渭河断裂咸阳段活动性研究

通过地貌追踪、浅层地震、钻孔联合剖面勘探及探槽开挖等,查明了渭河断裂咸阳段(杨家村—窑店)的展布和最新活动时代。结果表明,渭河断裂咸阳段从咸阳市北侧渭河阶地前缘陡坎通过,考虑到断裂在金家庄、东耳村一带存在一个左阶斜裂区,阶区宽约1 km,可将断裂分为东、西两段,即:杨家村—金家庄段和东耳村—窑店段。断裂总体走向NE,倾向S,倾角65°~75°,为同生正断层。程家村探槽显示断裂错断全新统黑垆土底界15 cm,该层底界14C测年结果为2 255 BP,顶界光释光(OSL)年龄测年结果为(3.7±0.41)ka,说明断裂在全新世有活动。渭河断裂咸阳段自晚更新世以来活动性逐渐减弱,全新世平均活动速率为0.04~0.12mm/a。     

渭河断裂杨家村—窑店段展布及晚第四纪活动特征

渭河断裂杨家村—窑店段西起杨家村,经魏家泉、金家庄、东耳村、陈家台,到达窑店,走向NE,倾向S,长约33km,为同生正断层,沿渭河北岸I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级阶地前、后缘展布。遥感解译、浅层地震探测、探槽、钻孔联合剖面结果表明,渭河断裂杨家村—窑店段在咸阳附近的渭河北岸阶地表现为断层陡坎,与NE向阶地坎重合;断裂在晚更新世晚期至全新世可能仍有活动。渭河断裂杨家村—窑店段自(46.0±3.3)ka以来断距较大,在11.0~16.5m之间;垂直滑动速率在0.34~0.45mm/a之间;断裂最新活动时间约为2.0ka BP。金家庄左阶斜裂区将渭河断裂杨家村—窑店段划分为杨家村—金家庄段和东耳村—窑店段。     

冠县断裂展布及其第四纪活动性研究

冠县断裂是馆陶凸起的东边界断裂,在石油地震勘探剖面给出目标断裂空间位置的基础上,采用浅层地震、钻孔联合剖面等方法获得了冠县断裂的空间展布位置、断层上断点埋深,并综合判定断裂最新活动时代,推测出冠县断裂第四纪仍存在活动迹象,其最新活动时代为中更新世。     

黄土覆盖的阶地陡坎附近渭河断裂活断层探测

陕西咸阳渭河北岸窑店、石何杨、杜家堡渭河断裂活断层探测结果表明,对于有黄土覆盖的、与阶地陡坎重合的活断层探测,要综合采用地形地貌分析、浅层人工地震、钻探和探槽等方法进行。特别是对于钻孔探测,要深、中、浅孔结合。首先用中、深孔确定断层在深部的位置,再用浅孔确定断层在近地表的位置和活动性。由于河流侵蚀,阶地陡坎区的河流相沉积地层是倾斜的,风成的古土壤层披盖在已有的倾斜地层上亦呈倾斜状态,因此,用以上地层判断断层的位置和活动量时,钻孔孔距一定要小,以2～3m为宜,孔距太大,会把侵蚀形成的已有陡坎高度加入断层的错距中,严重放大断层的错动量。探测结果表明,渭河断裂在窑店、石何杨、杜家堡等处与Ⅲ级阶地陡坎重合。该断裂在阶地陡坎上的活动量很小,错断晚更新世第1古土壤层1～2m,远小于2个阶地面的高差。可见,以前认为S1错距4.8m、17.94m是不准确的。     

磁县-大名断裂东段第四纪活动性

依据浅层地震勘探结果、钻孔和重力资料,进一步厘定了磁县-大名断裂东段的空间展布、断层上断点埋深.研究认为该断裂具有分段活动特征,最新活动时代为中—晚更新世,并推测出磁县-大名断裂东延至范县古城镇南一带.     

