流域平均的辐合约9.5 mm d-1,主要来自风场辐合与地形坡度的贡献。（3）不同再分析资料表现的流域降水和水汽分布特征总体一致,但量值差异较大。NCEP（美国国家环境预报中心）气候预报系统再分析资料CFSR、日本气象厅再分析资料JRA-25较欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析ERA-Interim资料更适于研究该流域（青藏高原东南部）的水汽特征,因为后者给出的流域降水和水汽偏强。（4）近30年该流域夏季降水无显著趋势,以年际变率为主。年际异常的水汽辐合（约为气候态的35.4%）源自异常西南风导致的局地水汽辐合（纬向、经向辐合分别贡献了16.5%、83.5%）,地形作用很小。流域夏季降水的年际变化是由印度夏季风活动导致的异常水汽输送造成的,其关键系统是印度季风区北部的异常气旋（反气旋）式水汽输送。     

近46年京津冀地区“夏雨秋下”现象及其成因初探

基于京津冀地区逐日和逐时降水资料,对1970年以来变暖背景下该地区盛夏（7月和8月）和初秋（9月）降水的变化特征分析后:近46年京津冀地区盛夏降水显著减少,在1990年代末由多雨转为少雨位相,降水日变化上,不同时段的降水皆明显减少,其中持续性降水事件的变化对总降水量减少的贡献更大。而初秋降水明显增加,且在2000年代初发生跃变,由少雨转为多雨位相,夜间降水明显增加,并且持续性降水的增加和跃变是初秋降水增加的主要原因。进一步分析发现,日最高气温的变化与短时降水有较好的时间关系,盛夏时最高气温在1997年发生跃变,从较低位相跃变为较高位相,对应的,盛夏短时降水也同年发生跃变,由多雨转为少雨位相。而初秋的最高气温变化不明显,短时降水也没有发生跃变,无明显的变化趋势。此外,在环流场上,2000年代后,盛夏时欧亚中高纬阻高活动加强,阻碍了中纬度西风扰动输送水汽到京津冀地区,东亚急流偏南,京津冀地区上升气流受到抑制,不利于降水产生;而初秋时,输送至京津冀地区的水汽增加,东亚急流偏北,京津冀地区上升气流加强,贝加尔湖地区低槽受到东部高压阻挡,经向环流加强,有利于冷空气的活动,同时,西太平洋副高强度增强位置偏北,有利于降水的形成。东亚海陆热力差指数在初秋的增强反映出东亚夏季风在夏末秋初的南撤过程发生延迟,形成了以上有利于初秋降水的环流形势,导致了“夏雨秋下”的现象的出现。     

中国东部地区夏季降水和环流的年代际转型及其与PDO的联系

利用1951—2013年全国160个测站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和NOAA全球月平均海表温度等资料,分析了中国东部地区夏季降水的年代际转型及相关大气环流变化。研究结果表明,1970s中后期和1990s PDO两次位相转换给中国东部地区夏季降水带来显著的年代际变化,前者使得东亚夏季风进一步减弱,夏季雨带南退至长江中下游地区,后者使得东亚夏季风恢复增强,雨带北移至淮河流域。进一步研究发现,1990s PDO年代际突变导致东亚夏季大气环流场发生显著变化,贝加尔湖地区增暖导致向北的经向温度梯度增大以及副热带高压的东退北抬是导致1990s东部地区夏季降水年代际变化的可能原因。     

MOISTURE TRANSPORT PATHS AND SOURCES OF SOUTH CHINA ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ONSET OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

This study simulated the moisture transport process of southern China annually first rainy season (SCAFRS) using a Lagrangian airflow trajectory model (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory: HYSPLIT), to determine SCAFRS moisture transport characteristics and their relationship with South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM). It is found that the moisture transport paths and sources of SCAFRS are closely related to the onset of SCSSM. Divided by SCSSM onset dates, the moisture transport characteristics of SCAFRS are compared quantitatively. Before the onset of SCSSM, precipitation of SCAFRS mainly comes from western Pacific and eastern China. Their contributions are 24% and 25%, respectively. The amount of water vapor carried along the path coming from Bay of Bengal-South China Sea (BSC) is relatively high, but the contribution rate of this path to SCAFRS precipitation is relatively low. Mainly due to strong precipitation over Bay of Bengal before the onset of SCSSM, this region is a moisture sink, which makes most moisture deposit in this region and only a small portion of water vapor transported to southern China. After the onset of SCSSM, most water vapor is transported to southern China by the southwesterly paths. The Indian Ocean is the main moisture source, which contributes almost 25% to SCAFRS precipitation. The contributions of moisture originating from BSC and eastern China to southern China precipitation after the onset of SCSSM are 21% and 18%, respectively.     

