棉花与气象

主要阐述棉花生产与气象的关系。首先，根据气象条件的分析，指出１９９２－１９９５年棉花生育期内不同时段气象条件的异常和灾害性天气的影响，是造成这几年棉花减产的重要原因之一；给出棉花生育期光热指标；最后提出，根据气象条件分析，制定棉花生产的三项保护性措施。     

雹灾棉的管理及补救措施

冰雹是周口市农业生产上的一大灾害性天气，一般以春、夏之交最为频繁，此时棉花正值花蕾期，是首当其冲的易受害作物，如及时采取补救措施，雹灾棉田仍可取得较好收成。     

SWAN系统灾害性天气监测模块的二次开发与应用

应用C#语言编程,针对河南省本地业务需求,对灾害性天气短时临近预报业务系统(简称SWAN系统)灾害性天气监测模块进行了二次开发,实现了实时业务运行。添加了SWAN系统服务器端灾害性天气实时监测模块的监测功能,使系统服务器端定时处理雷暴和冰雹灾害性天气报文、及时准确地生成雷暴和冰雹灾害性天气监测产品,改进了客户端灾害性天气实时报警功能,使客户端界面能直接清晰地显示灾害性天气图标而非灾害性天气信息提示框,解决了实际业务中强对流天气多发时段内SWAN系统客户端显示界面灾害性天气监测产品与其他预警、预报产品之间辨别困难的不足。通过2014年7月一次河南省大范围强对流天气实例,对比分析了二次开发前后该系统在实际业务中的应用情况可知:对灾害性天气监测模块进行二次开发后的SWAN系统平台有助于预报员更及时、快捷地了解灾害性天气实况,在河南夏季强对流天气多发时段的灾害性天气监测和预警预报工作中具有更良好的应用效果。     

濮阳市高速公路灾害性天气预报

分析了濮阳市高速公路上大雾、大雪、暴雨等灾害性天气的预报因子，灾害性天气对高速公路的影响，提出了相应的气象服务建议。     

基于多源数据的北疆春季 霜冻指标检验及其应用

为检验春季霜冻灾害和棉花播种及出苗期间的各温度指标，本文选用北疆1120个气象站和空间分辨率5km×5km的CLDAS多源融合实况数据，对2021年4月北疆春季霜冻灾害性天气中的平均气温、最低气温、最大降温幅度、温度≤0℃和温度≤12℃所有时刻的平均气温和累计小时数在北疆棉花主产区进行检验。利用气象站点数据、结合实地调查验证CLDAS数据在霜冻灾害性天气中的可用性，结果表明：CLDAS数据在均方根误差、气温预报准确率、平均气温和最低气温分布上对比地面气象站数据可信度较高，但在降温幅度、≤0℃分布区域和≤12℃持续时间上局部略有差别，总体来看在没有地面观测站点区域，CLDAS温度数据可代表当地温度，为分区域、分作物、分灾种精细服务到田间地头提供基础保障。     

江西省2001年4～6月天气气候影响评述

4～ 6月是我省油菜、冬小麦等越冬作物成熟收获，早稻、棉花、花生等作物播种育苗的关键时期。 2001年 4月全省大部时段光温适宜，未出现低温连阴雨天气，天气条件对早稻、棉花、花生等春播作物的播种育苗及油菜结荚、冬小麦壮籽有利；全省早稻基本上未出现烂种烂秧现象，且秧苗长势良好，素质高。受强对流天气影响， 4月中、下旬冰雹、龙卷风、暴雨等灾害性天气使我省部分地区农业生产受到影响。 4月 20日、 28日，金溪、吉安、宜春等地暴雨成灾，吉安市农田受灾面积 15 207hm2，成灾面积 8 273hm2，绝收面积 1 378hm2；抚州的 4个乡镇出…     

灾害性天气总结中存在的问题和关键要点分析

为了帮助预报员加深对灾害性天气的认识并提高其预报预测准确率,联系近2～3年来武汉中心气象台灾害性天气总结实际,分析了灾害性天气总结中存在的若干问题,并对其原因进行了简要剖析;在此基础上,以若干灾害性天气总结为例,归纳了灾害性天气总结的关键要点,即从预报业务实践中提炼科学问题,综合应用多种探测资料,重视灾害性天气数值模拟和试验研究,加强灾害性天气形成机理研究,尝试灾害性天气三维结构和物理图像的总结,加强灾害性天气可预报性问题探讨,注重灾害性天气预报思路和着眼点的总结;最后,就如何做好灾害性天气总结和充分发挥其效益,提出了几点建议。     

热带气旋外围环流和广州灾害性高温关系的研究

利用1983-2004年6-9月常规天气资料、广州单站数据和此期间热带气旋年鉴资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，并定义连续3天或以上日最高气温≥35℃为一次灾害性高温天气过程，对广州灾害性高温天气和热带气旋活动的关系进行了分析，结果发现：（1）广州市的灾害性高温天气的出现和热带气旋外围环流紧密相关，且37℃以上的灾害性高温天气主要出现在广州市东南或偏东方向400—1600km范围内的洋面或海面有热带气旋活动时；（2）副热带高压控制下的强烈太阳辐射是广州灾害性高温出现的基础，而热带气旋外围下沉气流导致的强下沉增温是重要因素。     

雹灾棉的管理及补救措施

冰雹是周口市农业生产上的一大灾害性天气,一般以春、夏之交最为频繁,此时棉花正值花蕾期,是首当其冲的易受害作物,如及时采取补救措施,雹灾棉田仍可取得较好收成.     

市级灾害性天气应急服务系统

灾害性天气应急服务系统是市级气象台根据实际工作需要,研制开发的灾害性天气监测、预报预警业务系统。系统实现了对灾害性天气的实时监测,预警信息编辑、制作和发布,灾情快速评估及极端灾害性天气预报应急服务等功能。介绍了系统的功能特点和业务应用情况。为市级台站做好灾害性天气监测、预报和预警应急服务等工作提供了可借鉴的思路。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.