新乡-商丘断裂永城段第四纪活动特征分析

新乡-商丘断裂是河南省中北部一条规模较大、切割较深的区域性隐伏断裂,为查明新乡-商丘断裂永城段的浅部构造特征和上断点最新活动时代,在永城段开展浅层人工地震勘探工作,获得2条高分辨率、高信噪比的地震反射剖面,通过地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测,并结合区域地质资料对新乡-商丘断裂永城段的上断点位置及活动性进行研究,揭示本断裂上断点进入了第四系上更新统底界,推测其最新活动时代为晚更新世早、中期,是一条隐伏活动断裂。     

渭河断裂深、中、浅和近地表显示

渭河断裂是渭河盆地一条重要的隐伏断裂,对渭河盆地的形成和发展乃至盆地内的地震活动都具有一定的控制作用。文中基于横跨渭河断裂的深地震反射、浅层地震反射、钻孔勘探和槽探等勘探方法取得的探测结果,从深部、中部、浅部以及近地表4个深度,给出了渭河断裂的呈现特点,即最深切割层位、不同深度的产状变化、错距大小、断裂的最新活动时代和活动期次等     

海口市全新世活动海秀断裂存在性判断

海秀断裂近东西向展布于海口市中心,准确厘定其几何位置和最新活动特征对科学评价海口市地震危险性、地震构造和地球动力学具有重要科学意义。本文采用野外地质调查、微地貌测量、浅层人工地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测相结合的方法,针对前人确定的海口市中心城区全新世活动海秀断裂,分别在5个典型地点进行详细研究。首先,通过野外地质调查和微地貌测量,得到其中3个地点的地貌陡坎最大垂直落差为11～15 m;其次,跨地貌陡坎和海秀断裂实施了5条浅层人工地震勘探,结果显示,海秀断裂在地震剖面上反映微弱,断错特征不明显,推测断裂总体活动性较低。为验证该断裂的准确位置和最新活动特征,分别在海港路和人民公园开展了钻孔联合剖面探测,通过详细对比分析钻孔揭示的地层序列和地层年代,未发现因断裂活动导致的构造变形迹象,认为海秀断裂上新世以来在探测深度范围内不存在,海口市现有地貌陡坎应为海蚀阶地坎,可排除断裂陡坎的可能。原断裂沿线区域地震危险性被错误高估,经济建设和发展规划可不考虑该断裂的避让问题。     

西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地段浅层人工地震及钻孔联合探测

在地质调查与盆地区浅层人工地震初步勘探基础上,在西秦岭北缘断裂带漳县盆地隐伏段的盆地内布设了3条浅层人工地震详勘测线,用于精确定位该断层的空间展布,判定其浅地表活动特征。在此基础上,用钻孔联合剖面方法对人工地震探测结果进行验证,同时确定了各地震测线处断层上断点的位置和埋深,通过钻孔揭露断层错断地层的特点,认为西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地隐伏段错断全新统,指示该断层全新世以来活动性较强。     

渭河盆地北缘断裂东段将军山—白水断裂活动性研究

将军山—白水断裂是渭河盆地北缘断裂东段的一分支,位于将军山、东太白山山前,向北东延伸至白水县境内,已有资料及研究成果认为其为晚更新世活动断裂。通过地貌地质调查、音频大地电磁法勘探、浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面探测、第四纪沉积物年代测试等方法,对将军山—白水断裂的展布与活动性进行研究。结果表明该断裂总体走向为NE向,倾向S,为一山前隐伏断裂,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期,未发现晚更新世以来活动的证据,判断其为中更新世活动断层。     

渭河断裂西安段的展布及其结构特征

地震深反射、高分辨率折射和浅层人工地震探测结果表明,渭河北岸断裂由两条断层组成:一条为窑店——张家湾断层,另一条为船张——咀头断层。窑店——张家湾断层从陈家沟, 经窑店镇、前排村、庇李村、吴家村、张家湾到贾家滩,长约22 km,基本呈东西走向;船张——咀头断层从船张,经马北到咀头,长约15 km,近东西走向。渭河断裂为基底和上地壳断裂,错断了TQ、TN、TE和Tg反射层,深约15 km。在深部渭河断裂与次级断层形成ldquo;Yrdquo;字型构造或同向低角度相交。渭河断裂为铲形正断层。该断裂深度在1000 m以浅,具有明显的逆牵引正断层和正牵引正断层的结构特性,并具有同生沉积的特点。渭河断裂是控制盆地沉积的断裂之一,是西安凹陷与咸阳凸起的分界断裂。该断裂从西向东深度逐渐减小,深部在渭河、泾河和灞河三河交汇区与临潼——长安断裂相交,浅部与渭南——泾阳断裂相连。地震探测结果同时表明,渭河南岸断裂不存在。      

