1998年夏、冬季南海水团分析

为了解南海水团的特征和分布 ,基于 1 998年夏季和冬季两个航次的实测资料 ,采用聚类分析、判别分析和模糊分析方法 ,对南海的水团进行了分析。结果表明 ,南海外海水可划分为 6个水团 ,即南海表层水团、南海次表层水团、南海次 中层混合水团、南海中层水团、南海深层水团和南海底盆水。越南附近夏季存在一个暖涡 ;1 998年夏季还可鉴别出黑潮表层水团和黑潮次表层水团 ,但在冬季观测期间无黑潮水越过 1 1 9.5°E经线进入南海 ;这些现象可能与厄尔尼诺现象有关联。夏季有苏禄海海水在 5 0— 75m层经由民都洛海峡侵入南海     

黄、东海域春季水团的划分、判别与分析

本文对黄、东海邻接海域5—6月份的水团进行了划分和分析。水团的划分是用经过改进的逐步聚类分析法。对划分的结果,再用Bayes多组判别方法进行判别分析检验。证实所划出的11个水团,具有统计学要求的差异显著性,回代判别成效高达90％以上,说明划分是有实际意义的。这11个水团是:沿岸冲淡水(D),黄海表层水(Y),黄海底层冷水(YC),黄—东海混合水(YE),东海表层水(E),东海次表层水(EU),黑潮表层水(KS),黑潮次表层水(KU),黑潮次—中层混合水(KM),黑潮中层水(KI)和黑潮深层水(KD)。 用地理学和统计学的方法,对各水团进行了综合分析。给出了各水团特征的统计指标,讨论了它们的形成机制与分布变化特点。可将它们归并为三个水系:冲淡水系;混合水系和黑潮水系。对各水系、水团之间的相互关系进行了讨论,指出它们具有逐级变性的明显的规律性。     

1998年夏、冬季南海的水团及其与太平洋的水交换

根据 1998年夏季和冬季 2个航次的实测资料 ,对南海的水团进行划分和分析 ,并利用1997年 7月和 12月的实测资料 ,对巴士海峡 (吕宋海峡 )和民都洛水道附近的温盐分布进行分析。1998年冬季的资料分析结果表明 ,可将南海外海水划分为 6个水团 ,即南海表层水团 (S)、南海次表层水团 (U)、南海次 -中层混合水团 (UI)、南海中层水团 (I)、南海深层水团 (D)和南海底盆水(B)。 1998年夏季还可在南海中鉴别出黑潮表层水团 (KS)和黑潮次表层水团 (KU) ,但在冬季观测期间无黑潮水越过 119.5°E经线进入南海 ;夏季有苏禄海水在 5 0～ 75 m层经民都洛水道侵入南海。然而 ,1997年夏季和冬季的资料分析表明 :夏、冬两季都有大洋水通过吕宋海峡北段进入南海 ,南段有南海水流入太平洋。这些现象可能与 1998年前后的厄尔尼诺有关。     

冬季东海黑潮上层水变化特征的分析

东海黑潮水团是东海海域的主要水团。夏季,东海黑潮水团一般划分为四层结构:黑潮表层水、黑潮次表层水、黑潮中层水和黑潮深层水。在冬季,由于大陆沿岸水系势力减弱,以及强烈的表层冷却产生的垂直对流作用,使黑潮表层水变性而和次表层水融为一体,从而使海面至400米层左右的黑潮水体呈现高盐特征。因此,冬季的东海黑潮水团变为三层结构,即黑潮上层水、黑潮中层水和黑潮     

南海北部及巴士海峡附近的水团分析

为解释黑潮水进入南海的方式 ,通过对 2 0 0 2年 5月 2 9日～ 6月 6日在南海及巴士海峡附近太平洋海域观测所得的资料进行水团分析 ,以四边形水团定量分析方法得到各水团在海区内的分布状况 ,同时分析了温度、盐度、密度和溶解氧的分布 ,并对在相同深度层次上的南海水和黑潮水性质进行了比较。观测海域的水团分为表层水团 (SW ) ,次表层水团 (SSW ) ,中层水团 (IW )和深层水团 (DW ) ,分别处于 0～ 5 0m ,5 0～ 3 0 0m ,40 0～ 10 0 0m ,10 0 0m以深。黑潮水进入南海 ,但是势力较弱 ,未能越过 119.5°E深入南海。     

