柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系泥页岩生烃条件及选区

柴达木盆地石炭系露头、钻井资料均揭示,其为海相沉积烃源岩,且石炭系泥页岩气展现出良好的勘探前景。对柴达木盆地东部石炭系泥页岩沉积环境、有机质丰度、类型和演化程度进行综合评价,利用野外露头、探井、地震、非震等资料证实了石炭系的残留及分布。研究认为,柴东地区石炭系泥页岩主要集中在上石炭统滨岸潮坪沉积的克鲁克组,发育炭质泥页岩、暗色泥岩2种烃源岩,有机碳均值为3.08%,有机质类型为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段,73%的样品达到中等-好烃源岩。平面上主要分布于尕丘、欧南、霍布逊和德令哈凹陷,分隔性较强,具有多个厚度中心,其中以欧南凹陷石灰沟地区和霍布逊凹陷落实程度高、资源潜力大,是泥页岩气最有利的发育区。     

川东南丁山地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝特征及对含气性的影响

川东南丁山地区是近年来四川盆地页岩气勘探开发的热点区域,裂缝的发育对页岩含气性及保存条件有重要的影响。综合运用野外露头、岩心、测井资料,结合岩石脆性矿物含量、岩石力学参数等数据,深入分析龙马溪组页岩裂缝发育特征和控制因素,并探讨了裂缝发育对含气性的影响。结果表明,丁山地区龙马溪组页岩裂缝主要以构造成因的剪切缝为主,裂缝优势方位共6组,主要包括4组平面剪切缝和2组剖面剪切缝,其发育主要受2个方向、3个阶段的构造应力场影响而成;裂缝延伸稳定,平均密度小,宽度小,充填程度高,主要被方解石和黄铁矿等充填。裂缝受控因素主要包括古构造应力场、构造部位、脆性矿物组分、岩石力学性质等;断层对裂缝发育具有明显的控制作用,其中断层两盘均存在裂缝发育程度急剧下降的临界范围,临界范围内裂缝发育程度高,超过此临界范围,裂缝发育程度变差且变化趋于平缓;不同期次的裂缝中,形成时间晚、规模过大、充填程度不高、与现今地应力方向一致或呈低角度相交的裂缝易造成页岩气的散失,对提高页岩含气性不利;龙马溪组岩石脆性矿物含量高,脆性指数属中等偏上程度,有利于构造缝发育且可压性较好。随着距齐岳山断裂距离的适当增加,龙马溪组页岩埋藏深度适中,地层压力增大,抗压强度增强高,脆性指数适中,构造保存条件变好,有利于不同方位的裂缝发育和页岩含气量的增加,位于该区域的DY2井与DY4井均位于该有利区域,含气性良好。研究结果对下一步深化页岩气勘探开发具有重要指导作用。     

泥页岩非构造裂缝形成机制及特征

泥页岩非构造裂缝是泥页岩中常见的裂缝类型。非构造裂缝对页岩气成藏与保存评价具有重要意义。在前人研究成果基础上,考虑泥页岩本身固有的特性,初步提出泥页岩裂缝的分类方案,划分了非构造裂缝的类型,并总结各类非构造裂缝的形成机制。依据野外露头和岩心观察,描述了泥页岩非构造裂缝的特征。初步分析认为,在泥页岩非构造裂缝中,成岩层理裂缝、欠压实超压裂缝和生烃超压裂缝与页岩气成藏和保存关系密切。     

阿尔金山南缘侏罗系页岩气生烃及储集条件

柴达木盆地阿尔金山南缘侏罗系发育,具备油气生成的条件,但尚未开展页岩气调查评价。通过野外地质测量和样品采集分析,调查了侏罗纪泥页岩发育的厚度、沉积环境,分析了页岩地球化学、储层物性等页岩气地质条件。研究表明,侏罗纪泥页岩累计厚度介于158~250m之间,单层最大厚度89m;沉积环境以深湖-半深湖为主;有机碳含量介于0.15%~7.96%之间,平均2.05%;镜质体反射率介于1.02%~2.50%之间,平均1.41%;有机质类型以Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型为主;泥页岩微裂缝及微孔隙发育,脆性矿物平均含量大于43%。综合分析认为,阿尔金山南缘侏罗系泥页岩具有较好的页岩气生烃和储集条件,可作为页岩气勘查开发的有利层系。     

