加拿大安大略地区太古代和古生代的科马提岩

自Viljon及Viljon(1969)对南非巴伯顿地区太古代熔岩深入研究并提出科马提岩这一概念以来,全球各地对科马提岩的研究已有了很大的进展。近年来,国内也有不断发现太古代和其它较新时代类似科马提岩石的报道,并受到人们越来越多的关注。加拿大安大略地区是目前科马提岩研究程度较高的地区,现将Arndt等对该区的研究成果介绍于下。 (一) Munro太古代科马提岩 Munro位于安大略东北部太古代阿伯蒂比绿岩带,包括两种岩浆系列的深成岩和火山岩:(1)富铁拉斑玄武岩系列(厚3—10米),由玄武岩至英安岩熔岩流、层状橄榄岩—辉岩—辉长岩熔岩流(厚120米)和层状岩床(厚700米)组成;(2)超镁铁质、镁铁质科马提岩系列,由橄榄岩至安山岩不连续熔岩     

山东蒙阴苏家沟科马提岩的特征及其意义

科马提岩作为太古代绿岩带的一个标志,一直受到广大地质工作者的重视.最近,在蒙阴县坦埠镇苏家沟村发现的具典型鬣刺结构科马提岩,进一步证实了鲁西地区是华北地台上乃至世界上最典型的太古代绿岩带之一,为鲁西地区太古代绿岩带及其矿产的研究提供了新的信息.苏家沟科马提岩呈透镜状残留体赋存于前寒武纪花岗质岩石中,主要由蛇纹石化橄榄科马提岩、透闪石岩、阳起透闪片岩、绿泥透闪片岩、黑云阳起片岩等组成,具典型的鬣刺结构和变余鬣刺结构.其岩石学、岩石化学及结构等特征与世界典型地区科马提岩极为相似,属橄榄科马提岩.     

澳大利亚Kambalda科马提岩型镍矿成矿模型

<正>澳大利亚硫化物型镍矿床与3种地质背景的超基性岩和/或基性岩有关:(1)侵位于花岗岩与绿岩带之间裂谷带的太古代科马提岩;(2)侵位于太古代克拉通与古元古代造山带之间裂谷带的前寒武纪拉斑玄武质基性-超基性侵入体;(3)不同年代和产出背景的热液-活化矿床。其中,科马提岩型硫化镍矿床是最重要的,占澳大利亚已探明     

山东蒙阴苏家沟科马提岩的特征及其意义

科马提岩作为太古代绿岩带的一个标志，一直受到广大地质工作者的重视，最近，在蒙阴县坦力家沟村发现的具典型鬣刺结构斜马提岩，进一步证实了鲁西地区是华北地台上乃至世界上最典型的太古代绿岩带之一，为鲁西地区太古代绿岩带及其矿产的研究提供了新的信息。苏家沟科马提岩呈透镜状残留体赋存于前寒武纪花岗质岩石中，主要由蛇纹石化橄榄科马提岩，透闪石岩、阳起透闪片岩，绿泥透闪片岩，黑云阳起片岩等组成，具典型的鬣刺结构和变余鬣刺结构，其岩石学，岩石化学及结构等特征与世界典型地区科马提岩极为相似，属橄榄科马提岩。     

赣东北地区早前寒武纪超基性熔岩—层状侵入岩的初步研究

赣东北地区早前寒武纪超基性熔岩—层状侵入岩是扬子克拉通绿岩带的残块。科马提岩为橄榄质;稀土特征表明以Ⅱa型(重稀土亏损型中的轻稀土富集亚类)科马提岩为主,可能有Ⅲ型(重稀土富集型)科马提岩。(La/Sm)_N值>2说明其源区已被富轻稀土的液体或岩浆流体交代过。扬子克拉通的花岗—绿岩带地体的地球化学特征意味着晚太古代时它与南非克拉通有更密切的联系。     

鲁西科马提岩研究进展

太古宙地幔的热状态是研究早期历史的核心问题之一,而科马提岩是研究早期热状态最直接的标本.科马提岩是一种无水MgO含量大于18%,具鬣刺结构的一种超镁铁质火山岩[1];它是太古代绿岩带的重要标志,被认为是高度熔融的地幔柱的产物[2,3],记录了大量地球深部过程的直接信息,其成分特征可以用来示踪太古宙地幔熔融的深度和温度并反演其形成过程[4,5].因此对了解太古代地幔的组成、热状态以及太古代绿岩带的层序和构造背景具有重要的地球化学和动力学意义6.     