模糊目标函数聚类算法及其在东海黑潮水团分析中的应用

由于受陆架海区气候、海底地形等影响,使东海黑潮及其邻近海域的水团划分与分析较为困难,本文应用模糊目标函数的聚类算法对这个海区的水团进行了划分与分析,文中详细地叙述了这种算法的基本原理与计算步骤,包括对原始样本资料进行加权处理,利用Fuzzy伪F统计比率选择子模式样本确定水团个数和利用隶属度公式确定水团边界以及逐步修正模糊协方差矩阵和聚类中心的过程,由于采用这种方法,该海域的水团得到了一种最佳的划分.本文采用1986年5、6月中日合作黑潮调查资料进行计算,计算结果表明,本海区存在属于两种基本类型的8个水团和一个混合区,它们是:一、黑潮水:1.黑潮表层水(K_f);2.黑潮次表层水(K_s);3.黑潮中层水(K_c).二、混合水:1.东海混合水(E);2.福建东北部海域混合水(F_em);3.黄海上层混合水(Y_f);4.对马暖流表层水(T_suf);5.屋久岛南部海域表层水(U_f),此外,有一个混合区(M_k).     

水团多元隶属函数的拟合与应用

探讨多元隶属函数的拟合,提出了变性水团三元隶属函数的三种拟合方法,其中模糊平面截割拟合方法可适用于更多要素的水团划分及分析。使用1987年5～6月的调查资料,对黄、东海邻接海域的水团建立了、S、O_2三元隶属函数,得出了一些有益的结论;尤其在划分该海区的三大水系及对东海次表层水团和黑潮次-中层混合水团的鉴别中,更显示了模糊分析的优越性。     

日欲解黑潮续流海域环境之谜

日本水产厅从5月21日至6月18日,使用“照洋丸”渔业调查船,在北太平洋中部黑潮续统周边海域实施有关海洋表层水团形成过程和变动的海洋环境调查,欲弄清黑潮续流海域的海洋之谜。黑潮续流海域在北太平洋是释放热量最大的海域,其周边海域呈现出黑潮和亲潮两种不同性质水团的复杂海况,通过大气和海洋的相互作用,形成具有浓厚的混合层水团,在黑潮续流北侧形成北太平洋中央式水团,在南侧的再循环海域形成北太平洋亚热带式水团。     

黄、东海海域水团发育对底质沉积物分布的影响

通过对黄、东海海域底质沉积物中的细粒级粘土矿物组合特征和全粒级碳酸盐含量分析、对比上覆水团和悬浮体资料，探讨研究区水团发育消长对底质沉积物分布的影响作用。结果表明研究区可以划分为长江冲淡水影响的长江型物质沉积区；黄海水影响的黄河型物质沉积区和黑潮水以及东海次表层水影响的残留型物质沉积区。而水团发育消长可直接影响下伏底质的分布特征。黄河型物质沉积区与残留型物质沉积区的分界相应于黄海冷水向东南扩展与黑潮次中层混合水向陆架爬升互为消长的长期综合平衡位置，而黄海冷水向东南的扩展范围代表着黄河物质在陆架向东南扩展沉积的最大范围．     

春末黄东海海域溶解氧分布特征与水团相互关系探讨

采用1987年5－6月中日合作黄东海海域综合调查溶解氧资料，参考有关文献，讨论调查海域溶解氧分布特征及与水团的对应关系。分析结果表明，各水团中溶解氧含量的差异与各水团温盐特性及生物地球化学过程不同有关。通过分析还发现溶解氧对鉴别次表层以深各水团，特别对东海次表层水及黑潮次表层以深各水团，是一个重要的指标。     

Unusual behavior of the Kuroshio Current System from winter 1996 to summer 1997 revealed by ADEOS-OCTS and other data— Suggestion of topographically forced alternating-jet instability