四川长宁地区页岩储层天然裂缝发育特征及研究意义

页岩气是非常规天然气的一种,具有极低的孔隙度和基质渗透率,在勘探开发过程中势必要进行天然裂缝研究和评价。通过对长宁地区大量野外露头及岩心的观测统计,采用了页岩天然裂缝的地质成因、力学性质和形态特征相结合的页岩裂缝分类方案,将该区天然裂缝划分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝三类,其中构造裂缝进一步依据形态及力学性质划分为穿层剪切缝、层内扩张缝和顺层滑脱缝;成岩裂缝进一步依据形态特征划分为层理缝和收缩缝。本文论述了分类方案的合理性,并分别阐述了页岩中各天然裂缝类型的特征。在此基础上,总结了页岩天然裂缝研究对页岩气勘探开发的作用及意义。层内扩张缝和页理缝影响页岩气的富集,而穿层剪切缝和顺层滑脱缝则在不同地质背景中影响页岩气的保存。     

黔中隆起及周缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探前景

文章基于黔中隆起及周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的野外露头,并与周边钻井资料类比,通过野外地质观测、样品显微薄片等多项实验测试,以地层沉积、岩石学、有机地球化学和泥页岩含气性等为重点,对其下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气形成的成藏条件与勘探前景进行了分析。结果表明黔中隆起及其周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组主要发育以盆地相—深水陆棚沉积环境控制的富有机质泥页岩,富有机质泥页岩厚度大(80~160 m),有机质丰度高(平均TOC含量3.63%),有机质类型好(Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高成熟―过成熟(Ro1.55%),石英等脆性矿物含量丰富(平均46%),泥页岩中发育微米至纳米级微孔隙和微裂缝,且有较好的保存条件,有利于页岩气的形成与富集,具有较好的勘探前景。     

四川盆地东部下古生界页岩储集空间特征及其对含气性的影响

四川盆地东部下古生界海相页岩是一套有利的页岩气储层,通过野外泥页岩剖面及井下岩芯观察、电镜扫描、常规物性及微孔隙结构测试、等温吸附实验等技术方法,对页岩气储层空间特征进行了研究分析,发现下古生界页岩的孔隙可分为三大类六小类,裂缝可分为两大类五小类,具有颗粒细小、致密、大孔发育少、微孔发育多、具有一定孔隙度、渗透率小、喉道细、连通性差的特征。页岩总孔体积主体是由孔径小于200nm的微孔隙提供的,纳米级孔隙和微裂缝是页岩主要的储集空间,页岩有机质孔对于孔隙度具有一定贡献,是富有机质页岩的主要微孔隙类型。页岩的微孔隙结构决定了页岩气的赋存状态和流动方式,孔缝发育程度在一定程度上决定了页岩的含气性及其渗透性能,但大型或巨型裂缝的发育,将给页岩气的有效保存带来破坏。有机质(干酪根和沥青质)和黏土颗粒内的微孔隙表面是吸附态页岩气赋存的主要空间,但有机质孔提供了大部分具吸附性的孔比表面,是控制页岩吸附性能的主要因素,而黏土矿物的作用是次要的。     