青藏高原西侧地区冬季降水的年际变率及其影响因子

基于全球降水气候中心（GPCC）和全球降水气候计划（GPCP）的降水数据及ERA-interim再分析资料,分析了1979~2012年冬季青藏高原（简称高原）西侧地区降水的基本特征及影响其年际变率的潜在因子。结果表明高原冬季降水主要发生在其西侧地区且为全区变化一致型,降水所需的水汽主要来自上游地区,从该区域的西边界输入。然而,高原西侧地区冬季降水的年际变率主要由水汽输送的动力过程所决定,表现为高原西侧的西南风异常。此外,高原西侧冬季降水的年际变率与其上游典型的大气内部变率北大西洋涛动和北极涛动相关性不强,而与赤道西印度洋和热带中东太平洋的海温显著相关。热带中东太平洋海温异常通过影响大气环流变化,在印度洋北部激发一个反气旋式的环流异常,使得高原西侧地区出现异常西南风,从而加强了水汽通量输送的动力作用。同时在赤道异常东风的作用下,暖水也向印度洋西部输送堆积。赤道中东太平洋海温的异常可进一步导致西风急流发生南北移动,从而也在一定程度上影响了高原西侧冬季水汽输送以及降水的年际变率。     

西南地区东部夏季旱涝的水汽输送特征

利用1959-2006年两南地区东部20个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了西南地区东部夏季旱涝年的水汽输送特征.结果表明,西南地区东部水汽来源主要有两个:第1条主要来自青藏高原转向孟加拉湾经缅甸和云南进入西南地区东部,第2条水汽经由孟加拉湾南部,强大的水汽输送带继续向东输送至中南半岛及南海,与南海越赤道气流所携带的水汽汇合后转向至西南地区东部,而由四太平洋副热带高压西侧转向的偏南水汽对向西南地区东部水汽输送也有影响.与西南地区东部夏季降水相联系的水汽通道中,印度洋水汽通道强度最强,太平洋水汽通道强度最弱.在印度季风区,偏北的高原南侧水汽通道(经向)强度远小于偏南的印度洋水汽通道.东亚季风区夏季水汽输送经向输送大于纬向输送,而印度季风区夏季水汽输送则是纬向输送大于经向输送.西南地区东部夏季降水与纬向通道的强度变化关系密切,而与经向通道的水汽输送强度变化关系不明显.当印度季风区南支水汽输送偏弱时,印度季风区北支(高原南侧)和东亚季风区向西的水汽输送偏强,使得以纬向输送为主的印度季风区经向水汽输送加大,而以经向输送为主的东亚季风区纬向水汽输送加大,从而使东亚地区的水汽输送带偏西,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多,可能出现洪涝,反之则可能出现干旱.西南地区东部夏季水汽有弱的净流出,是一个弱的水汽源区,南边界流入水汽量最多,干旱年整个区域水汽流出较常年明显,而洪涝年则有弱的净流入.夏季水汽通道水汽输送强弱变化与同期500 hPa高度场和SST场的分布形势密切相关.     

山东夏季空中水汽分布和水汽输送特征

利用山东省气象站的降水量资料和JRA-55、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了1962-2016年山东夏季整层大气可降水量、降水转化率、水汽通量及输送路径的分布特征和变化规律,探讨了夏季降水与水汽通量及其散度的相关性和多雨年的水汽来源。结果表明:从常年值来看,山东平均夏季降水量为401.2 mm,大气可降水量为3478.8 mm,降水转化率为11.5%。降水转化率和降水量的时空演变特征更加一致,经向水汽输送和局地水汽通量散度与地面有效降水的关系更加密切,当大气可降水量充沛、外部水汽输送充足并出现局地水汽辐合时,更加有利于山东南部地区降水的发生发展,从而形成夏季降水量和降水转化率气候特征表现出东南地区大于西北地区的空间分布型态。西北太平洋、南海、孟加拉湾和鄂霍茨克海至日本海是造成山东夏季降水异常偏多的重要水汽源地,巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖地区是重要的冷空气输送区域;当山东上游盛行偏西风时,自新疆和青藏高原至内蒙古的狭长带出现异常水汽扰动并发展,是由水汽异常引起的水汽通量异常对山东局地降水异常贡献的主要条件。     