澳大利亚伊尔岗克拉通科马提岩型镍矿成矿作用及找矿方法

澳大利亚西部伊尔岗克拉通卡尔古利地体是世界上太古宙与科马提岩有关的硫化物镍矿床最为集中的地区。该区科马提岩型硫化镍矿床主要有两大类型:①由高品位的块状、海面陨铁状和网状矿石组成,赋存于科马提岩熔岩流(主要为火山橄榄岩)底部,以卡姆巴尔达矿床为代表;②以低品位的浸染状镍硫化物矿石为主,赋存于厚层纯橄榄岩的中部,以芒特基斯为代表。与镍成矿有关的科马提岩形成于晚太古代(2.70Ga),具铝不亏损(Al2O3/TiO2=15~25)地球化学特征,一般形成于具含硫围岩的动态高岩浆流环境。伊尔岗克拉通科马提岩型镍硫化物矿床形成于经历岩浆作用(结晶、分异和浓集)和地壳硫混染作用的硫不饱和镁铁质—超镁铁质岩浆的熔岩通道或管道中。在矿床成因讨论的基础上,提出该类型矿床的找矿标志和勘查方法。     

我国首次发现具鬛刺结构的太古代科马提岩

我院教师王仁民、陈能松和研究生李平凡于1982年7月在河北省遵化县东陵附近发现了深变质而保留良好的变余鬣刺结构的太古代科马提岩(照片)。这是一种产于太古代或元古代绿岩带的高度富镁而贫钛贫钾的超镁铁质为主的喷发熔岩。除了化学特征外,它以具有独特的由细长柱状橄榄石或辉石构成的鬣刺结构作为重要的成因特征和可靠的鉴别标志。这种岩石自从1969年首先在南非被发现和命名之后,立即引起了世界各国地质学家的注意并迅速在若干国家相继发现。但保留鬣刺结构者仅见于太古代的低级变质区或者在高级区而不超过角闪岩相的变质作用,我国遵化绿岩带曾遭受麻粒岩相变质作用而仍能保留鬣刺结构实属难     

亏损太古代科马提岩中下地幔成分的氦同位素证据

太古代的富镁科马提岩来自于热的推测为深部地幔的源区，但其痕量元素组成和放射性同位素组成类似于现代洋中脊玄武岩，后者起源于上地幔。对从两个太古代科马提岩和一个中元古代科马提岩中分离出来的新鲜橄榄石进行连续碎样，抽取Ｈｅ以分析其同位素组成，发现其变化在富“Ｈｅ的放射性成因端元和富＾３Ｈｅ端元之间可达３个以上数量级。     

太古代板块构造的模式

太古代地质研究中争论很大的问题之一是有否板块构造作用.Bickle(1978)提出,由太古代变质岩得到的相对冷平衡热梯度,要求太古代时因快速的板块构造作用引起大量的热损耗.但是,相反,因为比较热而薄的、年青的洋壳板块难以俯冲.所以板块的迅速产生和俯冲受到了限制.已经有人论证太古代洋壳的主要组分很可能是科马提岩,和绿岩带有相似性.这意味着幔源熔岩的喷发温度约1650℃,它要求较流圈顶部温度约1700℃,可与根据Gorgona岛的科马提岩推测的约1350—1400℃的现值进行对比.另一方面,Davies(1979)已有力地论证了晚太古代地幔温度仅比现值高150℃左右.不论哪一种情况(Tast=1700℃或Tast=1500℃),     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.