While the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) was operating, the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension, or the Kuroshio Current System, exhibited unusual behavior from the winter of 1996 to the summer of 1997. This behavior of the Kuroshio Current System has been closely studied using a time series of satellite observation images of SST and ocean color obtained by ADEOS-OCTS, reinforced by SST images obtained by NOAA-AVHRR. Our findings include (i) a long lasting, very southerly path of the Kuroshio Extension; (ii) a Kuroshio path very distant from Japan with the following alternating-jet-like north-south flow pattern of the Kuroshio Extension, which occurred twice, once in February and once in April 1997, as independent events and which was observed to be affected by the bottom topography of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge and Trench, and of the Japan Trench; (iii) cutting off of a cold water mass after the February event; and (iv) the formation of a vortex pair after the April event. A new mechanism is suggested for the formation of the alternating-jet flow pattern: a topographically forced alternating-jet instability (AJI). An SST-Chlorophyll Diagram (T-Chl Diagram) generated using simultaneous data from a single satellite is useful for analyzing the water mass structure of this region, including biological processes.     

东海东北部夏季水文状况的研究

本文主要根据韩国海洋研究所通过东海沿岸海洋过程试验（即COPEX－ECS）收集的CTD资料,较详细地研究了东海东北部夏季的水文状况．文中首先分析了夏季出现在该海域最重要的几件海洋现象．其中主要包括长江冲淡水的东向扩展,黄海底层冷水南向插入,以及黑潮水的爬升和渗透。然后,使用t－S分析法,并参考有关研究成果,对东海东北部夏季水团进行了划分,并重点探讨了黑潮水和对马暖流水的结构特征。最后,本文讨论了朝鲜／对马海峡东、西水道夏季水文结构的差异问题。     

进入中国南海的黑潮脱落中尺度涡的特征——基于OFES模式数据

自黑潮脱落并由吕宋海峡进入中国南海的中尺度涡(简称脱落涡旋)对黑潮与南海的水体交换、热量及物质输送等过程均有十分重要的作用。基于1993—2013年OFES(OGCM for the Earth Simulator)模式数据产品,分析研究了脱落涡旋的统计特征及其温盐流三维结构,并与卫星观测结果进行对比分析。OFES模式的海表面高度数据和卫星高度计数据的统计结果都表明气旋式脱落涡旋(脱落冷涡)绝大部分在黑潮西侧边缘生成,反气旋式脱落涡旋(脱落暖涡)则大部分在黑潮控制区(包括黑潮流套区)生成,脱落暖涡的数量远多于脱落冷涡的。OFES模式数据得到的脱落涡旋个数和出现频率较卫星观测结果要明显偏低。此外,由OFES模式数据得到的脱落涡旋三维结构表明,黑潮控制区和黑潮西侧边缘生成的脱落冷涡的流场垂向影响深度差异较大,而脱落暖涡的流场垂向影响深度一般达水深1000 m以深,脱落涡旋的位势温度的垂向影响深度与该涡的流场垂向影响深度相当,其盐度的垂向影响深度则较浅;脱落涡旋的温盐结构受黑潮的影响较大。     

Hydrographic structure of the Kuroshio large meander-cold water mass region down to the deeper layers of the ocean

The hydrographic structure of the region of large meander of the Kuroshio and the large cold water mass, which were formed in 1975, was observed down to the ocean bottom, during three cruises of the R/VHakuho Maru in September 1975, September 1976, and December 1977. The analysis of observed data indicates the following common features: the horizontal gradient of the specific volume anomaly exists down to a 3,500 db surface, corresponding to the existence of baroclinic geostrophic current down to this depth. These facts demonstrate that the current of the Kuroshio is not confined to the upper layer during periods of existence of the large meander. On a T-S diagram, the Kuroshio water and the water in the large cold water mass can be discriminated down to a 5°C surface, but there is evidence of mixing due to conspicuous interleaving between the two water masses, near the thermocline. Below the thermocline, water types defined by points on the T-S diagram can be traced from a deeper level in the Kuroshio water to a shallower level in the cold water mass, indicating that in the deeper layers the Kuroshio water continues to be uplifted toward the center of the cold water mass. The same inference is also obtained from the distribution of dissolved oxygen.     