DISTRIBUTION OF YANGJIA VILLAGE-YAODIAN SECTION OF WEIHE FAULT AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY

The Yangjia Village-Yaodian segment of Weihe Fault, starting from Yangjia Village in the west, passing through Weijiaquan, Jinjiazhuang, Donger Village, Chenjiatai to Yaodian, occurs as a NE-striking fault dipping south with a total length of 33 kilometers. As a syn-depositional normal fault, it extends along the leading and trail edge of T₁, T₂ and T₃ terrace at the northern bank of Weihe River. Results of remote sensing interpretation, shallow seismic exploration, exploratory trench, and drilling show that the Yangjia Village-Yaodian section of Weihe Fault manifests as fault scarps, overlapping with the NE-extending terrace scarp at the northern bank of Weihe River. Weihe Fault broke the T₁ that can be distinguished on the shallow seismic profile and multiple profiles with broken signs from T₁ to the ground, which is the same with the cracks through the Han Tomb at the top of the exploratory trench in Yangjia Village. It shows that the fault may still be active from the late Pleistocene to Holocene. Through composite drilling section and the analysis of exploratory trench, there is no significant difference in activity between the Yangjia Village-Jinjiazhuang and Donger Village-Yaodian section. This segment has experienced a large displacement event since (46.0±3.3)ka BP, approximately 11.0~16.5m, with a vertical slip rate of 0.34~0.45mm/a. The most recent activity occurred approximately around 2.0ka BP. The left-step en echelon fracture zone at Jingjiazhuang separates this section into two minor ones, Yangjia Village-Jinjiazhuang section and Donger Villag-Yaodian section. Yangjia Village-Yaodian section in Weihe Fault and Yaodian-Zhangjiawan section which was found out in the Xi'an active fault detection and seismic risk assessment project can be combined into the Yangjia Village-Zhangjiawan section.     

Distribution and structural characteristics of the Xi'an Section of the Weihe Fault

The results of seismic deep reflection,high resolution refraction and shallow artificial seismic exploration indicate that the fault on the northern bank of the Weihe river is composed of two faults,one is the Yaodian-Zhangjiawan fault and the other is the Chuanzhang-Zuitou fault.The 22 km long Yaodian-Zhangjiawan fault of EW-striking starts from Chenjiagou via Yaodian town,Qianpai village,Bili village,Wujia town and Zhangjiawan to Jiajiatan.The 15 km long Chuanzhang-Zuitou fault striking near EW starts from Chuanzhang via Mabei to Zuitou.The Weihe fault offset the basement and upper crust,the reflecting layers of TQ,TN,TE and Tg are ruptured at depth of about 15 km.In the deep part,the Weihe fault and the secondary fault form a Y-shaped structure or a synthetic low angle intersection.The Weihe fault is a listric normal fault.The fault has obvious structural characteristics of a reversed-drag normal fault and a normal drag normal fault with the depth of 1 000 m,and also has the characteris-tics of syngenetic sediment.The Weihe fault is one of the faults which control the basin sediment,and it is the boundary fault of Xi’an depression and Xianyang salient.The depth of the fault decreases from the west to east gradually,the deep part intersects with the Lintong-Chang’an fault at the intersection part of Weihe River,Jinghe River and Bahe River and the shallow part connects with the Weinan-Jingyang fault.The seismic exploration re-sults indicate that no fault exists on southern bank of the Weihe River.     

马袅-铺前断裂中段全新世活动特征研究

本文采用地球物理勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测相结合的方法,分别在林海三路和桃兰村展开探测,通过分析断层上断点埋深、断错地层序列和地层年龄,获得了马袅-铺前断裂的全新世活动特征。2排联合钻孔剖面均揭露出断面,断裂上断点埋深9.2—10.5m,从而准确厘定了马袅-铺前断裂中段的空间位置。钻探结果显示,马袅-铺前断裂分为近东西向平行分布的南、北2支,呈阶梯状发育,具正倾滑性质,倾向北,倾角约70°。其中,北支为第四纪早期次级断裂,南支为全新世活动性较强的主断裂。同时,钻孔揭示深度内该断裂段第四纪以来的垂直位移量约为4—6m,7965—7408a BP以来断裂有过活动,垂直位移量约1—2m,垂直位移速率约为0.26±0.1mm/a。     

渭河盆地北缘断裂带活动特征的初步研究

本文从渭河盆地北缘断裂的形成和活动时代,活动特征等资料出发,结合北缘断裂带及整个盆地历史地震活动和新生界地层发育特征的综合分析,对北缘断裂带的活动期次,主要断层的运动幅度和滑动速率及其时空演变规律和机制等问题进行了探讨。文章指出,北缘断裂带的形成是一个由盆地中心向北逐渐扩展的过程,自上新世起,断层活动明显有东强西弱的变化特征,而且扩展方向也发生了偏转。这一转变及活动强度的东西差异与山西剪切带对渭河盆地的影响密切相关     