川南地区龙马溪组页岩储层裂缝特征

我国页岩气资源储量巨大,四川盆地更是我国主要的页岩气产区。在页岩气勘探开发中一个重要指标便是裂缝,它承载着气体储存和运输通道两大功能。因此了解储层裂缝的微观性质对于判断储层含气量以及开采远景具有重要意义。本文以页岩气主要产区——川南地区页岩气气田泸201井的岩芯为主要研究对象,以手持显微镜、体式显微镜为主要观察工具,对岩芯进行了细观尺度下的观察,借助于图像软件对岩芯表面进行了图像重构,对储层裂缝的类别及特征、发育特征及矿物特征等进行了统计分析,并成功构建出研究区页岩岩芯二维裂缝模型。通过宏观到微观角度观察研究发现:(1)龙马溪组龙一1亚段1、2小层与五峰组页岩储层裂缝多为裂缝长度/岩芯周长小于25%的短裂缝,平均占比79.8%。(2)龙一1亚段1小层岩芯裂缝发育,其中以平行于层理的裂缝为主,龙一1亚段2小层天然微裂缝数量略低于1小层,而五峰组岩芯仅发现极少量微观可见的天然微裂缝。(3)岩芯表面观测到的主要矿物为黄铁矿、方解石。本文的主要创新点在于通过直观的方法对川南龙马溪组储层页岩的裂缝特征进行了统计分析,对于后续页岩气开采以及储层气体流动分析具有十分重要的意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩裂缝特征与地应力研究

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组是我国近些年陆相页岩气的重点勘探区之一。本文从页岩的露头观测、岩石学特征、成像测井分析、地应力特征及可压裂性等方面,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组泥页岩层段的裂缝发育特征,以及地应力对人工压裂诱导缝的影响。基于岩石学分析,延长组长7和长9段的泥页岩脆性矿物平均含量较高,分别为57.2%和44%。根据泥页岩露头观测和成像测井分析,长7段泥页岩发育有北东东向为主的垂直裂缝组,同时可见北北东向和南北向的垂直裂缝组。此外,压裂诱导缝的优势方位和成像测井分析结果表明,现今最大水平主应力方向为70°左右（即北东东向）。裂缝开启性分析表明,北东东向至近东西向裂缝组与现今最大水平地应力方向一致,开启性较好;而北北东裂缝组与现今最大水平地应力交角相对较大,开启性相对较差。因为现今地应力的水平应力比值（σH/σh = 1.54）相对较小,在后期人工压裂中延长组泥页岩中的诱导裂缝更倾向形成复杂的裂缝网格系统,这样会使裂缝与储层之间获得最大的接触,从而更有利于提高产能。     

鄂西荆门地区志留系龙马溪组古构造应力场研究及裂缝预测

鄂西地区志留系龙马溪组页岩储层发育,由于页岩低孔低渗的特性,构造裂缝成为了页岩气运移和聚集的主控因素。本文以鄂西荆门地区志留系龙马溪组页岩为例,基于地震资料、岩石力学实验、野外实测资料,利用有限元数值模拟技术、岩石破裂准则,解析古构造应力场分布规律,预测构造裂缝分布特征。结果表明,荆门地区发育的构造裂缝主要以中燕山晚期形成的NNW向和NE向共轭剪切缝为主,其次为中燕山早期形成的NNE向和NEE向共轭剪切缝。构造裂缝的分布受断层、岩石物理参数和构造应力的影响较大,Ⅲ级裂缝发育区和断层区域综合破裂系数均大于1.1,构造裂缝最为发育,页岩气保存效果最差;Ⅱ级裂缝发育区综合破裂系数在1.0～1.1之间,为页岩气保存效果较好区域;Ⅰ级裂缝发育区综合裂缝破裂系数在0.85～1.0之间,处于“破而不裂”的状态,为页岩气最优保存区。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系页岩气地质条件

侏罗系泥页岩是柴达木盆地的主力烃源岩之一,具备形成页岩油气的地质条件。对采自柴北缘鱼卡、大煤沟、小煤沟、开源、绿草沟、大头羊等煤矿附近地表露头的11块中侏罗统泥页岩样品进行单样品多参数实验分析,探讨了陆相页岩有机地化、储层物性、含气量等参数之间的关系,建立了页岩气资源评价参数体系。结果表明,柴达木盆地北缘中侏罗世处于浅湖-半深湖湖相沉积,断裂较发育,泥页岩富含有机质,具有低孔、低渗、低熟、较高含气量等特点,具备形成页岩油气的地质条件,进一步的勘查开发需优选地层压力系数高、保存条件较好、脆性矿物含量高的页岩气甜点区。     