State Estimation of the North Pacific Ocean by a Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Experiment

A four-dimensional variational data assimilation system has been applied to an experiment to describe the dynamic state of the North Pacific Ocean. A synthesis of available observational records and a sophisticated ocean general circulation model produces a dynamically consistent dataset, which, in contrast to the nudging approach, provides realistic features of the seasonally-varying ocean circulation with no artificial sources/sinks for temperature and salinity fields. This new dataset enables us to estimate heat and water mass transports in addition to the qualification of water mass formation and movement processes. A sensitivity experiment on our assimilation system reveals that the origin of the North Pacific Intermediate Water can be traced back to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea in the subarctic region and to the subtropical Kuroshio region further south. These results demonstrate that our data assimilation system is a very powerful tool for the identification and characterization of ocean variabilities and for our understanding of the dynamic state of ocean circulation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Altimeter Measurements of Wind and Wave Modulation by the Kuroshio in the Yellow and East China Seas

The Kuroshio is the major ocean current conveying heat and water mass in the Pacific Ocean. The impact of the Kuroshio on regional wind and wave distributions has been studied with spaceborne-altimeter measurements in the Yellow and East China Seas. In this region the Kuroshio trajectory is relatively stationary and the monsoon patterns dominate, making it an ideal natural laboratory for large scale air-sea-current interaction research. Major findings from this study include: (a) The Kuroshio exerts significant influence on the wind and wave distributions over a swath about 800-km wide along its path. (b) Seasonal average wind speeds reach a maximum near the Kuroshio axis. The magnitude of enhancement ranges between 20 and 50 percent. (c) The distribution of the surface wave heights displays similar spatial patterns to the wind-speed distribution. The Kuroshio effects on wave heights are further complicated by the hydrodynamic modulation of wave-current interaction and the influence of thermal stratification on wind-wave generation. (d) Kuroshio effects are most prominent in the first and last quarters of the year, and least prominent in the third quarter.     

Numerical simulation of the upper ocean currents in South China Sea

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Low frequency current variability on the shelf break northeast of Taiwan

A buoy-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler was deployed on the shelf break off the northeast coast of Taiwan to monitor current variations in the upper ocean. The acquired data show that the flow in the upper water column was initially southwest and then abruptly turned northwest. This abrupt change occurred in mid-October, starting from the surface layer and then gradually extending to the deeper layer. In contrast with this flow, the flow in the lower water column was southwest over the entire record, but its amplitude was reduced after the middle of October. The abrupt change of current from southwest to northwest is related to the intrusion of Kuroshio. Examination of two CTD casts showed the salinity of the upper ocean to have increased after the directional shift in mid-October, further indicating the Kuroshio intrusion. The sea level data at Keelung provided other evidence for the intrusion of Kuroshio. The sea level descended as the intrusion occurred and kept the low value until the end of the record. The northwest flow, which carried the water away from the northern coast of Taiwan, is responsible for this descent. Although the intrusion of Kuroshio was mainly confined to the upper ocean, it did have influence on the whole water column. Examination of the wind record at Pengchiayu showed that the time of Kuroshio intrusion was not coincident with the intensification of the northeasterly monsoon. The local wind and the current at 20 m were incoherent. Both the variation of Kuroshio current and the fluctuation of Kuroshio path may be responsible for the variation of the local current. Since the intrusion of Kuroshio has a weak relationship with local wind variation, it appears to be induced by non-local factors.     

A study of the chemical composition and transport of marine aerosols over the ocean near China

In this paper the authors cite the aerosol samples collected with a KA-200 Anderson cascade Impactor and a KB-120 sampler during the first cruise of the Kuroshio investigation operated by the People's Republic of China and Japan cooperative program, from July 23 to August 21, 1987. The concentration size distributions and composition of marine aerosols over the Kuroshio area are analyzed. Neutron activation analysis is used to determine the elemental composition of the aerosols. The authors also discuss some characteristics of marine aerosols relating to long-range transport of crustal and anthropogenic elements from the continent to the remote ocean. Analytical results indicate that elements Al, Fe, Sc and Sb over this area are obviously influenced by the continent of Asia, and the size distributions are changed after long-range transport. The concentration of large particles increase. The concentrations of the elements C1 and Na are closely related to ocean conditions; the source of the elements Cl an