伊犁河谷一次极端强降水事件水汽特征分析

2016年7月31日至8月1日,新疆伊犁河谷发生了一次极端强降水事件,多站突破降水极值。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°和2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、中国地面卫星雷达三源融合逐小时降水产品、新疆地区常规观测资料、基于地基GPS观测的大气可降水量资料及基于拉格朗日方法的HYSPLIT轨迹模式结果,通过对水汽输送流函数、势函数、水汽输送轨迹和暴雨区水汽收支计算,结合伊犁河谷GPS观测分析,揭示了此次强降水期间的大尺度水汽输送、辐合特征及伊犁河谷局地水汽变化特点。结果表明:（1）强降水期间大西洋及红海均对伊犁河谷的水汽供应具有贡献,河谷处于水汽通量辐合区,向西开口的地形辐合和抬升为局地暴雨的发生提供有利的动力辐合条件。低纬度印度夏季风环流和中纬度大西洋向东输送的气流共同构成伊犁河谷极端降水天气的水汽输送通道,其中印度夏季风西南水汽输送主要集中在对流层低层,对流层中层水汽的输送以大西洋向东气流和低槽自身水汽输送为主。（2）HYSPLIT模拟结果表明暴雨区3000 m中纬度偏西路径的水汽输送最为强盛,偏南路径水汽源于阿拉伯海,对流层底层偏西、偏东路径和中层偏北路径水汽通过垂直运动补充对流层低层的水汽;5000 m水汽输送轨迹以偏西路径和低槽自身携带的水汽为主。（3）降水期间水汽集中在对流层低层,通过垂直输送项向高层输送;强降水时段暴雨区对流层低层南边界水汽流入量迅速增强,中高层水汽流入主要集中在西边界。（4）降水前槽前西南气流造成伊犁河谷测站GPS-PWV明显跃升,强降水时段受印度西南季风影响,测站PWV快速增高并维持,局地GPS-PWV的增加与大尺度水汽输送辐合增强有关。     

海表温度的增暖趋势和自然变率对长江中下游夏季极端降水强度的影响

极端降水引起的洪、涝等灾害每年给我国带来极大的人员伤亡和经济损失。全球增暖使极端降水事件发生的频率增加,强度增强。但是针对不同区域极端降水事件,其贡献究竟如何还有待于进一步认识。本文以我国长江中下游地区的极端降水事件为研究对象,通过典型年份夏季区域极端降水过程的水汽收支特征,探讨海表温度（SST）的增暖趋势和自然变率强迫对该区域典型极端降水强度的影响效应。结果表明:（1）极端降水过程及其夏季都伴随着区域整层大气的水汽辐合,且水汽辐合发生在经向方向。西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流,在区域南边界形成了稳定的西南风异常的水汽输送。（2）典型极端降水过程发生的夏季,SST在赤道印度洋和热带大西洋为强正异常,主要为增暖趋势的贡献,赤道中东太平洋SST异常表现为La Ni?a型。（3）SST增暖趋势和自然变率的数值敏感性试验表明,1998、2017和2020年的SST增暖趋势强迫的区域水汽辐合分别是其自然变率强迫的83%、210%和107%,SST增暖趋势比自然变率的影响更为重要。（4）SST增暖趋势和自然变率都是通过强迫西北太平洋异常反气旋式环流,引起长江中下游区域南边界异常的西南水汽输送,是导致极端降水发生的主要过程。     

近50a江淮地区梅雨期水汽输送特征研究

利用1958—2007年ERA再分析风场及气压场资料和APHRO高分辨率逐日降水资料,对近50 a来梅雨期水汽输送的时空特征及其与江淮地区降水的关系进行了研究,发现各条水汽通道对江淮地区梅雨期降水强度及范围的影响程度均不同。梅雨期影响我国降水的水汽输送有显著的年际变化,并且水汽输送强弱年对应江淮地区降水强度也有明显差异。相关分析及合成差值的结果显示,西太平洋水汽输送贡献更大,且西太平洋水汽输送(东南通道)增强时,江淮地区降水增多。印度洋水汽输送的加强会减弱太平洋的水汽输送从而使得江淮少雨。在全球变暖的背景下,西太平洋的水汽输送对降水的增强作用有所减弱而印度洋输送所导致降水强度减弱的范围则明显扩大。自1980年起,江淮降水出现缓慢增多的趋势与全球变暖所导致的东亚环流异常进而影响水汽输送异常相关。     

INVESTIGATIONS ON MOISTURE TRANSPORTS, BUDGETS AND SOURCES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECADAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION IN SOUTHERN CHINA