渭河盆地断层活动的横向迁移

断裂活动的横向迁移是断裂发展演化过程中的一种普遍现象. 在渭河盆地这种现象也较为常见，特征比较典型. 本文以蓝田南侧王顺山山前断裂活动向其北侧的骊山山前断裂和渭南塬前断裂的迁移，骊山凸起西北侧临潼¾长安断裂带内大鲍陂¾牛角尖次级断层的强烈活动向神峪寺¾肖家寨次级断层的迁移，以及渭河盆地中西部宝鸡与泾阳间一系列北西向断裂活动的横向迁移为例，分析和讨论了它们各自的迁移时段及迁移过程，为充分认识这些地区的构造发展和地貌演化历史，深刻把握渭河盆地内最新的控制性活动断裂，更加切近实际地估计每一条断裂的地震危险性提供了帮助.      

渭河盆地断裂活动速率的粒子群算法反演

渭河盆地是我国典型的断陷盆地,是中国大陆地裂缝活动、地面沉降活动最剧烈的地区之一.本文利用2004-2007年间的GPS数据,采用粒子群算法与位错理论模型相结合,对渭河盆地主要断裂的三维滑动速率进行了反演计算分析.结果表明:(1)断裂活动性质与地质测量方法获得的结果基本一致:除韩城—华县断裂以张裂为主外,渭河盆地主要断裂均以正倾滑为主,并具有走滑特征,呈张裂的运动趋势;(2)从滑动速率来看,秦岭北侧大断裂速率最大,可达4.5 mm/a.固关—宝鸡断裂活动最小,活动速率仅为1 mm/a左右;(3)在趋势上与现有的地质资料基本一致,以EW向断裂活动最强,NE方向较强,而NW方向较弱,并且分布上呈现南强北弱的特征.     

THE COSEISMIC VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1556 HUAXIAN EARTHQUAKE

Coseismic displacement plays a role in earthquake surface rupture, which not only reflects the magnitude scale but also has effect on estimates of fault slip rate and earthquake recurrence intervals. A great historical earthquake occurred in Huaxian County on the 23^rd January 1556, however, there was lack of surface rupture records and precise coseismic vertical displacements. It's known that the 1556 Huaxian earthquake was caused by Huashan front fault and Weinan plateau front fault, which are large normal faults in the east part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe Basin controlling the development of the basin in Quaternary. Here, we made a study on three drilling sites in order to unveil the coseismic vertical displacements. It is for the first time to get the accurate coseismic vertical displacements, which is 6m at Lijiapo site of Huashan front fault, 7m at Caiguocun site, and 6m at Guadicun site of Weinan plateau front fault. These coseismic displacements measured based on same layers of drilling profiles both at footwall and hanging wall are different from the results measured by former geomorphological fault scarps. It's estimated that some scarps are related with the nature reformation and the human beings' activities, for example, fluviation or terracing field, instead of earthquake acticity, which leads to some misjudgment on earthquake displacements. Moreover, the vertical displacements from the measurement of geomorphological scarps alone do not always agree with the virtual ones. Hence, we assume that the inconsistency between the results from drilling profiles and geomorphological scarps in this case demonstrates that the fault scarp surface may have been demolished and rebuilt by erosion or human activities.     

银川隐伏断层钻孔联合剖面探测

为获取银川隐伏断层近地表断错、上断点埋深、最新活动时代及滑动速率等信息,在浅层地震勘探基础上,沿断层自北向南横跨主断层布施了新渠梢、满春和板桥3条钻孔联合剖面,确定了主断层在3条剖面上的准确位置,获得主断层上断点埋深分别为5·18~8·30m(新渠梢)、5·01~6·50m(满春)和10·0~13·59m(板桥)。结合测年数据分析:新渠梢剖面断层全新世活动,晚更新世末期以来滑动速率为0·14mm/a;满春剖面断层也是全新世活动,但晚更新世末期以来滑动速率为0·05mm/a;板桥剖面断层全新世不活动。综合地震勘探资料进一步分析认为,以银古路为界,目标区银川隐伏断层分南北2段:北段属全新世活动断层,且自北向南活动强度呈减弱趋势,南段属晚更新世末期活动断层;北段活动强度显著大于南段