Types and Characteristics of the Lower Silurian Shale Gas Reservoirs in and Around the Sichuan Basin

This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 25 black shale outcrops and samples. Two main types of shale gas reservoirs were determined, i.e., fractures and pores. Fractures were classified into five categories, i.e., giant, large, medium, small, and micro, according to the features of the shale gas reservoirs, effect of fracture on gas accumulation, and fracture nature. Pore types include organic matter pores, mineral pores (mineral surface, intraparticle, interparticle, and corrosional pore), and nanofractures. The various fracture types, fracture scales, pore types, and pore sizes exert different controls over the gas storage and production capacity. Pores serve as a reservoir for gas storage and, the gas storage capacity can be determined using pores; fractures serve as pathways for gas migration, and gas production capacity can be determined using them.     

Prospects of Carboniferous Shale Gas Exploitation in the Eastern Qaidam Basin

Shale gas is a resource of emerging importance in the energy field. Many countries in the world have been making big financial investments in this area. Carboniferous shale in the eastern Qaidam Basin shows good exploration prospects, but limited research and exploration work for shale oil and gas resources has been undertaken. Geochemical analyses were performed on shale derived from the Upper Carboniferous Hurleg Formation in the eastern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, and secondary electron imaging capability of a Field Emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of the shale. The reservoir and exploitation potential of the studied shale was assessed by comparison with research results obtained from the Barnett Formation shale in Fort Worth Basin, North America and the Basin shale of Sichuan province. The results indicate that the eastern Qaidam Basin Carboniferous shale is high-quality source rock. There are four major microstructural types in the study area: matrix intergranular pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-fractures. The size of the micropores varies from 6–633 nm, the majority of which is between 39–200 nm, with a relatively small number of micro-scale pores ranging from 0.13–1 μm. The pore characteristics of the studied shales are similar to the North American and Sichuanese shales, indicating that they have good reservoir potential. No micropores are present in the organic matter, which is induced by its composition; instead we found an important lamellar structure in the organic matter. These micropores and microfractures are abundant, and are connected to natural visible cracks that form the network pore system, which controls the storage and migration of shale gas. This connectivity is favorable for shale gas exploitation, providing great scientific potential and practical value.     

柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系页岩气系统评价

石炭系是柴达木盆地油气勘探的新层系,油气勘探程度低,但发育厚度大的高有机质丰度泥页岩,具有很好的页岩气资源潜力。通过对德令哈坳陷石炭系露头剖面进行实测和钻井岩心分析,明确石炭系泥页岩空间展布特征。测定样品有机地球化学参数、孔渗特征,并且进行等温吸附和渗流实验,分析其储集特征。结合德参1井盆地模拟分析,研究石炭系页岩气成藏事件,划分德令哈坳陷石炭系页岩气系统。研究表明：石炭系泥页岩广泛发育,埋深较大但未发生变质;泥页岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段;上石炭统泥页岩发育优于下石炭统;泥页岩表现为低孔低渗特征,孔隙度在1.89%~5.48%,渗透率为(0.115~2.7)×10-7 μm2;上覆地层发育厚层泥页岩可以提供良好的盖层条件;古近纪末-现今为页岩气系统形成的关键时期;上石炭统克鲁克组钻遇天然气显示,证实了德令哈坳陷石炭系页岩气系统的存在。在泥页岩厚度、埋深、TOC含量、成熟度等条件综合评价基础上,将德令哈坳陷划分为德令哈页岩气系统与埃北页岩气系统。     