In the context of global warming, apparent decdal-interdecdal variabilities can be detected in summer precipitation in southern China. Especially around the 1990s, precipitation in South China experienced a phase transition from a deficiency regime to an abundance regime in the early 1990s, while the Yangtze River Valley witnessed a phase shift of summer precipitation from abundance to deficiency in the late 1990s. Pertinent analyses reveal a close relationship between such decadal precipitation shifts and moisture budgets, which is mainly modulated by the meridional component. This relationship can be attributed to large-scale moisture transport anomalies. Further, the HYSPLIT model is utilized to quantitatively evaluate relative moisture contributions from diverse sources during different regimes. It can be found that during the period with abundant precipitation in South China, the moisture contribution from the source of Indochina Peninsula-South China Sea increased significantly, while during the deficient precipitation regime in the Yangtze River Valley, moisture from local source, western Pacific and Indochina Peninsula-South China Sea contributed less to precipitation. It means some new features of relative moisture contributions from diverse sources to precipitation anomaly in southern China took shape after 1990s.     

Statistical properties of moisture transport in East Asia and their impacts on wetness/dryness variations in North China

Dryness and wetness variations in east China were analyzed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation data for 1961?C2005. A drying trend over North China was observed, which can be attributed to decreasing precipitation since the late 1970s. Moreover, NCAR/NCEP reanalysis dataset was used to investigate causes behind the drying trend in North China. The moisture flux on the regional boundaries of East China was calculated and a higher wavelet power spectrum for low-latitude boundaries (based on 20 and 25°N) occurred with significant periods in a 1-year band during 1961?C2005; however, since 1977, a significant 1-year period can no longer be detected on the northern boundary of South China (based on 35°N). The summer moisture flux during 1961?C1977, when compared to the same during 1978?C2005, has increased in East China. Good matches are found between moisture alterations and precipitation changes, and are also confirmed by the periods of moisture transport along different latitudes. The significant 1-year periods of moisture transport along the mid-latitude boundary (based on 35°N) have disappeared since 1977, which could be the causes behind the drought in North China. The disappearance of the significant 1-year band of moisture transport along the mid-latitude boundary (based on 35°N) in the late 1970s could be a result of the significantly decreased moisture transport in North China in summer. When southerly winds are weakened in East Asia, the southwesterly winds can only reach the south of the lower Yangtze River, which is the major cause behind the frequent summer droughts in North China in the recent years.     

Climatological characteristics of the moisture budget and their anomalies over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean

The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean (SIO) is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the cross-equatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and the South China Sea (SCS) to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific (NWNP), and North China (NC) as well as South China (SC) begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China (NEC) and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins (YHRB) have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific (SWNP) in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of El Ni\~no and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific (WNP) is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.     

近60年索马里急流越赤道水汽输送的变化特征及对中国初夏降水的影响

利用近60年(1951-2010年)的NCEP/NCAR再分析风、比湿、地面气压及降水资料,建立了一个越赤道水汽输送强度指数来表征索马里急流的强度,并从季节、年际、年代际变化及突变等不同侧面出发,比较系统地分析了索马里急流越赤道水汽输送强度的变化特征,并进一步分析了它与我国初夏降水异常的关系及这种关系随时间的年代际变化特点.分析结果表明:进入20世纪90年代之后,索马里急流风速强度有明显的减弱趋势,而水汽输送强度无显著变化;与索马里急流风速强度相比,水汽输送强度与我国初夏6月降水量的关系更为密切.索马里急流弱年对应长江以北的华北地区初夏降水偏少,反之亦然.此外,索马里水汽输送对我国北方初夏降水的影响在1982年后明显加强.     

江淮流域2003年强梅雨期的水汽输送特征分析

在分析2003年6月21日到7月11日江淮流域强梅雨期间降水概况和大气环流基本特征的基础上,通过对水汽输送流函数及非辐散分量、势函数及辐散分量及江淮地区水汽收支的分析,表明江淮流域是该时期全球范围内水汽汇的一个高值中心,且水汽通量大值区和水汽辐合区与降水大值区基本一致.从水汽的输送来看,夏季印度风环流和南海夏季风是向江淮流域输送水汽的主要通道.梅雨期内,中层大气中的水汽主要是垂直上升运动对低层水汽的抬升作用,同时,低纬大洋上的水汽也可途经青藏高原后再从西边界向东输入到江淮地区,它的输送有可能增大江淮流域上空对流层中层大气中的水汽含量,从而有利于强梅雨在江淮流域的发生.计算分析还表明2003年强降水从前期的长江流域移到后期的淮河流域,是与大范围的水汽输送和辐合中心北移相联系的,较小空间范围的强暴雨洪涝的发生在有利的大尺度环境下,还与其他条件有关.