Numerical Modeling of Natural Fracture Distributions in Shale

The production efficiency of shale gas is affected by the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures. This study presents a simulation of natural fractures in shale reservoirs, based on a discrete fracture network (DFN) method for hydraulic fracturing engineering. Fracture properties of the model are calculated from core fracture data, according to statistical mathematical analysis. The calculation results make full use of the quantitative information of core fracture orientation, density, opening and length, which constitute the direct and extensive data of mining engineering. The reliability and applicability of the model are analyzed with regard to model size and density, a calculation method for dominant size and density being proposed. Then, finite element analysis is applied to a hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation of a shale fractured reservoir in southeastern Chongqing. The hydraulic pressure distribution, fracture propagation, acoustic emission information and in situ stress changes during fracturing are analyzed. The results show the application of fracture statistics in fracture modeling and the influence of fracture distribution on hydraulic fracturing engineering. The present analysis may provide a reference for shale gas exploitation.     

页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对含气性的影响

依据国内外页岩气大量资料和测试数据,对影响页岩裂缝发育的岩性和矿物组成、有机碳含量、岩石力学性质、异常高压等非构造因素和构造因素进行了定性或半定量分析,初步探讨了页岩裂缝发育与含气量之间关系。结果表明:页岩中石英、长石和碳酸盐岩含量高,岩石的泊松比低、杨氏模量高,脆性大,容易在外力作用下形成天然裂缝和诱导裂缝,其发育程度一般与页岩中脆性矿物的含量呈正相关关系。高有机碳含量或异常高压页岩裂缝发育。裂缝发育程度与有机碳含量关系可以划分为4类。页岩裂缝发育程度与总含气量和游离气量呈正相关关系,页岩裂缝越发育,其含气量越大,产气量也越高。裂缝对页岩气藏的形成具有双重作用,一是裂缝可以作为天然气和地层水的有效储集空间和快速运移通道,有利于页岩层系中游离态天然气体积的增加和吸附态天然气的解吸,裂缝密度越大,走向越分散,产气量越高;二是裂缝规模过大,可能导致天然气散失。北美地区页岩裂缝发育带内的页岩气勘探成功率高,产气量高,中国四川盆地下古生界海相富有机质脆性页岩层中天然气有良好显示或高产气井均与裂缝发育密切相关。     

Insight into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China from fracture information

Fractures can provide valuable information for tectonic evolution. According to the data of outcrops, cores, thin sections and well logs, the tectonic fractures in the Qaidam Basin can be divided into four types: small faults (including small normal fault and small reverse fault), vertical open fracture, bedding plane slip fracture and horizontal open fracture. Our fracture observations provide new constraints on the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin. Syn-sedimentary small normal faults in the Paleogene strata indicate the extension deformation during the Paleogene. Small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures occurred in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have genetic relationship. According to the burial history and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of gypsum and calcite filled in the vertical open fractures, it can be deduced that the vertical open fractures being formed mainly from the late Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation with age of 5.1?Ma to the end of Pliocene Shizigou Formation with age of 2.6?Ma, indicating small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures were simultaneously formed in the Neogene. These fractures were resulted from the compression deformation. The horizontal open fractures occurred in the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary strata with apertures and intensities decreasing with depth were formed by the large-scale quick uplift and denudation resulted from the strong compression deformation since the Quaternary.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000892

Shale with high quartz,feldspar and carbonate,will have low Poisson’s ratio,high Young’s modulus and high brittleness.As a result,the shale is conducive to produce natural and induced fractures under external forces.In general,there is a good correlation between fracture development in shale and the volume of brittle minerals present.Shale with high TOC or abnormally high pressure has well-developed fractures.Shale fracture development also shows a positive correlation with total gas accumulation and free gas volume,i.e.,the better shale fractures are developed,the greater the gas accumulation and therefore the higher the gas production.Fractures provide migration conduits and accumulation spaces for natural gas and formation water,which are favorable for the volumetric increase of free natural gas.Wider fractures in shale result in gas loss.In North America,there is a high success ratio of shale gas exploration and high gas production from high-angle fracture zones in shale.Good natural gas shows or low yield producers in the Lower Paleozoic marine organic matter-rich rocks in the Sichuan Basin are closely related to the degree of fracture development in brittle shales.